英語六級考試：2018年06月考試真題[第1套]PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessayexplainingwhyitisunwisetoputallyoureggsinonebasket.Youcangiveexamplestoillustrateyourpoint.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions36to45arebasedonthefollowingpassage.MillionsofAmericansareenteringtheir60sandaremoreconcernedthaneveraboutretirement.Theyknowtheyneedtosave,buthowmuch?Andwhatexactlyaretheysavingfor—tospendmoretime36thegrandkids,gotraveling,orstartanothercareer?Itturnsoutthathusbandsandwivesmayhave37differentideasabout,thesubject.Thedeepestdivideisinthewayspousesenvisagetheirlifestyleintheirlateryears.FidelityInvestmentsInc.found41percentofthe500couplesitsurveyed38onwhetherbothoratleastonespousewillworkinretirement.Wivesaregenerallyrightregardingtheirhusbands’retirementage,butmen39theagetheirwiveswillbewhentheystopworking.Andhusbandsareslightlymore40abouttheirstandardoflivingthanwivesare.Busyjuggling(窮于應付)careersandfamilies,mostcouplesdon’ttakethetimetositdown,41ortogether,andthinkaboutwhattheywouldliketodo5,10or20yearsfromnow.They42theyareonthesamepage,butthe43istheyhaveavoidedeventalkingaboutit.Ifyouareself-employedorinajobthatdoesn’thaveastandardretirementage,youmaybemoreapttodelaythinkingabouttheseissues.Itisoftena44retirementdatethatprovidesthecatalyst(催化劑)tostartplanning.Gettinglaidofforacceptinganearly-retirement45canforceyourhand.Butdon’twaituntilyougetaseverance(遣散費)checktobeginplanning.A)assumeB)confidentialC)disagreeD)formulaE)forthcomingF)illustratingG)mysteriouslyH)observeI)optimisticJ)packageK)radicallyL)realityM)separatelyN)spoilingO)underestimateSectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.WhatIfMiddle-ClassJobsDisappear?A)ThemostrecentrecessionintheUnitedStatesbeganinDecember2007andendedinJune2009,accordingtotheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch.However,twoyearsaftertheofficialendoftherecession,fewAmericanswouldsaythateconomictroublesarebehindus.Theunemploymentrate,inparticular,remainsabove9%.Somelabormarketindicators,suchastheproportionoflong-termunemployed,areworsenowthanforanypostwarrecession.B)Therearetwowidelycirculatednarrativestoexplainwhat’sgoingon.TheKeynesiannarrativeisthattherehasbeenamajordropinaggregatedemand.Accordingtothisnarrative,theslumpcanbelargelycuredbyusingmonetaryandfiscal(財政的)stimulus.Themainanti-Keynesiannarrativeisthatbusinessesaresufferingfromuncertaintyandover-regulation.Accordingtothisnarrative,theslumpcanbecuredbyhavingthegovernmentcommittoandfollowamorehands-offapproach.C)Iwanttosuggestathirdinterpretation.Withoutrulingoutaroleforaggregatedemandorfortheregulatoryenvironment,Iwishtosuggestthatstructuralchangeisanimportantfactorinthecurrentrateofhighunemployment.Theeconomyisinastateoftransition,inwhichthemiddle-classjobsthatemergedafterWorldWarIIhavebeguntodecline.AsErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeputitinarecente-bookRaceAgainsttheMachine:“Therootofourproblemsisnotthatwe’reinagreatrecession,oragreatstagnation(停滯),butratherthatweareintheearlythroes(陣痛)ofagreatrestructuring.”D)Infact,IbelievetheGreatDepressionofthe1930scanalsobeinterpretedinpartasaneconomictransition.Theimpactoftheinternalcombustionengine(內燃機)andthesmallelectricmotoronfarmingandmanufacturingreducedthevalueofuneducatedlaborers.Instead,bythe1950s,amiddleclassoflargelyclerical(從事文秘工作的)workerswasthemostsignificantpartofthelaborforce.Between1930and1950,theUnitedStateseconomyunderwentagreattransition.Demandfellforhumaneffortsuchaslifting,squeezing,andhammering.Demandincreasedforworkerswhocouldreadandfollowdirections.Theevolutionaryprocesseventuallychangedusfromanationoflaborerstoanationofclerks.E)Theproportionofemploymentclassifiedas“clericalworkers”grewfrom5.2%in1910toapeakof19.3%in1980.