第三講詞性轉(zhuǎn)換(構(gòu)詞法)[思維導(dǎo)圖]一、動(dòng)詞、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞的規(guī)律1．動(dòng)詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞－ion/－tion/－sion/－ationcorrect→correction改正celebrate→celebration慶祝；慶祝會(huì)attract→attraction吸引conclude→conclusion結(jié)論；結(jié)束discuss→discussion討論；辯論decide→decision決定admit→admission接納；準(zhǔn)許入學(xué)invite→invitation邀請(qǐng)explain→explanation解釋graduate→graduation畢業(yè)expect→expectation期望－er/－ordrive→driver司機(jī)；駕駛員gather→gatherer收集者；采集者teach→teacher老師announce→announcer廣播員conduct→conductor指揮；售票員－mentpunish→punishment懲罰achieve→achievement功績(jī)；成就argue→argument辯論；論據(jù)treat→treatment對(duì)待；治療equip→equipment裝備；設(shè)備govern→government政府－ance/－enceappear→appearance出現(xiàn)；外貌guide→guidance指引；指導(dǎo)perform→performance表演；節(jié)目exist→existence存在；生存prefer→preference偏愛refer→reference參考；查閱－inghear→hearing聽力；聽覺begin→beginning開始－ure/－turefail→failure失??；倒閉press→pressure壓力depart→departure離開；出發(fā)mix→mixture混合；混合物－yrecover→recovery恢復(fù)；痊愈discover→discovery發(fā)現(xiàn)其他choose→choice選擇vary→variety多樣化；種類tend→tendency趨向；趨勢(shì)2.形容詞變名詞的后綴后綴例詞－ageshort→shortage不足；短缺－cyefficient→efficiency效率；功效fluent→fluency流利；流暢accurate→accuracy準(zhǔn)確性private→privacy隱私；私密－domfree→freedom自由；自主wise→wisdom明智；智慧－encedifferent→difference差異silent→silence沉默－nessweak→weakness虛弱；弱點(diǎn)kind→kindness仁慈；好意careless→carelessness粗心大意－thstrong→strength力氣；強(qiáng)項(xiàng)warm→warmth溫暖；熱情－y/－ty/－ityhonest→honesty誠(chéng)實(shí)difficult→difficulty困難cruel→cruelty殘酷；殘暴safe→safety安全disable→disability無能；傷殘responsible→responsibility責(zé)任二、名詞、動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化為形容詞的規(guī)律后綴例詞－ableaccept→acceptable可接受的fort→fortable舒適的fashion→fashionable時(shí)髦的suit→suitable合適的reason→reasonable有道理的；合理的－almusic→musical音樂的origin→original最初的person→personal個(gè)人的；私人的center→central中央的；中心的nature→natural自然的；天生的－fuldoubt→doubtful懷疑的forget→forgetful健忘的harm→harmful有害的hope→hopeful有希望的peace→peaceful和平的－edscare→scared感到恐懼的confuse→confused感到困惑的underline→underlined下劃線的－ingsurprise→surprising令人驚異的convince→convincing令人信服的satisfy→satisfying令人滿意的－ibleaccess→accessible容易取得的horror→horrible可怕的；恐怖的terror→terrible可怕的－iveact→active積極的；活躍的effect→effective有效的；生效的attract→attractive有吸引力的impress→impressive給人深刻印象的－ouscontinue→continuous不斷的；持續(xù)的anxiety→anxious憂慮的caution→cautious十分小心的；謹(jǐn)慎的curiosity→curious好奇的humor→humorous幽默的－sometire→tiresome令人厭倦的trouble→troublesome麻煩的－ytaste→tasty美味的；可口的health→healthy健康的wealth→wealthy富裕的；豐富的－erneast→eastern東方的；向東的－ishchild→childish孩子氣的fool→foolish愚蠢的；可笑的self→selfish自私的－icscience→scientific科學(xué)的energy→energetic精力充沛的[名師指津]－ed形容詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)，意為“感到……的”，通常修飾人；－ing形容詞多表示主語所具有的特征，意為“令人……的”，通常修飾物或事。三、形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為副詞的規(guī)律類別例詞直接加－lyclear→clearly清楚地great→greatly很，大大地以輔音字母＋y結(jié)尾的形容詞，變y為i再加－lyhappy→happily高興地heavy→heavily沉重地詞尾為ble/le的形容詞，去掉e，再加－yterrible→terribly可怕地gentle→gently輕輕地詞尾為ue的形容詞，去掉e再加－lytrue→truly真實(shí)地詞尾為ll的形容詞，直接加－yfull→fully充分地dull→dully遲鈍地詞尾為－ic的形容詞，加－allybasic→basically主要地scientific→scientifically合乎科學(xué)地厘清兩種情況，突破詞性轉(zhuǎn)換從句法功用上看，厘清“修飾與被修飾”1．