外文翻譯文獻13-軟件工程專業BIOS資料外文翻譯文獻WhatistheBasicInputOutputSystem(BIOS)?BIOSisanacronymforBasicInputOutputSystem.Itistheprogramthatstoresconfigurationdetailsaboutyourcomputerhardwareandenablesyourcomputertobootup.EverytimeyourcomputerisswitchedontheBIOSloadsconfigurationdataintomainmemory,performsaroutinediagnostictestonyourhardware,thenloadstheoperatingsystem.TheBIOSresidesinaROM(Read-Onlymemory)chip,whichismountedonthemotherboard,usuallyinasocketsoitisremovable.TotherightisanexampleofwhataBIOSchipmaylooklikeinyourmotherboard.ThisisaPLCC32pintypeBIOSchip.Itisaverycommontype.EverycomputerhasBIOS.TherearemanytypesbutthemostcommontypeofBIOS'scomefrom:AMI,AwardandPhoenix.MotherboardmanufacturersbuyorleasetheBIOSsourcecodefromthesecompanies.TheBIOStellstheoperatingsysteminyourcomputerhowtobootup,wheretoloadeverything,whattoload,whatmemoryandCPUarepresentandmuchmore.AgoodcomparisontofurtherunderstandthefunctionalityoftheBIOSwouldbetosaythattheBIOSistheComputerequivilantofthehumanhypothalamus.hypothalamusregulatesbodytemperature,bloodpressure,heartbeat,metabolismoffatsandcarbohydrates,andsugarlevelsintheblood.Itisthesubconsciousnervoussystemsometimesit'scalledthebrainofthebrain.InaPCweallknowthattheCPU(CentralProcessingUnit)isthebrain.WelltheBIOSistheCPU'sbrain.WithoutaHypothalamusyouwilldie.WithoutaBIOSyourPCisapaperweight.TheBIOSisprogrammedonanEEPROM.WerefertothemasBIOSchips.Othernamesyoumayhearare:FirmwareHub,CMOS,ROMChipIC,FlashRomandIamsurethereareafewmore!Ifyouwantacommontermforalltheseitemswhenreferingtomotherboards,BIOSchipisthethemostcommontermused.Hereareallthetermsmentionedabovewithadescriptionofwhattheyactaullymean:CMOS=(complementarymetal-oxidesemiconductor)Asemiconductortechnologythatuseslesspowerandgenerateslessheat(enablinghighercircuitdensity)thanbipolarsemiconductortechnologiesFirmware=Acategoryofmemorychipsthatholdtheircontentwithoutelectricalpower.Theyincluderead-onlymemory(ROM),programmableROM(PROM)andelectronicallyerasablePROM(EEPROM)technologies.Firmwarebecomes"hardsoftware"whenholdingprogramcode.Thecontentsaregenerallypermanentorsemipermanentcontrolcodingimplementedatamicroinstructionlevelforanapplicationprogram,instructionset,operatingroutineorsimilaruser-orientedfunction.NOTE:IntelcallstheirBIOSchipsFirmwareHubs.EEPROM=(electricallyerasableprogrammableROM)Atypeofprogrammableread-onlymemory(ROM)thatcanbeerasedorupdatedusingelectricalsignals,aprocessoftenperformedremotely.ROM=(read-onlymemory)Datastoredincomputermemorythatcanbeaccessedandreadbytheuser,butnotmodified.ROMisoftenpermanent,andstoressystemcontrolsoftware.flashmemory=Anonvolatilestoragechipthatenableseasyelectricalerasabilityandreprogramming,oftenusedtoremotelyupdateroutersormodemswithnewversionsofsoftware.IC=(integratedcircuit)Anassemblyofelectroniccircuitscontainedonasinglepieceofsemiconductormaterial.So,aBIOSchipisanIC,CMOS,EEPROM,Flashmemory,FirmwarechipthatholdssoftwarecalledtheBIOS.TheBIOSisprogrammableviasoftware(flashprogramssuchasAMIFLASH,AWDFLASH,PHLASHorUniflash.Youcanseealinktotheseprogramsherehere:BIOSFlashutils.ForthepersonwhostillhasnoideaabouttheBIOSonyourPC,noticewhenyoufirstturnonyourPCorlaptopafewscreenspopup.ItmightbealogosuchasDELLorHPorASUS,Tyan,AMIBIOS,AWARDBIOSetc.Youmightalsoseeamemorycount.ThisisallpartofthePOST(PowerOnSelfTest).POSTisatesttheBIOSrunsbeforeithandsovercontroltotheOS(OperatingSystem).YoucanseemoreofthepostifyoudisablethelogooptioninyourBIOS.OtherwisejustknowthatifyouseealogothePOSTisrunning.FormoreinforonthePOSTclickhere:PowerOnSelfTest..YoucanreadallaboutthePOSTcodesetconthatsite.WelleventuallyIwilladdsomesettingstohelpyouoptimizeyourBIOSbutfornowI'llfinishwitharecommendation.DonotflashyourmotherboardBIOS!IfyoufeelyouneedtoupdateyourBIOSbuyapreprogrammedBIOSupdatechipfromBIOSMAN.com.FlashingyourBIOSisrisky.Ifanythinggoeswrongwhileyou'reflashingityourmotherboard/PCisnowapaperweight!ClickheretobuyaBIOSUpdateChipTherearetwomethodstoupdateyiourBIOSchip:1.Flashit(softwaremethod)2.ProgramitwithanEEPROMprogrammer.Thisisahardwaremethod.ThisishowweatBIOSMANprogramsallourBIOSchips.Itismuchmorethoroughthanaflash.Thinkofitlikeaharddrive.ifyou"formatc:/"aharddriveyouwipeoutallthecontentsOrdoyou?Notreally.Thatdataisstillrecoverable.ifyoureallywanttocleanthedriveorstartwithafreshdriveyouwriteO'sand1'stoit,thisisalsoknownasalow-levelformat.Utilitiessuchaswipe.exewillaccomplishthis.Ifyoudon'tlowlevelformatyourHDbeforeloadingitorsellingitthenyouhaveprettymuchleftallyourolddataonthedrive.FlashingaBIOSchipisthesameprocedure.ItbasicallywritesontopofthedataalreadyontheBIOSchip.TheBootBlockwon'tbewrittenoverunlessyouspecifyittobebutforsomeBIOS'syouhaveto(SeeAMIBIOSflash)!!AnEEPROMprogrammerwipesthechipcleanbeforewritingthenewBIOStoit.ThisisjustonereasonwhybuyinganewBIOSchipfromusispreferabletoflashingoneyourself.OkIsortofskippedoiverwhatabootblockissoletmecoverthat.TheBootblockisasectionofaBIOSchipthatwon'tbeprogrammed.Itcontainsasmallamountofinformation.Forinstance,inanAMIBIOSthebootblockcontainstheAMIFLASH.exeflashprogramandsomecodetoallowittorunifthe"CTRL"and"Home"keysarepressedonthekeyboard.ItwillbasicallyrecoveryourBIOSiftheflashwentbad.YoucanreadaboutAMIBIOSrecoveryandAWARDBIOSrecoveryhere:AMIBIOSandAWARDBIOS.Ohyeahifyou'rewonderingwhyIleftoffthePhoenixBIOSrecoverytechnique,wellthereisnt'one!That'sjustanotherreasontobuyaBIOSchipvs.tryingtoflashone!OksonowhopefullyyouareconvincedtonotflashyourBIOSusingasoftwareutility.Youalsodon'twanttobuyanEEPROMprogrammerfor$1500.00sojustforkoutthe$25.00andbuyyoiurnewBIOSupdatefromBIOSMAN.COM!Oksoi'mpushingourstoreonyoubutBIOSMANcameintoexistenceforareason.100'sofpeoplebuyBIOS'severymonthfromusbecausetheirsystemisdownduetoafailedflash!Whynotbeproactiveratherthenreactive?Thinkofitlikehavingasparebatteryforyourflashlight.Whywaittillapowerouttagetorealizeyourbatteriesaredead?Speakingofpowerouttage,oneofthetopreasonsforaBIOSflashfailureisthatthereisapowerouttageorabreakinpowertothePCwhiletheflashisinprogress.Justanotherforthe1000'sofreasonswhynottoattemptaBIOSupdateyourself!BIOSchipscomeinmanyflavors.Ontheleftisa32pinDIPchip.Thesechipsareusually2Mb(256KB)insize.Someare1Mb(128KB)butthoseareoldandwehardlygetordersforthem.BelowiswhataPLCCchiplookslike.Thisisthemostcommonvarietynowadays.Theyalsocomeinmanyflavors,128KB,256KB,512KB(4Mb)orthemostpopularandthelargesttodaythe1MB(8Mb)chipsBIOSMANprogramsallthetypesmentioned.OksoletsgetbacktomoreBIOSbasics.WhywouldyouwanttoupgradeyourBIOS?Herearethemostcommonreasons:largeharddrivesupport.OlderBIOS'scouldn'tseedriveslargerthan37GBduethe48bitproblem.NewvideocardtechnologysuchasAGP8Xsupport,orinoldermachines2Xto4X.TodaytheSLIsupportisabiggieACPIcompatibility4.CPUsuppoirt.BIOScompaniesoftenreleasenewCPUmicrocodeupdatestothemotherboardcompanieswhointurnaddthemtotheirBIOS'stosupportnewerCPU's5.Fixproblems.ThemotherboardcompaniesoftenreleasemanyBIOS'swhenamotherboardisfirstreleased.AcommonculpritisUSBcompatibility.TherearesomanyUSBdevicesnowadaysandmanyofthemtrytousethesameIRQ.NotaprobllemwhenXPloadsbutasthesystemBIOSisloading,IRQconflictscancauseyourUSBdevicestonotbefound.6.Memorysupport.Newerfastermemorycanhaveissuesonyourmotherboard.Mightbelargerthanwhatwasoriginallytestedorapproved.Atweakfromthemotherboardcompanycanfixthat.7.Themostcommonreason.YouupdateyourBIOSbecausethereisaBIOSupdateavailable!(OKidothistoo!)Youjustcan'tstopyourself.Itssortifthesamereasonyouhaveallthelatestgadgets.AllaregoodreasontoupdateyourBIOSsobuyonefromusratherthanflashingit!BIOSSettingsThissectiondescribesmostoftheBIOSsettingsthatyouwillfindinatypicalPentium-classorhigherPC.SomeBIOSsettingsarequiteuniversal,whileotherscanbefoundononlythesystemsmadewithonetypeofBIOSormadebyonemanufacturer.ThissectionliststhemostcommonsettingsthatareusedinmodernPCs,withfullexplanationsastowhattheyareandhowtosetthem.Thisincludesthemorecommonadvancedsettings,butdoesnotattempta"shotgun"coverageofeverysettingI'veeverseenonamachine.Someareveryatypicalandusuallynotsomethingyouneedtoworryabout.Thelesscommonasettingis,themoreoftenitisthecasethatyoureallywillwanttoleaveitonitsdefaultsettinganyway.Notalways,butusually.BythenatureofhowIdesignedthissection,itshouldcover95%+ofthesettingsinyourBIOSthatyouwilleverwanttochange.IfyoufindasettinginyourBIOSthatisn'tcoveredhere,youmayfinditinthe