(However,by2000thisproportionhadedgeddownto17.4%.)Overall,workersclassifiedasclericalworkers,technicalworkers,managersandofficialsexceeded50%ofthelaborforceby2000.Correspondingdeclinestookplaceinthemanualoccupations.Workersclassifiedaslaborers,otherthanfarmhandsorminers,peakedat11.4%ofthelaborforcein1920butwerebarely6%by1950andlessthan4%by2000.Farmersandfarmlaborersfellfrom33%ofthelaborforcein1910tolessthan15%by1950andonly1.2%in2000.F)Theintroductionofthetractorandimprovementsinthefactoryrapidlyreducedthedemandforuneducatedworkers.Bythe1930s,amarginalfarmhandcouldnotproduceenoughtojustifyhisemployment.Sharecropping,nevermuchbetterthanasubsistenceoccupation,wasnolongerviable(可行的).Meanwhile,machineswerereplacingmanufacturingoccupationslikecigarrollingandglassblowingforlightbulbs.G)Thestructural-transitioninterpretationoftheunemploymentproblemofthe1930swouldbethatthedemandforuneducatedworkersintheUnitedStateshadfallen,butthesupplyremainedhigh.Thehighschoolgraduationratewasonly8.8%in1912andstilljust29%in1931.By1950,ithadreached59%.Withanewgenerationofworkerswhohadcompletedhighschool,themismatchbetweenskillsandjobshadbeengreatlyreduced.H)WhattookplaceafterWorldWarIIwasnottherevivalofa1920seconomy,withitssmallfarmingunits,urbanmanufacturing,andpluralityoflaborers.Instead,the1950ssawthecreationofanewsuburbaneconomy,withapluralityofwhite-collarworkers.Withanexpandedtransportationandcommunicationsinfrastructure(基礎設施),businessesneededtelephoneoperators,shippingclerksandsimilaroccupations.Ifyoucouldread,followsimpleinstructions,andsettleintoaroutine,youcouldfindajobinthepost-wareconomy.I)Thetrendawayfrommanuallaborhascontinued.Evenwithinthemanufacturingsector,theshareofproductionandnon-supervisoryworkersinmanufacturingemploymentwentfromover85%justafterWorldWar[Itolessthan70%inmorerecentyears.Toputthisanotherway,theproportionofwhite-collarworkinmanufacturinghasdoubledoverthepast50years.Onthefactoryflooritself,workhasbecomelessphysicallydemanding.Instead,itrequiresmorecognitiveskillsandtheabilitytounderstandandcarryoutwell-definedprocedures.J)Asnotedearlier,theproportionofclericalworkersintheeconomypeakedin1980.Bythatdate,computersandadvancedcommunicationsequipmenthadalreadybeguntoaffecttelephoneoperationsandbanking.Theriseofthepersonalcomputer,andtheInternethaswidenedtheimpactofthesetechnologiestoincludenearlyeverybusinessandindustry.K)Theeconomytodaydiffersfromthatofagenerationago.Mortgageandconsumerloanunderwriters(風險評估人)havebeenreplacedbycreditscoring.Recordstoreshavebeenreplacedbymusicdownloads.Bookstoresareclosing,whilesalesofbooksonelectronicreadershaveincreased.Dataentryhasbeenmovedoffshore.Routinecustomersupportalsohasbeenoutsourced(外包)overseas.L)Thesetrendsservetolimittheavailabilityofwell-definedjobs.Ifajobcanbecharacterizedbyaprecisesetofinstructions,thenthatjobisacandidatetobeautomatedoroutsourcedtomodestlyeducatedworkersindevelopingcountries.TheresultiswhatDavidAutorcallsthepolarizationoftheAmericanjobmarket.M)UsingthelatestCensusBureaudata,MatthewSlaughterfoundthatfrom2000to2010therealearningsofcollegegraduates(withnoadvanceddegree)fellbymoreinpercentagetermsthantheearningsofhighschoolgraduates.Infact,overthisperiodtheonlyeducationcategorytoshowanincreaseinearningswasthosewithadvanceddegrees.N)Theoutlookformid-skilljobswouldnotappeartobebright.Communicationstechnologyandcomputerintelligencecontinuetoimprove,puttingmoreoccupationsatrisk.Forexample,manypeopleearnalivingasdrivers,includingtrucksandtaxicabs.However,theageofdriverlessvehiclesappearstobemovingcloser.Anotherexampleisinthefieldofeducation.Inthefallof2011,anexperimentwithanonlinecourseinartificialintelligenceconductedbytwoStanfordprofessorsdrewtensofthousandsofregistrants(報名者).Thisincreasesthestudent-teacherratiobyafactorofclosetoathousand.Imaginethenumberofteachingjobsthatmightbeeliminatedifthiscouldbedoneformath,economics,chemistry,andsoon.O)It’simportanttobearinmindthatwhenweofferastructuralinterpretationofunemployment,a“lossofjobs”meansanincreaseinproductivity.Traditionally,economistshavearguedthatproductivityincreasesareagoodthing,eventhoughtheymaycauseunemploymentforsomeworkersintheshortrun.Inthelongrun,theeconomydoesnotrunout.ofjobs.Rather,newjobsemergeasoldjobsdisappear.Thestorywetellisthataveragewell-beingrises,andthemorepeopleareabletoadapt,themorewidespreadtheimprovementbecomes.46.Evenfactoryfloorworktodayhasbecomeintellectuallychallengingratherthanphysicallydemanding.47.Increasesinproductivityprovebeneficialthoughsomepeoplemaylosetheirjobstemporarily.48.Theunemploymentrateremainedhigheventwoyearsafterthegovernmentdeclaredtherecentrecessionwasover.49.Theauthorsuggeststhattherecenthighunemploymentrateismainlycausedbyadecreaseofmiddleclassjobs.50.Thecreationofasuburbaneconomyinthe1950screatedlotsofofficejobs.51.Inthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury,onlypeoplewithpostgraduatedegreesexperiencedanincreaseinearnings.52.Oneeconomicstheorysuggestsusingmonetaryandfiscalstimulustocopewithaneconomicrecession.53.Thepopularityofonlinecoursesmayeliminatemanyteachingjobs.54.Computertechnologyhasbroughtaboutrevolutionarychangesintherecordandbookbusiness.55.White-collarworkersaccountedformorethanhalfofthelaborforcebytheendofthe20thcentury.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassage.“Deepreading”—asopposedtotheoftensuperficialreadingwedoontheWeb—isanendangeredpractice,oneweoughttotakestepstopreserveaswewouldahistoricbuildingorasignificantworkofart.Itsdisappearancewouldjeopardizetheintellectualandemotionaldevelopmentofgenerationsgrowinguponline,aswellasthepreservationofacriticalpartofourculture:thenovels,poemsandotherkindsofliteraturethatcanbeappreciatedonlybyreaderswhosebrains,quiteliterally,havebeentrainedtounderstandthem.Recentresearchincognitivescienceandpsychologyhasdemonstratedthatdeepreading—slow,immersive,richinsensorydetailandemotionalandmoralcomplexity—isadistinctiveexperience,differentinkindfromthemeredecodingofwords.Althoughdeepreadingdoesnot,strictlyspeaking,requireaconventionalbook,thebuilt-inlimitsoftheprintedpageareuniquelyhelpfultothedeepreadingexperience.Abook’slackofhyperlinks(超鏈接),forexample,freesthereaderfrommakingdecisions—ShouldIclickonthislinkornot?—allowinghertoremainfullyimmersedinthenarrative.Thatimmersionissupportedbythewaythebrainhandleslanguagerichindetail,indirectreferenceandfiguresofspeech:bycreatingamentalrepresentationthatdrawsonthesamebrainregionsthatwouldbeactiveifthescenewereunfoldinginreallife.Theemotionalsituationsandmoraldilemmasthatarethestuffofliteraturearealsovigorousexerciseforthebrain,propellingusinsidetheheadsoffictionalcharactersandeven,studiessuggest,increasingourreal-lifecapacityforempathy(認同).Noneofthisislikelytohappenwhenwe’rebrowsingthroughawebsite.Althoughwecalltheactivitybythesamename,thedeepreadingofbooksandtheinformation-drivenreading,wedoontheWebareverydifferent,bothintheexperiencetheyproduceandinthecapacitiestheydevelop.Agrowingbodyofevidencesuggeststhatonlinereadingmaybelessengagingandlesssatisfying,evenforthe“digitalnatives”towhomitissofamiliar.Lastmonth,forexample,Britain’sNationalLiteracyTrustreleasedtheresultsofastudyof34,910youngpeopleaged8to16.Researchersreportedthat39%ofchildrenandteensreaddailyusingelectronicdevices,butonly28%readprintedmaterialseveryday.Thosewhoreadonlyonscreenwerethreetimeslesslikelytosaytheyenjoyreadingverymuchandathirdlesslikelytohaveafavoritebook.Thestudyalsofoundthatyoungpeoplewhoreaddailyonlyonscreenwerenearlytwotimeslesslikelytobeabove-averagereadersthanthosewhoreaddailyinprintorbothinprintandonscreen.56.Whatdoestheauthorsayabout“deepreading”?A.Itservesasacomplementtoonlinereading.B.Itshouldbepreservedbeforeitistoolate.C.Itismainlysuitableforreadingliterature.D.Itisanindispensablepartofeducation.57.Whydoestheauthoradvocatethereadingofliterature?A.Ithelpspromotereaders’intellectualandemotionalgrowth.B.Itenablesreaderstoappreciatethecomplexityoflanguage.C.Ithelpsreadersbuildupimmersivereadinghabits.D.Itisquicklybecominganendangeredpractice.58.Inwhatwaydoesprintedreadingdifferfromonlinereading?A.Itensuresthereader’scognitivegrowth.B.Itenablesthereadertobefullyengaged.C.Itactivatesadifferentregionofthebrain.D.Ithelpsthereaderlearnrhetoricaldevices.59.Whatdothestudiesshowaboutonlinereading?A.Itgraduallyimpairsone’seyesight.B.Itkeepsarousingreaders’curiosity.C.Itprovidesup-to-dateinformation.D.Itrendersreadinglessenjoyable.60.WhatdowelearnfromthestudyreleasedbyBritain’sNationalLiteracyTrust?A.Onscreenreadersmaybelesscompetentreaders.B.Thosewhodoreadinginprintarelessinformed.C.Youngpeoplefindreadingonscreenmoreenjoyable.D.Itisnoweasiertofindafavoritebookonlinetoread.PassageTwoQuestions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Manycurrentdiscussionsofimmigrationissuestalkaboutimmigrantsingeneral,asiftheywereabstractpeopleinanabstractworld.ButtheconcretedifferencesbetweenimmigrantsfromdifferentcountriesaffectwhethertheircominghereisgoodorbadfortheAmericanpeople.TheverythoughtofformulatingimmigrationlawsfromthestandpointofwhatisbestfortheAmericanpeopleseemstohavebeenforgottenbymanywhofocusonhowtosolvetheproblemsofillegallyimmigration.Itishardtolookfor“theidealoutcome”onimmigrationintheabstract.EconomicsprofessorMiltonFriedmanoncesaid,“Thebestistheenemyofthegood,”whichtomemeantthatattemptstoachieveanunattainableidealcanpreventusfromreachinggoodoutcomesthatarepossibleinpractice.Toomuchofourcurrentimmigrationcontroversyisconductedintermsofabstractideals,suchas“Weareanationofimmigrants.”Ofcourseweareanationofimmigrants.Butwearealsoanationofpeoplewhowearshoes.Doesitfollowthatweshouldadmitanybodywhowearsshoes?Theimmigrantsoftodayareverydifferentfromthosewhoarrivedhereahundredyearsago.Moreover,thesocietyinwhichtheyarriveisdifferent.Tome,itisbettertobuildawallaroundthewelfarestatethanthecountry.Butthewelfarestateisalreadyhere--and,farfromhavingawallbuiltaroundit,thewelfarestateisexpandinginalldirections.Wedonothaveachoicebetweenthewelfarestateandopenborders.Anythingwetrytodoasregardsimmigrationlawshastobedoneinthecontextofahugewelfarestatethatisalreadyamajor,inescapablefactoflife.Amongotherfactsoflifeutterlyignoredbymanyadvocatesofdefactoamnesty(事實上的大赦)isthatthefreeinternationalmovementofpeopleisdifferentfromfreeinternationaltradeingoods.Buyingcarsorcamerasfromothercountriesisnotthesameasadmittingpeoplefromthosecountriesoranyothercountries.Unlikeinanimateobjects,peoplehaveculturesandnotallculturesarecompatiblewiththecultureinthiscountrythathasproducedsuchbenefitsfortheAmericanpeopleforsolong.NotonlytheUnitedStates,buttheWesternworldingeneral,hasbeendiscoveringthehardwaythatadmittingpeoplewithincompatibleculturesisanirreversibledecisionwithincalculableconsequences.IfwedonotseethatafterrecentterroristattacksonthestreetsofBostonandLondon,whenwillweseeit?“Comprehensiveimmigrationreform”meansdoingeverythingalltogetherinarush,withouttimetolookbeforeweleap,andbasingourselvesonabstractnotionsaboutabstractpeople.61.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutimmigrantsinAmer