跨文化商務溝通期末考試的復習內容一、單選題（10題×2分=20分）__A____iscalledinterracialcommunication。ThecommunicationbetweenAfricanAmericansandEuropeanAmericans.Thecommunicationbetweentwopeople‘CommunicationwehavewithourselvesInteractionsamongpeoplefromdifferentnations.Thenailthatsticksupgetshammereddownisaproverbrevealing____.A.individualismB.collectivismC.self-centeredD.independenceThecolourredmeansprosperity(繁榮、興旺）in___D_____.A.AmericanB.EnglandC.SpainD.China“Yellowdog”refersto___C___inEngland.someonewhoishappyB.SomeonewhoisbraveC.Someonewhoiscoward（卑鄙的）D.Someonewhoissad.A：ThankyousomuchforwhatyouhavedoneformeandIreallyappreciateyourkindness.B:___C_____(IfyouwereB,whichofthefollowingyouwouldchooseasapoliteandproperanswer)A.It’smydutytodoso.B.No,it’snothing.C.It’smypleasure.D.It’swhatIShoulddo.___C___isnotoneofthecountrieswithhigh-contextcommunication.A.ChinaB.MexicoC.CanadaD.Japan__D_____belongstolowuncertaintyavoidance.(不確定性回避）Peopledevelopmanyrulestocontrolsocialbehaviors.Peopletendtoworryabortthefuture.Peoplehaveahighlevelofanxiety.Peoplebelieveinacceptingdissentamongculturalmembers.___C____tendstobefeminine（嬌柔傾向）country.JapanB.EnglandC.DenmarkD.GermanyOwl（貓頭鷹）isthesymbolofmisfortune（不幸）in___D____。A.AmericanB.EnglandC.SpainD.China___D____adoptsmonochromic（單向計時制）timesystem.A.ChillB.BrazilC.ArgentinaD.England.1.____C___iscalledintrapersonalcommunication.A.ThecommunicationbetweenAfricanAmericansandEuropeanAmericans。B.Thecommunicationbetweentwopeople。C.Communicationwehavewithourselves。D.Interactionsamongpeoplefromdifferentnations.“Thenailthatsticksupgetshammereddown”isaproverbAllculturesrequireandvaluepoliteness,butthewaysinwhichpolitenessisachievedmayvarysignificantly.Ininformalsituations,alargenumberofcompliments（恭維）areusedtomakepeoplefeelcomfortable.“Dragon”meansthesametothewesterneras“龍”totheChinese.三、名詞解釋（5題*3分=15分）interculturalcommunication6、powerdistance.√Collectivism7、nonverbalcommunicationvalues√8、individualismmasculinity√9、femininitypolychromictimesystem√10、Monochromictimesystem√具體解釋：Interculturalcommunication:face-to-faceinteractionsamongpeopleofdiversecultures.Collectivism:Asocietylowindividualismwouldlikelyendorse,harmony.socialorder,conformityingrouprelationships,deferencetogroupnorms,familyrelationshipandloyaltytoconsensusview.points3.values:valuescanbedefinedasbroadpreferencesconcerningappropriatecoursesofactionoroutcomes.Assuch,valuesreflectaperson'ssenseofrightandwrongorwhat"ought"tobe.,”Equalrightsforall","Excellencedeservesadmiration",and"Peopleshouldbetreatedwithrespectanddignity"arerepresentativeofvalues.Valuestendtoinfluenceattitudesandbehavior.4.Masculinity（陽剛傾向):referstoakindofvaluesthatthesocietyadvocatesthedominanceofthemasculinecharacteristicssuchasdecisiveness,assertiveness,andcompetitiveness,traitsthatreflecttraditionalmanlyvaluesofcontroloverevents.5.Polychromictimesystem（多向計時制):Polychromictimesystemisakindofviewpointandattitudetowardtime,whichmeansthatseveralthingsarebeingdoneatthesametime.6.Powerdistance:canthereforebedefinedastheextenttowhichthelesspowerful.Membersofinsititutionsandorganizationswithinacountryexceptandacceptthatpowerisdistributedunequally.7.Nonverbalcommunication:（非語言交際）iscommunicationthroughmeansotherthanlanguage---forexample,facialexpressionpersonalspace,eyecontact,useoftime,andconversationalsilence.8.Individualism:thisdimensionmeasurethedegreetowhichasocietyvaluesindependentinitiativetocollectiveeffort.9.Femininity:(嬌柔傾向）feminineorienlationsfocusonnurturingrelationshipsandhumaninteractions.Theydisplaylimitedemphasisoncompetitivedominance.10.monochromictimesystem:monochromictimesystemisakingofviewpointandattitudetowardtime,whichmeansthatthingsshouldbedoneoneatatime,andtimeissegmentedintoprecise,smallunits.