BIOSSurvivalGuide,whichhasAmrecompletelistofthesettingsfoundonvarioustypesofPCs.ForeachsettingIdescribethemostcommonoptionsandwhattheymean.Inaddition,Iindicatewhichoptionsareusuallythedefault.Ialsodescribewhattheimplicationsareofusingthedifferentsettings,andprovide

general

recommendationsonhowtoconfiguremostoftheparameters.Thesettingsthemselvesareorganizedbasedonthenamesofthesettingsgroupsyouwillfindinatypical

BIOSsetupprogram.Itisagoodideato

"backup"(recordonpaper)allofyourBIOSsettings

onceyourPCisrunningandstable,andespeciallybeforeyoumakeanychangestothem.Reference

thisprocedure

forspecificinstructionsonconfiguringthemostimportantBIOSsettingstosafevalues,tomaximizethechancesofbootinganeworproblematicsystem.Everysetupprogramisslightlydifferentfromeveryotherone.EveniftwoBIOSesarebothonPentiummotherboardsandaremadebyAward,theymayhavedifferentsettings.ThecommandsasshownheremightbedifferentonyourPC,ortheymightbeinadifferentplace.Usecarewhenmodifyingtheseparameters,andrefertoyourmotherboardmanualifitisaccurate.Changingadvancedparameterscanleadtosysteminstabilityanddataloss.Itisrecommendedthatonlyuserswhoreallyunderstandwhattheyaredoingchangethesesettings.Proceedatyourownrisk.IfyourBIOScontainsa"harddiskutility"thatincludesitemslikesettinginterleaveratios,

lowlevelformatting,or"mediaanalysis",

donotuseit

onanIDE/ATAorSCSIdrive(whichincludesvirtuallyeveryPCharddrivemadeinatleastthelast5years).Theseoldutilitiesaredesignedforthe