名詞在句中作賓語，被冠詞或形容詞或形容詞性物主代詞所修飾[例1]Sheisdeterminedtocarryonwithher________(educate)．(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)[分析]education[前面有形容詞性物主代詞her，此處應(yīng)該使用動(dòng)詞educate的名詞形式education作賓語。][例2]SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，wholivedfromroughly551to479B．C.，influencedthe________(develop)ofchopsticks.(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)[分析]development[根據(jù)空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此處需要名詞。]2．形容詞在句中作定語，常放在名詞之前[例3]ItwasareliefandIcametoasuddenlystopjustinthemiddleoftheroad.(2017·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)[分析]suddenly→sudden[此處需要用形容詞修飾后面的名詞stop，表示“突然的停止”。]3．形容詞在句中作表語，常放在be，get，bee，remain等系動(dòng)詞后[例4]Atonetime，Ievenfeltmyparentscouldn’tunderstandmesoIhopedIcouldbefreelyfromthem.(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)[分析]freely→free[此處需要用形容詞作表語。befreefromthem“擺脫他們”。]4．形容詞在句中作賓語補(bǔ)足語，之前常有使役動(dòng)詞、感官動(dòng)詞或介詞with加名詞或代詞[例5]AsIwalked，Ilookedup，tryingtorealizewhatmadethisdayso________(beauty)．[分析]beautiful[使役動(dòng)詞make之后跟復(fù)合賓語，用形容詞作賓語補(bǔ)足語。]5．副詞在句中修飾動(dòng)詞[例6]Thetitlewillbe________(official)giventomeataceremonyinLondon.(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)[分析]officially[此處表示(大使)這個(gè)頭銜將在倫敦的一個(gè)儀式上正式授予給我。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，應(yīng)該使用副詞officially作狀語修飾動(dòng)詞given。]6．副詞在句中修飾形容詞或其他副詞[例7]DadandIwereterribleworried.(全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)[分析]terrible→terribly[此處應(yīng)用副詞terribly修飾形容詞worried。]7．副詞用在句首，修飾整個(gè)句子，表示狀態(tài)、原因等[例8]________(lucky)，healsohadacowwhichproducedmilkeveryday.(廣東高考)[分析]Luckily[此處為副詞用于句首，表示狀態(tài)。]8．要特別注意有使役用法的動(dòng)詞的分詞形式用作形容詞時(shí)的區(qū)別。如amazed常修飾人的內(nèi)心感受，表示“吃驚的”；amazing常修飾事物，表示“令人吃驚的”。[例9]Thereweremanypeoplewaitingatthebusstop，andsomeofthemlookedveryanxiousand________(disappoint)．(新課標(biāo)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)[分析]disappointed[disappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的內(nèi)心活動(dòng)，應(yīng)使用－ed形式的形容詞，此處表示“他們中有些人看起來既焦慮又失望”。]從“詞性”變化上看，厘清“詞形”的變化特點(diǎn)詞形變化是重點(diǎn)，注意特殊形式和變化特點(diǎn)：以－e結(jié)尾加－ly，切記true需把－e去；－ble，－ple都是去－e把－y加。另外需注意形副同形詞。[例10]Instead，hehopesthathisbusinesswillgrowsteady.(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)[分析]steady→steadily[謂語動(dòng)詞grow是不及物動(dòng)詞，意為“增長(zhǎng)，增強(qiáng)”，此處應(yīng)該使用副詞steadily作狀語修飾grow。growsteadily意為“穩(wěn)定地增長(zhǎng)”。][例11]Recentstudiesshowthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaks________(regular)．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)[分析]regularly[此處需要用副詞修飾謂語動(dòng)詞短語“takeshortbreaks”。][例12]Myunclesimmediatejumpedupandshottheirarrowsatthebird.(陜西高考)[分析]immediate→immediately[此處修飾“jumpedup”，故應(yīng)用副詞形式。]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Runningischeap，easyandit’salways________(energy)．(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)答案energetic[根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用與其前的cheap、easy相同形式的形容詞energetic作表語。]