2020C及答案（一）PartII andStructure（15minutes，30SectionA MultipleChoice（20points）Directions：Questions31-50constituteacompletepassage．Thereare20blanksintheeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedandtheonethatbestcompletesthemarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre．SeniorMetropolitanpoliceofficerstriedtodismisstheNotingHillraceriotswhichragedforfivenightsovertheAugustbankholidayin1958astheworkof“ruffians，bothcoloredandwhite”hell-benthooliganism，accordingto officialA．recentrevealed B．newlyreleasedC．previousdisclosingD．earlierexposingButpoliceeyewitnessreportsinthesecretpapersthattheywereoverwhelminglytheworkofawhiteworkingclassmobouttogetthenigger．A．contain B．convinceC．consist D．confirmTheferocityoftheNotingHil racialriotasthepresscalledthematthetime，shockedBritaininto forthefirsttimethatitwasnotabovethekindofracialconflictthenbeingplayedoutintheAmericandeepsouth．A．realizing B．witnessingC．watching D．identifyingThewillthestreetsofwestLondonmorethan1.5millionpeoplethisweekend，wasstartedin1959asadirectresponsetotheriots．A．crowd；of B．pour；forC．fill；with D．emerge；inWhileseniorofficerstriedtoplaydowntheracialaspectsofthetheinternalMetropolitanpolicefilesreleasedthismonthatthepublicrecordofficeconfirmthatthedisturbanceswereoverwhelmingly by300to400BritainmobsofthemTeddyboysarmedwithironbars，butcher'sknivesandweightedleatherwhowent“nigger-hunting”amongtheWestIndianresidentsofNotingHillandNotingDale．A．erupted B．commencedC．triggered D．inauguratedThefirstnightleftfiveblackmen onthepavementsofNotingHill．A．lyingunconscious B．therediedC．feelfaint D．seriousThebattlesragedoverthebankholidayweekendastheblackrespondedinkindwithcounterattacksbylargegroupsof“menofcolor”similarlyarmed．A．column B．a(chǎn)rmyC．brigade D．communityThomasWilliamswasstoppedbythepoliceashecameoutofBluey'sClubonTalbotapieceofirondownhislefttrouserleg，apetrolbombinhisrightpocketandarazorbladeinhisinsidebreastpocket“Ihavetoprotectmyself”hetoldthearrestingofficer．A．foundtohave B．wasfoundtohaveC．foundhaving D．wasfoundhavingThe files，whichweresealedunderthe75-yearrulebuthavebeenreleasedearly，showthatseniorofficerstriedtoconvincethethenhomesecretar“RaButlethattherewasnotaracialelementtorioting．A．forbidden B．confidentialC．incredible D．strictInhisofficialreporDetectiveSergeantM.WaltersoftheNottingHillpolicesaidthenationalpresshadbeenwrongtoportraythewidespreadseriesofstreetdisturbancea“raciariots“Whereastherecertainlywassomefeelingbetweenwhiteandcoloredresidentsinthis第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)itisabundantlyclearmuchofthetroublewascausedbyruffians colored and white，who seized on this opportunityto indulge inhooliganism”A．illB．sickC．painfulD．hurtButthepolicewitnessstatementsandprivatestatistics A．tolddifferently B．interpretedinadifferentwayC．existedmanydifferences D．toldadifferentstoryTheMetcommissionerwastoldthat the108peoplewhochargedwithoffencesrangingfromgrievousbodilyharmtoaffrayandriotandpossessingoffensiveweapons，72werewhiteand36werecolore．A．for B．fromC．of D．inItispopularlybelievedthattheriotbeganonthenightofAugust20，whena400-strongcrowdofwhitemen，attackedhousesoccupiedbyWestA．theyareall B．manyofthemC．somewere D．mostofthembelongto44．Amongthe wasMajbrittMorrison ，ayoungwhitebrideofaJamaican．A．offenders B．riotersC．victims D．residentsShewaspeltedwithandinthewithanironbarasshetriedtogetA．