英語(yǔ)關(guān)于湯顯祖和莎士比亞的英語(yǔ)閱讀1、ThetwoartgiantsoftheEastandtheWestInthemiddleofthe16thcenturyandthebeginningofthe17thcentury,inChinaintheeasternhemisphereandBritainintheWesternHemisphere,therewasagreatpoetanddramatistwhowasconstructingdifferentartisticscenesinthefieldofpoetryanddrama,shockingtheartpalaceofChinaandtheWest.TheyareTangXianzu(1550-1616)andShakespeare(1564-1616).Althoughthesetwoartgiantswerenotborninthesameyear,theydiedinthesameyear(1616).Thisisacoincidenceandanartisticwonder.TangXianzuinthelateMingDynastyexperiencedJiajing,LongqingandWanlidynasties.Althoughhehadthegreatdreamofsavingtheworld,hehadtoendupinthetheaterfromthehotofficialdomandbecomeanactor.Thedreamofsavingtheworldwasbrokenandbecamethedreamofchildreninlove.TangXianzu'sfatefromprosperitytodeclinemadehimreadtheheatoftheworld.Hethendescribedthefascinatingartisticworldofhumanandghostloveintheformofpoetryanddrama.ShakespeareoftheElizabethanDynasty,however,experiencedtheprocessoffallingintopovertyinhisfamily,havingtomovefartomakealiving,startingfromrelyingonotherstoperformonthestageandfinallyrisingtotheliteraryworld.WhenKingJamesIascendedthethrone,Shakespearehadgainedbothfameandwealth.ThefatefromdeclinetoprosperityalsomadeShakespearereadtheheatoftheworld.Hispoemsandplaysvividlyreflecttheshockingrealworld.AlthoughalargenumberofShakespeare'sbiographiesarealive,Shakespeare'slifeexperienceisstillsomewhatvague.Somescholarsevendoubtwhethertheexistingworkssigned"completeworksofShakespeare"arereallywrittenbyShakespeare.SomescholarsnowtendtobelievethatShakespeareshouldexist,butthe"completeworksofShakespeare"islikelytobetheproductofthecollectivecreationofseveralauthors.Nomatterwhatthesituationis,the"completeworksofShakespeare",whichcontains37plays,twolongpoems,154sonnetsinShanglaistyleandasmallnumberofshortpoems,marksthegreatestliteraryachievementoftheBritishRenaissance,whicheveryonehasnodoubt.Interestingly,Shakespeare'slifeexperienceissoblurred,buttheliteraryphenomenadescribedinhisworksshowamazingrealismanddiversity.Atthesametime,TangXianzu'slifeexperienceismuchclearer.Fewpeoplequestionthecopyrightofhisworks.Accordingtomanyexistingdocuments,heisnotonlyerudite,versatile,outstandingliterarytalent,butalsonoblepersonality.Hewrotemorethan2000poemsinhislife,whichiscommendable.Attheageof34,hewasajuniorscholar,whichwasslightlyhigherthanthedoctorallevelifcomparedwithamoderndegree.HisliteraryaccomplishmentisundoubtedlyhigherthanthatofShakespeareinStratfordatthesametime.Interestingly,althoughhislifeexperienceissoclearandtrue,theliteraryphenomenondescribedinhisdramaticworksshowsanamazingdreamlikevaguenessandillusion.ThetwoliterarygiantsoftheEastandthewest,oneYinandoneYang,notonlyformacontrast,butalsocomplementeachother,complementeachotherandshineoneachother.2、RealisticrealityinthemirrorandemotionaltruthintheflyingheartBothauthorsaregoodatpoetryanddramawriting,buttheirwritingideasareverydifferent.TangXianzupursuesthetruthofloveandthetruthoflove,whileShakespearepursuesthetruthofreasonandthings.Inotherwords,TangXianzufocusesonromance,whileShakespearefocusesonportraiture.TangXianzuemphasizedsubjectivitywhileShakespeareemphasizedobjectivity.Thisdifferencecanbeseennotonlyintheeffectoftheirworksonthesurface,butalsointhedeepleveloftheirwritingideas.WhatisShakespeare'swritingidea?Itisamirrortheorythatreflectsreality.ShakespeareoncesaidthroughHamlet,"specialattentionshouldbepaidto:youmustnotexceedthenaturalconvention;becauseallexcessiveperformancesarefarawayfromtheoriginalintentionofdramaperformance.Fromancienttimestotoday,thepurposeofactinghasalwaysbeenlikeraisingamirrortoreflectthefloatingstate,showtheessenceofvirtue,reflecttheoriginalformofugliness,andkeepthetruthforsocietyandhistory."(Shakespeare:Hamlet,translatedbyGuZhengkun,Scene1ofact3)althoughthisisnotapositivestatementofShakespeare,becausethereisnocontraryviewinthewholeworksofShakespeare,wecanregarditasrepresentingShakespeare'sownbasiccreativeideas.Onthisissue,thegeneralwesternscholarsalsothinkso.Inotherwords,Shakespearebelievedthatartisticcreationshouldbeasrealisticasamirrortoreflectanddisplayallphenomenaofsociety,includinggoodandevil,beautyandugliness.Itshouldbenotedherethat,first,Shakespeare'sartisticmirrorreflectstherealsociety;Second,Shakespearebelievesthatthereflectioncharacteristicofthemirroristobeasrealisticaspossible.Inotherwords,thephenomenadescribedintheworksofartshouldbehighlysimilartothephenomenaofreallife,justlikethethingsreflectedinthemirror,whichareasdetailedandobjectiveaslife.TangXianzu'swritingphilosophyisverydifferentfromShakespeare's,orevenopposite.First,Shakespeareemphasizedthatartisticcreationshouldreflectsociallifelikeamirror,suggestingthattheartisthimselfshoulddescribeobjectivelyasthemirrorreflectsreality,andshouldnotmaketoomuchofhisownopinion.However,TangXianzuadvocatedthatartisticcreationshouldbecompletedbygivingfullplaytotheflyingspiritofartists(wizards).Hesaidin"prefacetoMaoBo'sbiographyofQiu"that"allthearticlesintheworldarelivelybecauseofthestrangepeople.Thestrangepeoplearethesoul,thesoulcanfly,andiftheycanfly,theycangodowntotheheavenandearth.Theycanbendandstretchthelength,liveanddieastheywish,andiftheywish,theycanbenothingbetter."Obviously,thetheoryofmindflyingwillundoubtedlystrengthentheauthor'ssubjectiveinitiativeandmaybreakthroughthebarriersoftherealworld,fromtherationalworldtotheirrationalworld,suchastheghostworld.Second,Shakespeareemphasizedthatthemaintaskofthewriteristoobjectivelynarrate,depicttheessenceofvirtueanduglinesslikeamirror.TangXianzuadvocatedthatwritersshouldfocusonconveyingthemostimportanttruthandinnocenceinartisticcreation.HecommentedonLiQingzhao'swordsinthegeneralreviewoftheburningincense,saying:"theirlyricsarestilltrue,sotheyenterpeoplethemostdeeply,makingfuturegenerations'listenerscry,readersfrown,andheartlesspeoplebreak.""Truecolor"herereferstotruefeelings.TangXianzu'sso-calledtruefeelingstranscendtherationalityoflifeanddeath.Thefourplaysinhis"fourdreamsinLinchuan",especiallythePeonyPavilion,putthisconceptintopractice.IntheinscriptiononthePeonyPavilion,hesaid:"thosewhoarelikebeautifulwomencanbedescribedaslovers'ears.Theydon'tknowwheretogetupandgodeep.Thelivingcandieandthedeadcanlive.Thosewholivebutcan'tlivewithdeathandwhodiebutcan'tberebornarenotthebestoflove."Ordinarywritersoftenwriteaboutpeoplewhodieandcannotbereborn.TangXianzubelievesthatitisnotthehighestlevelofemotion("thesupremeofemotion").Thehighestloveshouldbeabletodieandbereborn.Lovecanturnthingsaroundandchangetheorderofnatureandthearrangementoffate.IfthethemeofRomeoandJulietfallsintoTangXianzu'shands,twoofthemartyrsarelikelytoberevivedandreborn.Third,Shakespearestressedthatwritersshould"show"and"reflect"theobjectivestateoftheobjectdescribedlikeamirror,sothattheworksarewrittenwiththehighestdegreeofsimilaritytotheactualstate.Becausetheroleofthemirroristoreflect,nottodistortreality.TangXianzubelievesthattherequirementofshapesimilarityisonlyaprimarycreativeconcept.Thebestwriterdoesnotdependonwhetherhiswritingissimilartotheactualappearance,butshouldrelyonhisflyinghearttoexpressatruefeelingthatconformstothe"naturalaura".Hesaid,"themagicofYuYu'sarticleisnotbetweenstepsandshapes.Naturalauracomesinatrancewithoutthinking.It'sstrange,strangeandnameless,andextraordinarythingscanbecombined."(TangXianzu:heQixu)helamentedthatLiQingzhao'sworksreachedthislevel:"whatkindofthingsandfeelingshavethislegendaryhand?"(TangXianzu:generalcommentontheburningofincense.)"vivid"isveryimportant.Inotherwords,ifShakespeareemphasizedthatartshouldsimulatetheshapelikecharacteristicsofreallife,TangXianzuemphasizedthatartshouldexpresstheGodlikecharacteristicsofworldlife.Infact,Shakespeare'stheoryofmirrorreflectionhasitsfar-reachinghistoricalorigin,whichcanbetracedbacktoPlatoandAristotle'simitationtheory,thatis,literatureandartistheviewofimitatingreallife.TangXianzu'semphasisonthetheoryofemotionalsohasthesamefar-reachinghistoricalorigin,whichcanbetracedbacktothelongtraditionofpoetry'smainemotionandpoetryexpressingambitionsincethebookofsongs.Therefore,TangXianzuandShakespeare'sliteraryandartisticviewsandartisticcreationactuallyinheritthearchetypalstructureofChineseandWesternliteratureandevenChineseandWesterncultureatadeeplevel.Theyaredifferentflowersbloomingindifferentterrainsinthesameera.TheybothstartlereadersandaudiencesinChinaandtheWestwiththeirfragranceandbeaut