2．Atasteformeatis________(actual)behindthechange:Animportantpartofitscornisusedtofeedchickens，pigs，andcattle.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)答案actually[應(yīng)用副詞作狀語修飾系動(dòng)詞is。]3．Thisswitchhasdecreased________(pollute)inthecountry’smajorlakesandreservoirsandmadedrinkingwatersaferforpeople.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)答案pollution[此處作decreased的賓語，應(yīng)填名詞pollution。]4．AccordingtotheWorldBank，Chinaaccountsforabout30percentoftotal________(globe)fertilizerconsumption.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)答案global[此處和total一起修飾名詞短語fertilizerconsumption，意為“全世界的化肥總消耗量”，故用形容詞作定語。]5．I’ma________(science)whostudiesanimalssuchasapesandmonkeys.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)答案scientist[設(shè)空處前面是a，可知空處應(yīng)填可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)，再聯(lián)系文章內(nèi)容可知“我”是一位科學(xué)家，故填scientist。]6．Theobviousoneismoney;eatingoutonceortwiceaweekmaybe________(afford)butdoingthismostdaysaddsup.(2018·浙江高考)答案affordable[根據(jù)語境可知此處作表語，所以要用形容詞形式。]7．Researchershavefoundthatthereisadirectlinkbetweentheincreaseinfoodeatenoutsidethehomeandtherisein________(weigh)problems.(2018·浙江高考)答案weight[表示體重方面的問題，要用名詞作定語。]8．Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires，Asia’sbiggestbuilding，andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme，pandasareitstop________(attract)．(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)答案attraction[句意：但是對(duì)像我這樣的游客來說，大熊貓是最吸引人的東西。此處作表語的應(yīng)該是名詞attraction，意為“吸引人之物，誘惑物”。]Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1．Ifelthappilythattheirlifehadimproved.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)答案happily→happy[動(dòng)詞felt在此處是系動(dòng)詞，意為“覺得，感覺”，其后應(yīng)該使用形容詞happy作表語。]2．Immediate，Iraisedmyhand.(2018·全國(guó)卷Ⅲ)答案Immediate→Immediately[根據(jù)語境，此處修飾整個(gè)句子，應(yīng)該使用副詞。]3．Myuncletellsmethatthekeytohissuccessishonest.(2016·全國(guó)卷Ⅰ)答案honest→honesty[根據(jù)句意和結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處應(yīng)該使用名詞形式。]Ⅰ.單句語法填空1．Theyhadbothbeensentencedtodeath(die)．(2019·遼寧沈陽(yáng)模擬)2．Thegirlthenplantsakissonthegrassinaheart－warmingshowofaffection(affect)．(2019·福建漳州質(zhì)檢)3．Myapplication(apply)wassuccessfulandIspentanenjoyablemonthlearningfilm－making.(2019·廣東佛山質(zhì)檢)4．Perhapshecanmakehisfortune(fortunate)atfootball.(2019·?？谀M)5．IreallyneededSnow，becauseitwasgoodformyrecovery__(recover)．(2019·洛陽(yáng)模擬)6．Pop－upshopsfirstappearedintheUKintheearly2000s.Theywereoriginally(origin)awayforsmallpaniestorentsmallspaceingreatlocations.(2019·錦州模擬)7．Indeed，travellingaroundthiscountrywilltruly(true)giveyouanamazingexperiencebecauseofitsinterestingthingsofferedtoalltypesoftourists.(2019·邯鄲模擬)8．Thewaterneartheequatorislesssaltythanthatfoundinthemid－latitudes(中緯度)forabundant(abundance)equatorialprecipitation(赤道降水)throughouttheyear.(2019·江西五市八校聯(lián)考)9．Films，books，magazines，etc.giveusdaily(day)amusement.(2019·佛山三模)10．Insomecrowded(crowd)cities，thecarhaspollutedtheairsobadlythatpeoplegetsickjustfrombreathingit.(2019·桃江模擬)Ⅱ.單句改錯(cuò)1．