bruised B．struckC．patted D．scratchedTheinternalpolicewitnessstatementsprovidegraphicevidenceofthemotivesofthemobs—atonepointcrowdsseveralthousandroamedthestreetsofNottingHill， homesandattackinganyWestIndiantheycouldfind．A．plunginginto B．breakingintoC．seekingfor D．searchingforPCRichardBedfordsaidhehadseenamobof300to400whitepeopleinBramleyRoadWewillkillallblackbastardsdon'tyousendthemA．shouting B．tocryC．utter D．a(chǎn)nnouncedPCIanMcQueenonthesamenightsaidhewastolMindyourown outofwillsettletheseniggersourmurderthebastard”A．matters B．a(chǎn)ffairC．things D．businessThedisturbancescontinuednightafternightuntiltheyfinallypetered第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)outonSeptember5．AttheOldBaileyJudgeSalmonlaterhandedexemplary offouryearseachonninewhiteyouthswhohadgoneniggerhuntin．A．decisions B．statementsC．trials D．sentencesWhilethosedealtwithbythecourtswereoverwhelminglywhite ，thelargenumberofblackpeoplealsoarrestedandtheofficial therehadnotbeenaracialmotiveensuredalegacyofblackmistrusttheMetropolitanpolicethathasneverreallybeenA．persistence B．perseveranceC．insistence D．instanceSectionBErrorCorrection（10points）Directions：Thefollowingpassagecontains9errors．Ineachcaseonlyonewordisinvolved．YoushouldproofreadthepassageontheAnswerSheetandcorrectitinthefollowingway：EXAMPLEOnenight，quitelate，IwasstillawakeintheroomIamsharedwith1.ammyhusband．Iwaslyingonmyrightsideandcanhearacrying．2.couldGettingup，Iwent∧seeifoursonwasallright．3.toHe was sleeping soundly ， breathing deeply gently． 4. √TheZipperWhateverdidwedobeforetheinventionoftheIn1893theworld'sfirstzipperwasproducedinAlthoughtheinventorclaimedthatitwasareliablefasteningfor clothing，this was not the case．The Chicago zipper 51． openwithoutwarning，orjammedshut，anditswiftlylostpopularity．Twenty years ago a Swedish-born engineer 52． Sundbacksolvedtheproblem．Heattachedtinycupstothebacks of the interlocked teeth，and this meant that the 53． couldbeenmeshedmorefirmlyandreliably．Atfirstzippersweremadeofmetal．Theywereheavy，andif they got stuck it was difficult to free．Then came 54． zipperswhichwerelighterandeasiertouse，andhadsmallerteeth．Thefashionindustrylikedthenewzippersfarbetterbecausetheydidn’t distortthelineof the garmentor55． 第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)downlightfabrics．Theywerealsoeasierforthemachiniststofitintothegarment．Meanwhileanewfasteningagentmadeitsappearanceatthe end of the twenty century: velcro. Velcrois another 56． madefromnylon．Nylonisaverytoughsyntheticfibrefirstdevelopedinthe1930s，andbearinganametomindthewearer57． ofthetwoplaceswhereitwasdeveloped：NYforNewYorkandLONforLondon．Velcroismadewithverysmallnylonhooksononesideofthefasteningwhichcaughttinyloopedwhiskersonthe58． othersideofthefastening．Itisstronganddurable．Velcrois used on clothing，luggages and footwear．It is 59． andeasytofastenandunfasten，andhastakenalargepartofthezipper'sshareofthemarket．Itisalsousedinwaysazippercannotbeused—forinstanceasaneasilychangedfasteningonplaster casts ，and to hold furnishing fabrics in position． 60． PartIIISituationalDialogues（5minutes，10points）Directions：Completethefollowingdialoguesbychoosingthebestanswer．ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre．61．Rob：HeyJill，you'relookingJill：Thanks，Rob． Rob：Well，youdidit．How？Jill：Ijogeverymorning，andIgotoaerobicseveryotherday．A．Iboughtthisdressyesterday．