WelcometobilingualpharmacologycoursePharmacologyQuestionsHaveyouevertakenanykindofmedicine?Doyouwonderwhat’sthedrugdoinginyourbody?Let’slookintothe“blackbox”-----takeawonderfuljourneywithdruginthebody

Chapter1

Introductiontopharmacology

Textbookswe’lluse《藥理學(xué)》吳基良羅健東主編科學(xué)出版社第二版《TextbookofPharmacology》周宏灝主編科學(xué)出版社《Pharmacology》MagaliTaylor,PeterReide.Mosby’sCrashCourse

科學(xué)出版社ContentsofpharmacologycoursePrinciplesofpharmacologyPharmacologyofdrugforthemajororgansystems:ANS(傳出神經(jīng)系統(tǒng));CNS（中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)）;Cardiovascularsystem;bloodandbloodformingsystem;Respiratoryanddigestivesystems;endocrinesystemChemotherapyWhatisDrug?Drug:

Anynaturalorsyntheticsubstancethatinsmallamountsaltersthephysiologicalstatesinabiologicalsystem.Medicaldrugs:usedforthetreatment,prevention,anddiagnosisofdiseases.Non-medicaldrugs:usedforrecreational（娛樂）purposes.Drugcanalsobecalledagent,medicine,pharmakon,remedy,materiamedicaPrescription（處方）drugNonprescriptiondrug(非處方藥，overthecounter,OTC)Poison(毒藥)Thedosemakesthepoison.Ifsomethingisnotapoison，itisnotadrug.

Sourcesofdrugs

Plant–alkaloids(生物堿),glycosides(苷類)

Animal–insulin

Microorganisms–antibioticsSyntheticchemicals;Geneticengineeringproducts.

ConceptsofpharmacologyPharmacology

:

thestudyoftheinteractions（相互作用）betweendrugsandlivingsystemandtheirmechanismsMedicalPharmacology:When:Livingsystem=humanbodyPharmacologyinclude:Pharmacokinetics（藥物代謝動力學(xué)）

Whatthebodydotoadrugwithtime:absorption,distribution,metabolism,andexcretion.(ADME)Pharmacodynamics

（藥物效應(yīng)動力學(xué)）Explorehowthedrugdotothebodytheeffects&mechanismofactionofthedrug

TheDutiesofPharmacologya.Toexplaintheactionanditsmechanismsofdrug,toprovidethetheoryforclinicuseandenhancethedrugefficacy.b.Todevelopnewdrugandnewindicationsofdrug.c.Toexplorethepathwayofphysio-,biochemi-andpathologyofthecells.

TheRoles（地位）ofPharmacology

workasBridgesbetween:Medicalscienceandpharmaceutical（藥學(xué)）sciencesBasicandclinicalmedicalsciences

HistoryPrehistoricpeoplerecognizedthebeneficialortoxiceffectsofmanyplantandanimalmaterialsfromtheirdailylife.About2700BC,peopleknewHerbaEphedrae（麻黃）isgoodforasthmaWillowbark（柳樹皮）isanantipyretic（退熱藥）AncientEgypt、India1500BC,Egypt(Eberspapyrus)1500BC，IndiaherbalMedicine<Shennong’sHerbalClassic>(神農(nóng)本草經(jīng)),about100BC<CompendiumofMateriaMedica>,(本草綱目李時珍),about1578EstablishofmodernpharmacologyAbouttheendof18thcentury,therapiddevelopmentinphysiologyandchemistrylaidgoodfoundationformodernpharmacologyIn1803GermanchemistFredrickSurturner(1783-1841)separatemorphinefromopiumClaudeBernard(1813-1878)provedthemechanismofarrowpoison:curare（箭毒）OswaldSchmiedeberg(1838-1921)aGermanpharmacologist,thefartherofmodernpharmacology.Receptor

Pharmacology

inChina

陳克恢(KKChen):ephedrine(麻黃素1923)張昌紹，鄒岡：Analgesicsiteofmorphine(1963).屠呦呦：

artemisinin(青蒿素，拉斯克獎)金國章：Rotundine（羅通定）秦伯益：dihydroetorphine（二氫埃托啡）TheMainBranchesofPharmacology臨床藥理學(xué)：Clinicalpharmacology生化藥理學(xué)：Biochemicalpharmacology分子藥理學(xué)：Molecularpharmacology免疫藥理學(xué)：Immunopharmacology心血管藥理學(xué)：Cardiovascularpharmacology神經(jīng)藥理學(xué)：Neuropharmacology遺傳藥理學(xué)：Pharmacogenetics化學(xué)治療學(xué)：ChemotherapyMethodsforPharmacologyStudya.invivo（整體）andinvitro(離體)b.Bioassay(生物檢定

,Vane,1983）c.Biochemicalmethods(生化方法)Fluorospectrometry(熒光分光光度法):monoamine(單胺)

d.MolecularBiologicalmethods

Gaschromatography/massspectrometry

(氣相層析與質(zhì)譜聯(lián)用)Highperformanceliquidchromatography(高效液相，HPLC)Microdialisis(微透析法):NP,cAMPRadioreceptorbindingassay(放射受體結(jié)合實(shí)驗(yàn))Adioimmunoassay(放免測定)

Morphology形態(tài)學(xué)方法

Histochemistry(組織化學(xué))Fluorescencehistochemistry(熒光組織化學(xué))

Autoradiography(放射自顯影)Immunocytochemistry(免疫細(xì)胞化學(xué))

Electrophysiology電生理學(xué)方法

insituvoltametry(原位伏安法):EEG(腦電圖)Evokedpotential(誘發(fā)電位)Voltageclamp(電壓鉗)Microelectroderecording(微電極測定)Patchclamp(膜片鉗)

BehavioralMethods行為方法

Maze(迷宮實(shí)驗(yàn))Conditioningreflex(條件反射)self-administration（自身給藥）conditionedplacepreference（條件性位置偏愛）

Basic&ClinicalEvaluationofNewDrugsDrugdiscovery&Drugscreening inVitroorinVivoStudies

Preclinicalsafety&toxicitytesting

（goodlaboratorypractice,GLP）

inVivo-Animalstudies Pharmacology Toxicity–AcuteandChronic

Evaluationofdruginhumans

（goodclinicalpractice,GCP）TheFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA,USA)StateFoodandDrugAdministration(SFDA,China)PhasesofaClinicalTrials：FourPhasesEvaluatingDrugsinHumansPhaseI–HealthyadultvolunteersEvaluationofsafety,Pharmacokinetics(PK),sideeffects???

PhaseII-PatientsEvaluationofefficacy,safety,PK,andsideeffectsDouble-blindplacebocontrolled（雙盲對照試驗(yàn)）

PhaseIII–SpecificpatientsubpopulationsDetermineefficacyforspecifi