DisappointingasIfeltattheshabbycampusandthepoorly－equippedclassroom，Ifoundtheteacherspatiently.(2019·湖南桃江模擬)Disappointing→Disappointed；patiently→patient2．Similar，peopleprefermoviesthatreflecttheirmood.(2019·?？谀M)Similar→Similarly3．Whilehavinganoperation，shehadanearlydeathexperience.(2019·南昌模擬)nearly→near4．Ihavereadlotsofinspiredstoriesofkindness.(2019·贛州模擬)inspired→inspiring5．Thescenelookedsonicely.(2019·馬鞍山模擬)nicely→nice6．Inordertomakemyselfunderstood，Itoldhimhowtogothereasclearaspossible.(2019·山東師大附中模擬)clear→clearly7．First，wemustbefriendlyandkind.(2019·遼寧師大附中模擬)kindly→kind8．I’mlookingforwardtoyourkindlyreplyatyourearliestconvenient.(2019·蘭州模擬)convenient→convenience9．Thoughthecircumstancewashard，hemadefullyuseofeverythingtostudy，whichcontributedtobeingadmittedtoPekingUniversity.(2019·湖北沙市模擬)fully→full10．Evenclosestfriendshavequarrels，sodon’ttakeittooserious.(2019·大慶實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)M)serious→seriouslyⅢ.語法填空(2019·太原模擬)Everyonehassecrets，andJohnCorcoranisnoexception.Fordecades，Corcoranlivedwithan1.________(embarrass)secret，onethatmillionsofAmericanshave.Hewasacollegegraduateandhadevenbeenateacherforyears，2.________Johnwasreadingatanelementaryschoollevelonce.3.________(fail)tolearnhowtoreadinschool，Corcoranfinallydevelopedthethoughtthattherewassomethingwrongwithhim.Thenoneday，attheageof48，heaccidentally4.________(hear)twowomeninthecheckoutlinetalkingabouthowproudtheywere5.________theiradultbrotherforfinallylearninghowtoread.Soonafterwards，Corcoranwenttoareadingclinic6.________(get)help.After125hours’professional7.________(treat)，hecouldreadata12thgradelevel.Sincehebegantolearntoread，Corcoran8.________(write)poemsandshortstories，andhasstartedafoundationtoprovidetutoringforthousandsofstudents9.________cannotreadlikehim.“Iusedtocallmyproblemacurse，”Corcoransaid，“butnowit’s10.________(actual)ablessingtome，becauseIgettoencourageothersandshowit’snevertoolatetolearnhowtoread.”【語篇解讀】JohnCorcoran的閱讀能力只有一年級(jí)的水平，最后通過自己的努力他克服了這個(gè)難題。1．embarrassing[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。修飾secret應(yīng)用形容詞，embarrassing意為“令人尷尬的”，符合語境。]2．but[考查連詞。根據(jù)Johnwasreadingatanelementaryschoollevelonce可知和前面的內(nèi)容是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。]3．Failing[考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。Corcoran和fail之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系，故填其現(xiàn)在分詞形式作原因狀語。]4．heard[考查動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知此處講述過去的一件事情。]5．of[考查介詞。beproudof意為“為……感到自豪”。此句是一個(gè)how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。]6．toget[考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。這里表示去診所的目的，故用動(dòng)詞不定式。]7．treatment[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。根據(jù)前面的professional可知此處應(yīng)用名詞形式。]8．haswritten[考查時(shí)態(tài)。根據(jù)Sincehebegantolearntoread可知需用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài)。]9．that/who[考查定語從句。先行詞為students，關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語，故用that/who。]10．a(chǎn)ctually[考查詞性轉(zhuǎn)換。此處修飾整個(gè)句子應(yīng)用副詞形式。]Ⅳ.短文改錯(cuò)I’mnot