Reallysmart．B．Youarelookingfinetoo．C．I'mrecoveringmystrengthaftertheflu．D．MyNewYear'sresolutionwastogetinshape．62．Bob：HiJane．Howareyou？Ididn'tsleepawinklastpeopledoorweremakingalotofnoiseagaintillverylateatA．I'mfeelingabitoutofsortsthismorning．B．Fine，thankyou．Andyou？C．Isleptlikealoganddidn'twanttogetoutofbed．D．Itseemsabitunusual，youknow．AnnatthosedidyougetAnn ：Oh，right．WhatkindisRoger：A第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)Susan'sgotamorebeautifulWhat'sup？It'sasheactually．Isn'titright？atallthethingson shirtis50％off．lookattheseare30％offthenormalA．I'dliketobuyaskirt．B．TherearesomerealC．Arethepricesreasonable？D．Theseshoesarethesameasmine．youfinishedtheMan： thetruckwillbecomingisajob．Don'thurrym orI'llbreaktheglass．Almost．Ijusthavetowraptheglassandputitintoboxes．No，Ihaven't．Whydidn'tyouhelpmewithhave．WhatelsecanIdofor66．CustomsOfficer： Mrs．Johnson：No，nothingatall．CustomsOfficer：Noperfume，alcoholorcigarettes？Mrs．Johnson：Well，Ihave200cigarettes；that'sall．A．Doyouhaveanythinginthebag，ma'am？Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare，ma'am？Doyouwanttobuysomething，ma'am？IsthereanythingIcandofor67．Linda：Hello．I'dliketosendthispackage，please．Clerk： Linda：Firstclass．Howlongwillthattake？Clerk：Aboutthreedays．Howwouldyouliketosendi？Whichclassareyouin？C．Wheredoyouwanttosenditto？D．Whichclassisitin？68．Assistant：CanIhelpyou？ColinYeit'saboutthissportsshirIwashedittheothercolourrananditshrank．Assistant：Ohdear，Isee． Colin：I'mafraidnot．I'mnotallowedtochangeanythingwithoutareceipt．A．Didyoubuyithere？B．Wouldyouwanttochangeit？第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)C．Doyouhavethereceipt？D．Couldyoutellmewhosoldittoyou？69．James：CouldIhavemybill，please？CanIpaybycreditcardoreurocheque？Receptionist： James：I'llpaybycreditcard，then．Receptionist：That'sfine．Ihopeyouenjoyedyourstayhere．A．Here'syourbill．B．Sorry，wedon'ttakecreditcard．C．Youcanpaybyeurocheque．D．Yes，wetakeboth．Husband：WhenisourHusband：No，it'sjustthatIboughttheseflowersforyouandIwashopingtodaywastheday．Hmm．．Ican'tremembereither．Why？Hey，aretheseflowersforWhocares？DoyouwanttogivemeaAreyoujoking？HaveyoureallyforgottenPartIV ReadingComprehension（25minutes，40points）SectionA MultipleChoice（10points）Directions：Thereisonereadingpassageinthispart．Thepassageisfollowedby5questionsorunfinishedstatements．ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA，B，CandD．YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre．Questions71to75arebasedonthefollowingpassage：Takingapeepatwhat'sgoingoninyourheadCARLFiler，18，astarsalesmanataB＆QhardwarestoreintheUK，wascalledupforpromotionwithinoneweekofstartingwork．But，insteadofbeingmadesupervisor，hewassacked—afterhisemployerssawtheresultsofhispsychometrictest．Youmightthinkthatanyonewhoanswersthatestronglydisagrees heisanover-achieverisaskingfortrouble，butMrFileralreadythoughthehadprovedhimselfmorethancapable．Thisyear，nearlyhalfofUKfirms—46percent—willusepsychometricteststoselectwithjust17percentintoareportforGTI，apublisherofgraduatecareerThesetests，whichratecandidates’abilityandgaugetheirhavebeenusedintheUKsincethe1980s．Butassortedstudieshaveshownmostpeople—graduatesinparticular—arewhollycynicalabouttheideaoftheirpersonalitybeing“measured．“Peopletendtoseethemaseithertoosillyortooclever，saysCliveFletcher，professor of occupational psychology at University LondoButalltheevidenceindicatesthetestsdohavesomevalu．