MFMandRLLdrives

fromthe1980sandcanintheorydamageamoderndrive,forwhichtheyareunnecessary.BIOSSystemBootOperationsOneofthemostimportantfunctionsthattheBIOSplaysistobootupthesystem.WhenthePCisfirstturnedon,itsmainsystemmemoryisempty,anditneedstofindinstructionsimmediatelytotellitwhattoruntostartupthePC.TheseitfindswithintheBIOSprogram,because

theBIOSisinread-onlypermanentmemory

andsoisalwaysavailableforuse,evenwhentherestofsystemmemoryisempty.ThissectiontakesalookatwhatisinvolvedinbootingthePC,includingadiscussionofthestepsinthesystembootprocess,andalookatthepower-onself-test(POST)thatisconductedwheneverthesystemstartsup.SystemBootSequenceThesystemBIOSiswhatstartsthecomputerrunningwhenyouturniton.Thefollowingarethestepsthatatypicalbootsequenceinvolves.Ofcoursethiswillvarybythemanufacturerofyourhardware,BIOS,etc.,andespeciallybywhatperipheralsyouhaveinthePC.Hereiswhatgenerallyhappenswhenyouturnonyoursystempower:Theinternalpowersupplyturnsonandinitializes.Thepowersupplytakessometimeuntilitcangeneratereliablepowerfortherestofthecomputer,andhavingitturnonprematurelycouldpotentiallyleadtodamage.Therefore,thechipsetwillgeneratearesetsignaltotheprocessor(thesameasifyouheldtheresetbuttondownforawhileonyourcase)untilitreceivesthe

PowerGoodsignal

fromthepowersupply.Whentheresetbuttonisreleased,theprocessorwillbereadytostartexecuting.Whentheprocessorfirststartsup,itissufferingfromamnesia;thereisnothingatallinthememorytoexecute.Ofcourseprocessormakersknowthiswillhappen,sotheypre-programtheprocessortoalwayslookatthesameplaceinthesystemBIOSROMforthestartoftheBIOSbootprogram.ThisisnormallylocationFFFF0h,rightattheendofthesystemmemory.TheyputittheresothatthesizeoftheROMcanbechangedwithoutcreatingcompatibilityproblems.TheBIOSperformsthe

power-onselftest(POST).Ifthereareanyfatalerrors,thebootprocessstops.

TheBIOSlooksforthevideocard.Inparticular,itlooksforthevideocard'sbuiltinBIOSprogramandrunsit.Mostmoderncardswilldisplayinformationonthescreenaboutthevideocard.(ThisiswhyonamodernPCyouusuallyseesomethingonthescreenaboutthevideocardbeforeyouseethemessagesfromthesystemBIOSitself).TheBIOSthenlooksforotherdevices'ROMstoseeifanyofthemhaveBIOSes.Normally,theIDE/ATAharddiskBIOSwillbefoundatC8000handexecuted.IfanyotherdeviceBIOSesarefound,theyareexecutedaswell.TheBIOSdisplaysits

startupscreen.TheBIOSdoesmoretestsonthesystem,includingthememorycount-uptestwhichyouseeonthescreen.TheBIOSwillgenerallydisplayatexterrormessageonthescreenifitencountersanerroratthispoint.TheBIOSperformsa"systeminventory"ofsorts,doingmoreteststodeterminewhatsortofhardwareisinthesystem.ModernBIOSeshavemanyautomaticsettingsandwilldeterminememorytiming(forexample)basedonwhatkindofmemoryitfinds.ManyBIOSescanalsodynamicallysetharddriveparametersandaccessmodes,andwilldeterminetheseatroughlythistime.Somewilldisplayamessageonthescreenforeachdrivetheydetectandconfigurethisway.TheBIOSwillalsonowsearchforandlabel

logicaldevices(COMandLPTports).IftheBIOSsupportsthePlugandPlaystandard,itwilldetectandconfigurePlugandPlaydevicesatthistimeanddisplayamessageonthescreenforeachoneitfinds.

