Interdependenceand

theGainsfromTrade

相互依存與貿易的好處Chapter3InterdependenceandTrade

Consideryourtypicalday:YouwakeuptoanalarmclockmadeinKorea.Youpouryourselfsomeorangejuicemadefrom orangesgrowninFlorida.Youputonsomeclothesmadeofcottongrownin GeorgiaandsewninfactoriesinThailand.YouwatchthemorningnewsbroadcastfromNew YorkonyourTVmadeinJapan.Youdrivetoclassinacarmadeofparts manufacturedinahalf-dozendifferentcountries.

…andyouhaven’tbeenupformorethantwohoursyet!相互依存與貿易

看看你的每天日常生活:早晨被產于韓國的鬧鐘叫醒；給自己倒了一杯佛羅里達產的橘子軋成的橘子汁；穿上用佐治亞生產的棉花而在泰國縫制的衣服；

從日本產的電視上看紐約播放的新聞節目；你開著用來自全世界十幾個國家生產的部件組裝的汽車去上學。

…這些事只是發生在你的不到兩個小時的生活中。InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTradeRemember,economicsisthestudyofhowsocietiesproduceanddistributegoodsinanattempttosatisfythewantsandneedsofitsmembers.相互依存與貿易的好處記住，經濟學是研究社會如何生產和分配物品，以滿足所有社會成員的欲望和需要。Howdowesatisfyourwantsandneedsinaglobaleconomy?Wecanbeeconomicallyself-sufficient.Wecanspecializeand tradewithothers, leadingtoeconomicinterdependence.在世界經濟范圍內，我們如何滿足

自己的欲望和需要？我們可以在經濟上自給自足。我們可以進行專業化分工，并與他人進行貿易，從而形成經濟上相互依存的關系。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTradeAgeneralobservation...Individualsandnationsrelyonspecializedproductionandexchangeasawaytoaddressproblemscausedbyscarcity.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.相互依存與貿易的好處一個一般性的觀察結果...個人和國家依靠分工生產和交換來解決稀缺帶來的問題。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.InterdependenceandtheGainsfromTrade

相互依存與貿易的好處But,thisgivesrisetotwoquestions:但是，這會帶來兩個問題:Whyisinterdependencethenorm?

為什么相互依存是正常現象?

Whatdeterminesproductionandtrade?

什么決定生產和貿易?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.Whyisinterdependencethenorm?

為什么相互依存是正常的?

Interdependenceoccursbecausepeoplearebetteroffwhentheyspecializeandtradewithothers.因為人們專業化分工并與他人交易能使他們的福利變好，所以他們會形成相互依存關系。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.What

determinesthepatternofproductionandtrade?

什么決定生產和貿易？Patternsofproductionandtradearebasedupondifferencesinopportunitycosts.生產和貿易的模式決定于各自機會成本的不同。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.Imagine...onlytwogoods:potatoesandmeatonlytwopeople:apotatofarmerandacattlerancherWhatshouldeachproduce?Whyshouldtheytrade?AParablefortheModernEconomyHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.設想...只有兩種商品:土豆和牛肉只有兩個人:農場主和牧場主每個人應該生產什么?他們為什么應該交易?一個現代經濟學寓言Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheProductionOpportunitiesoftheFarmerandtheRancherHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.農場主和牧場主的生產機會Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.Self-SufficiencyByignoringeachother:Eachconsumeswhattheyeachproduce.Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisalsothe

consumptionpossibilitiesfrontier.Withouttrade,economicgainsarediminished.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.自給自足不考慮相互交易:每個人消費的就是他所生產的。生產可能性邊界也是消費可能性邊界。沒有貿易，經濟利益就會減少。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiersPotatoes(ounces)Meat(ounces)328416(a)TheFarmer’sProductionPossibilitiesFrontier0AIfthereisnotrade,thefarmerchoosesthisproductionandconsumptionHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.生產可能性邊界土豆(盎司)牛肉(盎司)328416(a)農場主的生產可能性邊界0A如果沒有貿易，農場主選擇這個產量和消費量。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ProductionPossibilitiesFrontiersPotatoes(ounces)Meat(ounces)481224(b)TheRancher’sProductionPossibilitiesFrontier0BIfthereisnotrade,therancherchoosesthisproductionandconsumption24Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.生產可能性邊界土豆(盎司)牛肉(盎司)481224(b)牧場主的生產可能性邊界0B如果沒有貿易，牧場主選擇這個產量和消費量。24Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheFarmerandtheRancherSpecializeandTradeEachwouldbebetteroffiftheyspecialized