Thefirstpersonalitytestasweknowit，wasdevelopedbytheAmerican第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)armyin1917tofilteroutweakrecruits．Butitwasnotuntilthe1980sthatthetestsbecamepopularinarisingnumberofgraduatesgoingforadecreasingnumberofjobs，organizationsbegantoseepsychometrictestingasacheap，reliablealternativetotheexpensive，time-consuminginterview．Buttodaythetestsarebecomingalarminglysophisticatedandareedgingtowards probing the“dark side：pathology and personalitydisorders．Increasingly，testsarebeingusedtotrytodetectpromisingyounggraduateswhomalaterinlifflyofftherail（gocrazorstoppsychopaths（havingmentaldisorder）gettingrecruited．Inthefuture，intervieweescouldevenbegivenamouthswabtorevealthegeneticandbiologicalmarkersofpersonalit“Weareheadingforeraofgeneticscreening”warnsCarolynJones，oftheInstituteforEmploymentRight“Ithinkthesetestsareveryflawe．Andthereareotherproblemswiththeispossibletofakeit—eventhetestproducersagreeonthis．Buttheyhavemadeitashardaspossible．Forexample，lookatwhetheryouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingtwostatements“Newideascomeeasilytome and“IfindgeneratingnewconceptsHowlongdidittakeyourealizetheybothcouldmeanthesameThemainargument，however，isthatthetestsareinvalidandcannotquantify（put a numerical value on）something as changeable personality．Thegoldenruleisthen，thatapsychometrictestshouldneverbeusedasthesolebasisofselection，butshouldalwaysbefollowedby71．Mostpeople'sattitudetowardsthepsychometrictestis ．A．contemptuous B．favorable C．tolerant D．confounded72．Whichofthefollowingisoneofthereasonswhypsychometrictestingwinsanadvantageoverinterviews？Itdoesn'tcostanyB．Itrequiresnoequipment．istime-saving． canbedonewithinWhichofthefollowingstatementsistheauthor'sA．Psychometrictestsaredefective．Psychometrictestsshouldnotbetheonlywaytorecruitpromisingyounggraduates．Psychometrictestsareinvalidandcannotquantifysomethingchangeableaspersonality．PsychometrictestsaregoldenThetestproducersmakethetestsverycomplicatedto A．a(chǎn)voidcheating B．improvegeneticscreeningC．findoutthebestideas D．generatenewconceptsWhichofthefollowingisnottrueaccordingtotheA．TheAmericanarmydevelopedthefirstpersonalitytesttooutweakrecruits．第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)Inthefuture，interviewerscouldgiveamouthswabtorevealinterviewees’symptoms．Therearepossibilitiesforstarterstocheatinthetests．InterviewsstillplayanimportantroleinevaluatingSectionBShortAnswerpoints）Directions：Inthispartthereare3passageswith15questionsorincompletestatements．Readthepassagescarefully．Thenanswerquestions in the fewest possible words（not exceeding word．RemembertorewritetheanswersontheAnswerShee．Questions76to80arebasedonthefollowingThe8StepsofSocialInvention1．Getreadytoplay．Likeothertypesofcreativity，socialinventivenessflourisheswhenyoubeginthinkingoutsideconventionalboundaries．CharlieGirsch，aSt．Paul，Minnesota-basedcreativityconsultant，suggeststhatyoubyplayingwithobviouslyabsurdexplanationsforeverydayevents“Iftrafficissloyou'llbetemptedtosaHmMustbeanaccidentupahea’InsteatrysayingMustbeafamilyofturtlescrossingthehighwa’or‘Iexpectthere'ssomekindofalienabductiongoingon’You'llbeamazedhowsoonyouwillbelookingatfamiliarproblemsinnewways”Girsch'sbook，F(xiàn)anningtheCreativet（Centra1999hasscoresofotherexercisesforlimberingupthepartofyourbrain．