Havingidentifieditstargetbootdrive,theBIOSlooksforbootinformationtostarttheoperatingsystembootprocess.Ifitissearchingaharddisk,itlooksfora

masterbootrecord

atcylinder0,head0,sector1(thefirstsectoronthedisk);ifitissearchingafloppydisk,itlooksatthesameaddressonthefloppydiskforavolumebootsector.基本輸入輸出系統是什么（BIOS）？BIOS是基本輸入輸出系統的首字母縮略詞。它是一個程序，可以存儲計算機硬件的配置細節并且可以讓計算機變為可啟動的。每次計算機會在BIOS加載配置數據到主存儲器，對計算機硬件執行基本診斷測試然后加載操作系統的時候被激活。BIOS存在于一個ROM（只讀存儲器）芯片里面，被安裝在電腦主板上，通常它都放在一個插槽里以便移動。主板上的BIOS芯片或許是主板上唯一貼有標簽的芯片，一般它是一塊32針的雙列直插式的集成電路，上面印有"BIOS"字樣。它是非常普通的類型，大多數在BIOS上的信息都可以在BIOS芯片上找到。每臺計算機都有BIOS。雖然BIOS有很多類型，但是最通用的類型主要還是來自：AMI（美國安邁）、Award（威爾科技）和Phoenix（美國鳳凰科技）。計算機主板制造商從這些公司里面購買或者租賃BIOS資源碼。BIOS會告訴電腦上的操作系統如何啟動，每件東西在哪里加載，加載什么信息，Memory（主存儲器）和CPU（中央處理器）存在什么地方等等信息。相比而言，為了更進一步的了解BIOS，文章將告訴你更多關于BIOS的細節。BIOS相對于電腦而言就像下丘腦相對于人而言。下丘腦可以控制體溫，血壓，心跳，脂肪的新陳代謝和碳水化合物濃度，以及血液中糖分的濃度。下丘腦是內分泌系統和神經系統的中心。有時，它也被稱為腦中腦。在計算機中，從所周知的，CPU（中央處理器）就相當于人體的大腦，而BIOS就是CPU的大腦。人體沒有下丘腦將不能生存，而計算機沒有BIOS也不能正常工作。BIOS是EEPROM（電可擦可編程存儲器）上的一個程序。我們把它看作BIOS芯片。你也可能聽到一些其他的名字，比如：固件集線器，CMOS（互補金屬氧化物半導體），ROM（只讀存儲器）芯片集成電路，閃速存儲器還有其他很多的名字。如果你想了解更多通用的術語，你可以查看主板，BIOS芯片是使用最普遍的術語。如上所示，有很多描述它們實際上意味著什么的術語。比如CMOS=（互補金屬氧化物半導體）一個半導體科技可以用更少的電，產生更少的熱（更高的回路密度）。相比而言，雙極的半導體科技固件=一類存儲器芯片，它可以在沒有任何電源的情況下保存他們的的內容。它們包括只讀存儲器（ROM），可編程的存儲器（PROM）和電可擦可編寫存儲器（EEPROM）科技。在存有程序碼的情況下固件就變成了硬件。這些內容一般都是永久性的或者非永久性的控制碼，它可以在應用程序、指令系統、操作程序或者相似的面向對象功能的微指令級上被執行。注意：Intel（英特爾）把它們的BIOS芯片叫做固件集線器。EEPROM=（電可擦可編程存儲器）是ROM（只讀存儲器）的一種類型，它可以通過電信號被擦除或者更新，這種處理被遠程執行。ROM=（只讀存儲器）的數據存儲在計算機內存儲器上，它可以被用戶訪問和查看，但是用戶沒有權限修改。ROM通常是永久性的，存儲系統可以控制軟件。FlashMemory=（閃速存儲器）是一個非易失性的存儲芯片，它可以很容易地被電擦除和重寫。通常可以被用來遠程更新路由器或者調制解調器到新版軟件。IC=（集成電路）是由單片半導體材料集成的電子電路。