inproducing

theproducttheyaremoresuitedtoproduce,andthen

trade

witheachother.Thefarmershouldproducepotatoes.Theranchershouldproducemeat.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.農場主和牧場主專業化分工并進行交易如果每人生產他們更擅長生產的產品，然后進行交易，他們每個人的福利會變好。農場主應該生產土豆。牧場主應該生產牛肉。Table2TheGainsfromTrade:ASummaryCopyright?2004South-Western表2.貿易的好處:總結農場主牧場主沒有貿易時的生產量和消費量

牛肉

土豆

牛肉土豆

4盎司16盎司12盎司24盎司

Figure2.HowTradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionOpportunitiesCopyright?2003Southwestern/ThomsonLearningPotatoes(ounces)416517832AA*0Meat(ounces)(a)TheFarmer’sProductionandConsumptionFarmer'sproductionandconsumptionwithouttradeFarmer'sconsumptionwithtradeFarmer'sproductionwithtrade圖2.貿易如何擴大了消費機會的集合土豆(盎司)416517832AA*0牛肉（盎司)(a)農場主的生產和消費沒有貿易時農場主的生產量和消費量有貿易時農場主的消費量有貿易時農場主的生產量Figure2HowTradeExpandstheSetofConsumptionOpportunitiesPotatoes(ounces)12241327B0Meat(ounces)(b)TheRancher’sProductionandConsumption48241218B*Rancher'sconsumptionwithtradeRancher'sproductionwithtradeRancher'sproductionandconsumptionwithouttrade圖2.貿易如何擴大了消費機會的集合土豆(盎司)12241327B0牛肉（盎司)(b)牧場主的生產和消費’48241218B*有貿易時牧場主的消費量有貿易時牧場主的生產量沒有貿易時牧場主的生產量和消費量Table2TheGainsfromTrade:ASummaryCopyright?2004South-Western表2.貿易的好處:總結農場主牧場主沒有貿易時的生產量和消費量有貿易時的生產量交易量消費量貿易的好處：消費量的增加

牛肉

土豆

牛肉土豆

4盎司16盎司12盎司24盎司

0盎司32盎司18盎司12盎司得5盎司給15盎司給5盎司得15盎司

5盎司17盎司13盎司27盎司1盎司1盎司1盎司3盎司Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ThePrincipleof

ComparativeAdvantageWhoshouldproducewhat?Howmuchshouldbetradedforeach product?Whocanproducepotatoesatalowercost--thefarmerortherancher?Differencesinthecostsofproductiondeterminethefollowing:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優勢原理誰應該生產什么?每個產品的交換比例?誰能以更低的成本生產土豆——農場主還是牧場主？生產成本的差異決定了：Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.DifferencesinCostsofProductionThenumberofhoursrequiredtoproduceaunitofoutput.(forexample,onepoundofpotatoes)Theopportunitycostofsacrificingonegoodforanother.Twowaystomeasuredifferencesincostsofproduction:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.生產成本的差異生產一個單位的產出（比如一盎司土豆）所需要的時間（分鐘數）。機會成本：把資源用于生產一種物品而放棄生產另一種物品的數量。衡量生產成本差異的兩種方法:Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.AbsoluteAdvantageThecomparisonamongproducersofagoodaccordingtotheirproductivity—absoluteadvantage。Describestheproductivityofoneperson,firm,ornationcomparedtothatofanother.Theproducerthatrequiresasmallerquantityofinputstoproduceagoodissaidtohaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingthatgood.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.絕對優勢絕對優勢——根據生產率比較一種物品的不同生產者。描述一個人、公司和國家相對于其他個人、公司和國家的生產率。如果一個生產者生產一個單位的物品所需的投入要素比其他生產者少，就說該生產者在生產此物品上有絕對優勢。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.AbsoluteAdvantageTheRancherneedsonly10minutestoproduceaounceofpotatoes,whereastheFarmerneeds15minutes.TheRancherneedsonly20minutestoproduceaounceofmeat,whereastheFarmerneeds60minutes.TheRancherhasanabsoluteadvantageintheproductionofbothmeatandpotatoes.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.絕對優勢牧場主生產一盎司土豆只需要10分鐘，而農場主則需要15分鐘。牧場主生產一盎司牛肉只需要20分鐘，而農場主則需要60分鐘。牧場主在生產牛肉和土豆方面都有絕對優勢Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.OpportunityCostand

ComparativeAdvantageComparesproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost.