四、簡答題（5題*5分=25分）Whatisnoiseincommunication?√Whatarethecharacteristicsofculture?HowmuchdoyouknowaboutJapanesepeople?Andhowcanyoucommunicatewellwiththem?√Whatishigh-contextcommunication?√WhatistheChinesedream?√Whatarethecomponentsofcommunication?√Whataretheingredientsofculture?√Whatislow-contextcommunication?√HowmuchdoyouknowaboutGermanPeople?Andhowcanyoucommunicatewillwiththem?WhatisAmericanDream?Whatisnoiseincommunication?Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdistortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Noisecanbeofmanyforms:externalnoisecanbethesights,sounds,andotherstimuilthatdrawyoueattentionawayfromthemessage.Havearadioonwhilereadingisexternalernalnoisereferstoyourthoughtsanffeelingsthatcaninterferewiththemessage.2.Whatarethecharacteristicsofculture?Sixcharacteristicsofcultureareofspecialimportancetointerculturalcommumication:(1)cultureislearned(2)cultureistransmissible.(3)cultureisdynamic.(4)cultureisselective.(5)thefacetsofcultureareinterrelated.(6）cultureisethnocentric.3.howmuchdoyouknowaboutJapanesepeople.Andhowcanyoucommunicatewellwiththem?Japanesepeopleareverypoliteandtheyareverypatientinbusiness,theydon'tliketalkativepersonsandtheyneverrefuseothersdirectly.Basedontheknowledge,iwilltrytoconfirmtotheircharacteristics.iwillnottalktoomuchandtooquicklywhencommunicatingwiththem,iwillbepoliteandpatientandtrytogettheimpliedmeaningfromtheotherparty,ifnecessaryiwillasktheminaverydirectlyandpolitely.4.Whatishigh-contextcommunication？Itisakindofcommunicationstyleinwhichthemeaningrelyheavilyonhidden,implicit,contextualcuessuchasnonverbalbehavior,socialcontext,andthenatureofinterpersonalrelationships.Thefocusisonthemeaningbetweenlines,andthereceiverisrequiredtocatchtheimpliedmeaningofthespeaker.5.WhatistheChineseDream?ChineseDreamisatermpopularizedAfter2013withinChinesesocialistthoughtthatdescribesasetofpersonalandnationalidealsinthePeople’sRepublicofChinaandtheCommunistPartyofChina.Itisusedbyjournalists,governmentofficials,andactiviststodescribetheroleoftheindividualinChinesesocietyaswellasthegoalsofthe“Chinesenation”,Thedreamisdescribedas“nationalrejuvenation,improvementofpeople’slivelihoods,prosperity,constructionofabettersocietyandastrengthenedmilitary.6.whatarethecomponentsofcommunication?Theyare:source,encoding,message,channel,noise,receiver,decoding,receiver/response,feedbackcontext.7.whataretheingredientsofculture?Culturesmaybeclassifiedbythreelargecategoriesofelements:artifacts(man-madethings),concepts(suchbeliefsandideasinpeople'smind)andbehaviors(humanbeing'sactivitiesandactions)8.whatislow-contextcommunication?Itisakindofcommunicationstyleinwhichthemeaningofthemessageisexpectedtobeexplicit,direct,andunambiguous.Thespeakerisrequiredtoexpressthemeaningasclearaspossible.whatispowerdistance？