Generateazillionfar-fetchedConcernedaboutthehomelessinyourneighborhood？ImagineaHomelessHomelessfamiliesformingorchestra，ahomelessmuseum．．a(chǎn)ndonandon．Generatelikemadwithnoregardforfeasibilityinorder，associalinventionpioneerNicholasAlberyadvises，to“overcomeeworthy-but-dullideas”EventuallythetwoorthreebestideaswillbegintostandTakeyourwildestideaandbringitdowntoHowaboutthatHomelessCircus？Coulditturnintoaforumforhomelesspeopletodisplay theircreativetalents？Aperformanceseriesabouthomelessness？Aneighborhoodcarnivalwiththehomelessasguestsofhonor？Yourflakiestideamayhaveagermofbrilliancethatactuallymakesitmoreattractivandthusmorefeasibl（andthanitsworthy-but-dullcousins．LookforinvenationsthatsolvemorethanoneTheSlowFoodMovement，borninItaly，boostslocalfarmersandregionalcuisinetraditionsandrestaurateursandthesametimethatit“feeds”ourhungerforauthentictastes，healthyeating，andamoreleisurely，sanerstyleoflife．Accentuatethepositive．第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)“AverycommonquestionthatIgetwhenIworkwithpeopleincommunitiesi‘Whydoesn'tanybodycareaboutourproblem？notesMchaelPattersoasocialinventorandactivistinMassachusett“Whataworthlessquestion‘Wh’？questionsareforphilosophers．AskHo？an‘Whaquestion—theyarealotmorepracticaForinstanc，Pattersonask“Whatwouldyoudoifyouknewyoufail？”Giveitarest．Walkawayfromyourfavoriteideaforawhile，forgetaboutit，letityourconsciousmindoutofthesubconscioustofiddlewiththeconceptforawhile，andyoujustmighthaveanunexpectedinsightorbreakthrough．Practic“yesaninsteado“yesbu．Nomatterhowtemptedyouaretothiswillbehardbecauso“Yebutamillionotherpeoplearedoingthishifttheconjunctionto“and”andseewhatsortofpositiverefinementorchangeemerge“YeandwecouldconcentrateonimmigrantYeandcanmakeitopentoallage”GetyourideaintotheThisisthetoughpart．YoumightseekoutthehelpofactivistswhowilltakeashinetoyourbecomeanorganizeraNewYorksocialinventocoun-selIfyouhaveanideayoubelievein，writeapamphletwithyourphonenumberonitandpostitinLaundromatsandbookstores．Ifthreepeoplecallyou，havelunchwiththemandcallyourselvesanorganization．Iffivepeoplecall，meetthemandissueapressreleas”Prest，you'relaunche．Togeneratefar-fetchedideashelpsto ．MichaelPattersonwantsustocomeupinsteadof“Why”？questionsbecauseheconsiderstheyaremorepracticalthan ．Thepurposetopractice“yesand”insteadof“yesbut”istoyourselfmore ．Accordingtothearticle，whenonehasdifficultydevelopingfavoriteidea，heshould ．Oneshouldnotonlygeneratefar-fetchedideasbutalso becausethelatterstepisthenearesttoreality．Questions81to85arebasedonthefollowingpassage：ThinSliceofTVHasBigMarketItistooearlytowriteanobituaryforbulkypicturetubes，whichwillremainthemostaffordableTVsetsforyearstocome．But，analystsandindustryexecutivesinsistthatthinscreensalreadyhavestartedtobecomethedominantformatforTVsetsinthedigitalera．Sharppricecutshavebroughtplasmasetsandotherthin，flattelevisionsoutofhigh-endelectronicboutiquesandintothousandsofmass-market第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)outletssuchaswholesalebuyingclubintheknownofferingmembersbulkitemsandbigTheleastexpensiveplasmasetsstillcostaheftyUS＄3，000ormore，yetsalesaregrowingsorapidlythatmanymanufacturersareracingtoboostproduction．Thatincrease，combinedwithexpandingproductioncapacityandimprovedtechnology，couldpushthepriceofplasmasetsdownbyone-thirdnextyear，accordingtoanalystRichardDohertyofEnvisioneeringGroup，aUSresearchfirm．