Theproducerwhohasthesmalleropportunitycostofproducingagoodissaidtohaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingthatgood.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.機會成本與比較優勢根據機會成本比較一種物品的不同生產者。如果一個生產者生產一種物品的機會成本比其他生產者小，就說該生產者在生產此物品上有比較優勢。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageandTradeWhohastheabsoluteadvantage?Thefarmerortherancher?

Whohasthecomparativeadvantage?Thefarmerortherancher?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優勢與貿易誰有絕對優勢?農場主還是牧場主?

誰有比較優勢?農場主還是牧場主?Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.TheOpportunityCostofMeatandPotatoesHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.牛肉和土豆的機會成本一盎司牛肉的機會成本一盎司土豆的機會成本農場主4盎司土豆?盎司牛肉牧場主2盎司土豆?盎司牛肉Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageandTradeTheRancher’sopportunitycostofanounceofpotatoesis1/2ounceofmeat,whereastheFarmer’sopportunitycostofanounceofpotatoesis1/4anounceofmeat.

TheRancher’sopportunitycostofanounceofmeatisonly2ouncespoundofpotatoes,whiletheFarmer’sopportunitycostofanounceofmeatis4ouncesofpotatoes...Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優勢與貿易牧場主生產一盎司土豆的機會成本是1/2盎司牛肉，而農場主生產一盎司土豆的機會成本是1/4盎司牛肉。牧場主生產一盎司牛肉的機會成本是2盎司土豆，而牧場主生產一盎司牛肉的機會成本是4盎司土豆。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageandTrade…so,theRancherhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofmeatbuttheFarmerhasacomparativeadvantageintheproductionofpotatoes.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優勢與貿易所以，牧場主在生產牛肉上有比較優勢，而農場主在生產土豆上有比較優勢Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ComparativeAdvantageandTradeComparativeadvantageanddifferencesinopportunitycostsarethebasisforspecializedproductionandtrade.Wheneverpotentialtradingpartieshavedifferencesinopportunitycosts,theycaneachbenefitfromtrade.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優勢與貿易比較優勢和機會成本的差異是專業化分工生產和貿易的基礎。只要潛在的交易雙方機會成本不同，雙方都能從貿易中獲得利益。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.BenefitsofTrade貿易的好處Tradecanbenefiteveryoneinasocietybecauseitallowspeopletospecializeinactivitiesinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantage.貿易可以使社會中每一個人受益，因為貿易可以使每個人從事自己有比較優勢的活動。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.AdamSmithandTradeInhis1776bookAnInquiryintotheNatureandCausesoftheWealthofNations,

AdamSmith

performedadetailedanalysisoftradeandeconomicinterdependence,whicheconomistsstilladheretotoday.Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.亞當.斯密與貿易在1776年的著作《國民財富的性質和原因的研究》中，亞當.斯密對貿易和相互依存就進行了詳細的分析，至今經濟學家還繼承了這一分析。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.DavidRicardoandTrade

大衛.李嘉圖和貿易Inhis1816bookPrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation,

DavidRicardo

developedtheprincipleofcomparativeadvantageasweknowittoday.

在1817年的著作《政治經濟學與稅賦原理》中，李嘉圖提出了我們現在熟知的比較優勢原理。Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.ShouldTigerWoodsMowHisOwnLawn?

泰格爾.伍茲應該自己修剪草坪嗎？??APPLICATIAPPVAOEADVANTAGEAPPLICATIONSOFCAMPARATITEADVANTAGE比較優勢的應用Harcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.APPLICATIONSOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGE

ShouldtheUnitedStatesTradewithOtherCountries?Eachcountryhasmanycitizenswithdifferentinterests.Internationaltradecanmakesomeindividualsworseoff,evenasitmakesthecountryasawholebetteroff.Imports—goodsproducedabroadandsolddomesticallyExports—goodsproduceddomesticallyandsoldabroadHarcourt,Inc.itemsandderiveditemscopyright?2001byHarcourt,Inc.比較優勢的應用美國應該與其他國家進行貿易嗎?每個國家都有許多具有不同利益的公民。盡管國際貿易可以使整個國家的福利變好，但也可能使一些個人福利變壞。進口—國外生產在國內銷售的物品。出口—國內生產在國外銷售的物