所以，BIOS芯片是一個存有BIOS軟件的IC（集成電路），CMOS（互補金屬氧化物半導體），EEPROM（電可擦可編程存儲器），FlashMemory（閃速存儲器），Firmware（固件）芯片。BIOS可以通過軟件（刷新程序如：AMIFLASH、AWDFLASH，PHLASH，UniFlash。這些程序你可以再BIOS實用菜單里面找到。）編寫。如果你還不知道電腦里面的BIOS如何啟動，你可以注意到在你開機后會有幾個屏幕顯示出來。它可能是一些LOGO，比如DELL，HP或者ASUS，Tyan，AMIBIOS，AWARDBIOS等。此時，你也可以看到內存條的數量信息，這就是POST（開機自檢）的一部分。POST是在移交控制器到OS（操作系統）前對BIOS進行測試的。如果你沒有在BIOS里面看到LOGO選項，你或許可以看到大部分的POST。否則，你只能看到一個LOGO在POST界面運行。如果你想了解更多的POST信息，你可以點擊這個網站，進去后，你還能看到POST碼。最后，我將添加一些設置去幫助你優化你的BIOS。但是現在我會用一些推薦的設置去完成它。不要刷新你主板的BIOS。如果你覺得你需要去更新你的BIOS，你可以從BIOS廠商那里購買一塊預執行BIOS更新芯片。刷新BIOS是存在風險的。如果在你的主板或者計算機上刷新BIOS的時候出現任何錯誤，你的電腦都可能當機。更新BIOS有兩種方法：用軟件的方式刷新BIOS。用EEPROM（電可擦可編程存儲器）程序去執行BIOS。這算是一種硬件方法。它比用軟件的方式刷新更徹底。把它想象成一只硬件驅動。在硬盤上，如果你格式化C:\，你將擦除所以的內容，你會這樣做嗎?不會！那些數據仍然可以重新恢復。如果你真的想清除這個盤，或者用你編寫的最新的盤，你可以用這種方式。但眾所周知的，這是一種低級的格式化方法。實用工具如：wipe.exe可以完成這項操作。如果你不想低級的格式化你的硬盤，在你想改裝或者出售它前，你最好把你的原始數據備份到其他硬盤里面。刷新BIOS芯片可以用同樣的方法?；旧希贐IOS芯片的頂端都是用來寫數據的。啟動模塊不會被寫在里面，除非你有特別要求。但是有些BIOS你不得不把啟動模塊寫在里面，比如AMIBIOS。電可擦可編程存儲器可以在寫新的BIOS前擦除這個芯片。這就是為什么買新的BIOS芯片比自己刷新BIOS好的原因。從某種程度上說，我略過了啟動模塊是什么這個話題，所以現在我會告訴你?？蓡幽K是BIOS芯片上不會被程序化的一個分區。它包含小量的信息。比如，在AMIBIOS里面，可啟動模塊包含AMIFLASH.exe刷新程序和一些允許被執行的代碼（如果“CTRL”和“HOME”鍵被按下的話）。如果刷新的時候出現錯誤，基本上你還是能恢復你的BIOS。你可以在網上閱讀關于AMIBIOS恢復和AWARDBIOS恢復的資料。好了，如果你想知道我為什么不使用PhoenixBIOS恢復技術的話，這兒沒有。只有通過其他方式去購買BIOS芯片。盡量去刷新！好，現在你已經清楚你不想用軟件的方式去刷新BIOS，你也不想購買一個大約1500美元的電可擦可編程存儲器。所以就用25美元區購買新的BIOS更新程序吧。有些BIOS廠商的程序不會因為用戶刷新失敗而關機。為什么不能重新激活呢？因為在你的閃光燈里面有備用電池。等到電腦電量用完的時候，你的備用電池才能被識別到。電量用完是刷新BIOS失敗的主要原因。你也可以用其他更多的方式去嘗試刷新你的BIOS。BIOS芯片來自很多不同的廠商。在BIOS左邊是32針的雙列直插式組裝芯片。這些芯片通常有2MB（2056KB）。有些只有1MB（1024KB），但是這些芯片是舊的，我們很難得到它們。下面是PLCC芯片的樣式。和現在的芯片比起來是相當不同的。它們也有不同的大小，128KB，256KB，512KB或者更大。OK，現在讓我們回到更多關于BIOS基礎的方面。為什么你想更新你的BIOS呢？這兒有很多原因：更