Butmanufacturersarenotjustcompetingwitheachother；theyarealsotryingtofendoffchallengesfromcompetingthin-screentechnologiessuchasliquidcrystaldisplay（LC．ThedemandforthinscreensisfuelledinpartbytheadventofDVDsanddigitalTVbroadcasts，whichoffermoredetailedpicturesandmorelifelikecolorsthanconventionalanalogTVsignals．Toseethedifference，consumersneedasetthatcanpackmoreinformationontothescreenthantheircurrentTVscan．Thissharpnessismostvividonscreensthatare40inchesdiagonalorthatdirectviewandprojectionaresobulkythatmanyconsumershavetroublefindingaplaceforthemathome．Hencetheinterestinthinscreens—modelsslenderandlightenoughtohangonawall．TheglasspanelsattheheartofplasmaandLCDsetscomemainlyfromaboutadozencompanieswithfactoriesinJapan，SouthKoreaand，plasmapanelswillbeshippedyeararoundtheworld，analystsThatisatinyamountcomparedwiththeoverallmarketforTVs，whichwas about 140 millionsets last year．But，industryexperts 2003wouldbea“breakoutyear”orplasmabecauseshipmentsshoulddouble．Helpingdrivethegrowthareneworexpandedmanufacturingfacilities．Forexample，JapaneseelectronicsgiantNEClastyeardoubledthecapacityofitsJapanesefactory—reaching300，000to400，000plasmaitplanstodoubleitagaininAscompetitionhasheatedupduringthelastfouryearpriceshavefallenmorethan50percenAccordingt“NPDTecworltheaveragepriceofaplasmadisplaysoldintheUSdroppedfromUS＄12700in1999toUS＄6，100inOctoberThebestmarketsforplasmascreenshavebeeninAsia，andabouthalfofthesetshavegonetobusinessesinsteadofhomes．LCDTVscarryapremiumprice—theycanbe10timesasexpensiveasacomparabletube-driventelevision—thatknocksthemoutofmostbuyers’budgets．第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)ButLCDpanelsarequicklytakingoverthemarketforcomputermonitors，andthetensofmillionsofpanelsbeingproducedforthatsegmentwillhelppushdownpricesforLCDpredicted．SharpElectronics，forone，isbettingheavilyonLCDs．ItsToshiakiUrushisako，haspredictedthatSharpwillswitchcompletelyfromconventionaltubesetstoLCDTVsinJapanby2005．Flat-panelreferstoinchesorflat-screenmayactuallydescribetraditionalcathode-ray-tubeglassfrontlacksthedistortingcurvethatTVshavehadfor50Beawareof twothings：One，flat-paneltechnologymaynot behigh-definitioneventualHDTVofthesesetsrequireaseparateHDflat-panelTVsarejusttheandlackspeakersandsometimesabuilt-inPricerange：US＄700－2，000LCDvsplasmaIngeneral，LCDtechnologyisusedforsmallerscreensbecauseoftheenormousnumberoftransistorsneededtoturntheglasslikeliquidcrystalsintocolorimages．Thelargerthemoretransistors，themorechanceoffailedconnections．AplasmascreenisfoundinTVsetslargerthan20inches．ColoriscomparabletoanLCD's．LCDsdonotdeteriorateovertime，whileaplasmadisplayaveragestraditionalTVscreencango2，00，afterwhichitfadesoveraperiodofyears．Earlierproblemswiththequalityofplasma'scontrasthavebeenaddressed，andcurrentscreensarecleanerandbetterdefined．Pricerange：US＄600－2，800HDTVSimplypuhigh-definitionTVis10timesassharpastraditionalTandthesoundisdigital，likeCDFM，whichiswhattraditionalTVprovides．HDtechnologyachievesitsvisualclaritywithmoreimmagelinesonthescreen．WhereanalogTVshave480horizontalhas720orawareanyHDTVsetsbeingsoldnowareinfactonlyHDTVmonitorsacrisppicturereceivegenuinehigh-definitiontelevisionsignals，ownersmustbuyaseparateHDTVreceiver．Pricerange：US＄1，000－6，000LOSANGELESTIMESAccordingtothearticle，TVsetswith willstillbethepopularinthecomingyears．Thefactorsthatstimulatethethinscreenstobemoreandpopularinclude ，and ．TherapidlyexpandingmarketforLCDpanelsandtheirlarge-scaleproductionwillhelplower ．WhenawealthycustomerwantstobuyaverylargeTV，heshould第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)select and accordingtotheWecaninferfromthepassagethatamongallkindsofTVsets isofthebestquality．Questions86to90arebasedonthefollowingpassage：DellDoesDominationOvertheyearsI'vespentafairamountoftimehangingoutwithMichaelDell，andwhatInoticedduringmylatestvisitwithhiminAustinishowthingshaveisstillgreetsinhisnewglossyofficeswiththesameStamfordWife-likegrinhehasalwayshad．Butheappearsthinnernow，asifhe'slostbabyfat．Whilehe'sstillslow-moving，asifhe'sconservingenergy，henowcutstothequickinconversation．Andwhenhezeroesinonthepointhewantstomake，whenhereiterateswhyDellComputerisinabetterpositionthananyotherPCmakerintheworld，yourealizethatthe36-year-oldhaslostwhatwasonceoneofhisgreatestadvantages：nooneunderestimateateshimanymore．DellloomsoverthePClandscapelikeaashadowoverallhisunfortunatecompetitors．Thisisaterribletimeinadifficultbusiness．PCsalesweredownforthefirsttimelastyear．Dell'ssaleswillbeforthefirstevenwithwithrecession，evenwiththethreatofaHewlett-Packard／CompaqGoliath，thisistheonlyPCmakeryoucancountontogrowandgrowandgrow．Almostsingle-handedly，DellisforcingthisindustrytoconsolidatCouldthismea“gameoveinthePCbiGamehelooksbackatmeincredulouslNowaWeonlyhave1％globalmarketshar”TheDellitesmaynotadmitover”aspirations，butclearlytheyarethinkingofakindofdominationneverseenbeforeamongPCmaker“Wethink4％marketshareispossible”saysDell'sNo．，KevinaremarkablemoreremarkableisthatitreallyislookforDelltohitthatkindofnumberanytimesooRathethecompany'sgrowthwillcomefromgrindingoutgainsonseveral existing fronts，whileshrewdlyexpanding into new markets．ThereasonisnobetterwaytodeliverthanthewayDelldoesit，andnobodyexecutesthatmodelbetterthanDell．BynowmostbusinesspeoplecanrecitethebasictenetsofDell'sdirect-salesmodel．Dellmachinesaremadetoorderanddelivereddirectlytothecustomer．Thereisnomiddleman．Thecustomergetstheexact machine he wants cheaper than he can get it from thecompetitioThecompanygetspaidbythecustomerweeksbeforeitpaysallcompanythatfamouslystartedinAustinofaUniversityofTexasdormroomnowdominatesthenorthernsideofthiscitythewaygiantsteelworksoncelordedoveroldmilltowns．Dell第45頁(yè)共46頁(yè)hassome24facilitiesinandnearAustinandemploysmorethan18，000localworkerDelldidover30billioninsalesin200ranking48ththeFORTUNE500，aheadofnameslikeWaltDisney，andDuPont．Michaelistherichestmanunder40intheworld，worth＄16billion．TwofactsshowhowwelltheDellmodelisworking，evenintoughtimes：Dellisontracktoearnover＄1.7billionin2001，takingalmosteverysingledollarofprofitamongmakersofWindows-basedPCsDellisgainingmarketshare．That'snottrueforanyothermajorPCmaker．Quitethecontrary．TheothersaregoingsplatforthesamereasonthatDellissucceeding：commoditization．ThedesktopPChasbecomeacommodity．That's great for consumers，who get standardizedeasy-to-use，cheapPCs．Commoditizationhasbeengoingonintheindustryforyears ．Dell，asmasterofthedirectmodel，spentmostofthe1990soperatinginPCmarketwasgrowingbyperitsquarterendedJanuarydidarecordbillioninup31％fromthepreviousyear'squarter．Inasignofthingstocome，salesgrowthslowedlaterinthegrowthdisappearedinTheeconomicslowdownwasbadnewsforeveryone，butMichaelDellandKevinRollins，whoisincreasinglyhisequalpartnerinrunningthisbusiness，madesureitwasterriblenewsfor