Thisdimensionmeasuresasociety'semphasisonhumaninequalities.Aculturehighinpowerdistancewouldvaluehierarchicalstatusandauthority.incontrast,countriesthatscoredlowonpowerdistancedon'ttakeitserious,andsuperiorsandsubordinatesfeelrelativelycomfortablewithshareddecisionmakingandDecentralization.whatarethecomponentsofcommunication?Theyare:source,encoding,message,channel,noise,receiver,decoding,receiver/response,feedbackcontext.Answerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtoyourknowledge.Whatisnoiseincommunication?Whatarethecharacteristicsofculture?HowmuchdoyouknowaboutJapanesepeople?Andhowcanyoucommunicatewellwiththem?Whatishigh-contextcommunication?WhatistheChineseDream?贊揚人的外貌Youhaveabeautifulsmile.Yourhairstylelooksnice.性格Youhaveagoodsenseofhumor.Youhavegotagreatpersonality.家庭成員Yourwifeisbeautiful.Yourkidiscute.能力Youhavedoneagoodjob.Youdidagoodpresentation.財物Yourcarisnice.五、案例分析（2題*10分=20分）Case1:YangRuifangworkedasasecretaryinanAustraliancompanyinMelbourne.ShebecamefriendlywithoneoftheAustraliansecretaries,awomannamedCathyLane.ThetwousuallyatelunchtogetherandYangRuifangoftenaskedCathyforadviceonproblemssheshefacedadjustingtoAustraliansociety.Cathygaveheratotofadviceandhelpedhermovefromoneapartmenttoanother.CathywentwithYangRuifangtotheimmigrationBureauseveraltimestohelpsortoutsomeproblem.YangRuifangvisitedCathyseveraltimesathomebutdidnotinciteCathytoherapartment,becausesheshareditwithfourotherpeopleiftheydidnotseeouchotherovertheweekend,theyusuallytalkedonthetelephone.AsYangRuifangwasalsopreparingtotakeonEnglishtest,shewasabletogetalotofhelpwithEnglishinthisway.However,somethingseemedtobegoingwrongCathyseemedtobegettingimpatient,evenaLittlecold,ShestartedgoingoutbyherselfatlunchtimeinsteadofeatingwithYang,andseemedreluctanttoanswerquestions.YangRuifangwaspuzzled.Shecouldn'timaginetheproblemwas.Analysis：thedefinitionoffriendshipisdifferentbetweenChineseandWesterncountriesculture,inChina,wethinkthatweshoulddothingsallasonewishesandstaytogethereveryday—eatingtogether,shoppingtogetherandsoon.Wealwayssay—“Afriendindeedisafriendinneed”.Inthiscase,ruifangtreathissecretarylikethiswaymakeshersecretaryfeeluncomfortable.Inwesterncountries,nomatterhowintimatetheirfriendshipis,theyshouldmakeanappointmentinadvance,andtheyshouldhavetheirownprivatespace.Case2：LinhuahasaccompaniedanAmericandelegationtovisitChina.TheyhaveexperiencedthehospitalityoftheChinesepeople.AfterreturningtoAmerica,Linhuaoncevisitedthem.Theyweresogladtomeetagain.Linhuaofferedtohostthemeal,buttheyrefused.Theyorderedtheirowndish,andLinhuaorderedherown.Whenfootingthebill,theyonlypaidtheirpart,andnoonewantedtopayforLinhua.Linhuafoundthemsoinhospitable,thoughsheknewthe.Analysis:InChina,peopleusuallyinvitegueststohaveamealathometoexpresstheirhospitality,andevenhaveamealoutside,theyalsoalwayspaytheoverallbills.However,inAmerica,theyalwayspaythebillforthemselveswhentheyhaveamealoutsidetoexpresstheequality.Case2:OnecoldwinterdayinaChinesecity,WangLinonhiswaytothelibrarymetanAmericanprofessorwhoknewverylittleaboutChina.Aftergreetinghim,Wangsaid:“It’srathercold.You’dbetterputonmoreclothes.”Buttheprofessordidn’tappearhappyonhearingthis.Analysis:Americansandmostwesterncountries’peopledisliketobetoldhowtodothethings.Theyintendtobeindependent.However,inChina,peopleareaccustomedtocareaboutothers.Inthiscase,Wanglin’ssuggestionexpressaregardtoothers,buttoAmericans,it’snottheywanttoaccept.Analysis:IntheWest,itisveryCommonforfamilymemberstopraiseeachother,andtheywillfellveryhappyandcomfortabletodoso.