2022-2023年山東省棗莊市大學英語6級大學英語六級重點匯總（含答案）學校:________班級:________姓名:________考號:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20題)1.Airconditioning,especiallyheatinginwintercouldreallymakeusgainweight.

2.

Agreatsloganshouldremindpeopleofthebrandname,sothenameshouldappearinthetagline.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Newscientificdataprovethat______havebeenmuchmoredevastatingthanpeoplethoughtatthetimewhentheydecidedtotakeaction.

4.Theproblemseitherwiththedispensermechanismorwiththebillscanleadto______.

5.

Theactualworkoffostercare,suchasfostertraining,findingpermanenthome,isdoneby________withlocalorganizations.

6.

Theteacherwillprovideacontextandwhiletheclassispracticing,theteachershouldmonitor.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.Toavoidpotentialinjurieswhendoinggym-basedactivities,youneedtomakesurethatyouget______instructor.

8.

Survey-Feedback-Action,whichoffersastatisticalmeasurementofbothemployeesatisfactionandsubordinates'opinionsofmanagement'sleadershipperformance,iscarriedout______.

9.

Scientistshaveexertedgreateffortstosearchotherplanetsforanylifeforms.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

Shouldsareasourceof______________.

11.

HowmanybooksdidCarsonwritebeforeSilentSpring,andwhatweretheirtitles?______.

12.Duringtherecordingsession,singersareencouragedbyRubintosingina______.way.

13.

ThebookThePlayofPowerisnotdifficulttoread,sinceitisnot______.

14.

Morethantwodecadesago,peopleshowedmuchconcernovertheethicalissuesinvolving"test-tubebabies".

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

Becauseofhisfailure,onbusinessandthedeathofhisfamilymembers,hisworksaremarkedby______.

16.

Attendingschoolatanearlyagemaycausemoreschool-relatedproblems.

A.YB.NC.NG

17.

Increasedultravioletradiationwouldleadtoagrowingnumber______.

18.Theunluckysubjectintheexperimentssaidthatherbadluckhaddiedaway,becauseshehas______.

19.

Budgetforlegislationmaydoubletheexpenditureson______in10years.

20.HowEarthquakesWork

Anearthquakeisoneofthemostterrifyingphenomenathatnaturecandishup.Wegenerallythinkofthegroundwestandonas"rock-solid"andcompletelystable.Butanearthquakecanshatterthatperceptioninstantly.Upuntilrelativelyrecently,scientistsonlyhadunsubstantiatedguessesastowhatactuallycausedearthquakes.Eventodaythereisstillacertainamountofmysterysurroundingthem,butscientistshaveamuchclearerunderstanding.Therehasbeenenormousprogressinthepastcentury:Scientistshaveidentifiedtheforcesthatcauseearthquakes,anddevelopedtechnologythatcantellusanearthquake'smagnitudeandorigin.Thenexthurdleistofindawayofpredictingearthquakes.

ShakingGround

Anearthquakeisavibrationthattravelsthroughtheearth'scrust.Technically,alargetruckthatrumblesdownthestreetiscausingamini-earthquake,ifyoufeelyourhouseshakingasitgoesby,butwetendtothinkofearthquakesaseventsthataffectafairlylargearea,suchasanentirecity.Allkindsofthingscancauseearthquakes:

-volcaniceruptions

-meteor(流星)impacts

-undergroundexplosions(anundergroundnucleartest,forexample)

-collapsingstructures(suchasacollapsingmine)

Butthemajorityofnaturally-occurringearthquakesarecausedbymovementsoftheearth'splates,aswe'llseeinthenextsection.

Weonlyhearaboutearthquakesinthenewseveryonceinawhile,buttheyareactuallyaneverydayoccurrenceonourplanet.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey,morethanthreemillionearthquakesoccureveryyear.That'sabout8000aday,oroneevery11seconds!Thevastmajorityofthese3millionquakesareextremelyweak.

SlidingPlates

Thebiggestscientificbreakthroughinthehistoryofseismology(地震學)—thestudyofearthquakescameinthemiddleofthe20thcentury,withthedevelopmentofthetheoryofplatetectonics(板塊構造).Thebasictheoryisthatthesurfacelayeroftheearth—thelithosphere—iscomprisedofmanyplatesthatslideoverthelubricatingmantle(地幔)layer.Attheboundariesbetweenthesehugeplatesofsoilandrock,threedifferentthingscanhappen:

-Platescanmoveapart—Iftwoplatesaremovingapartfromeachother,hot,moltenrockflowsupfromthelayersofmantlebelowthelithosphere.

-Platescanpushtogether—Ifthetwoplatesaremovingtowardeachother,oneplatetypicallypushesundertheotherone.Atsomeboundarieswheretwoplatesmeet,neitherplateisinapositiontosubductundertheother,sotheybothpushagainsteachothertoform.mountains.

-Platesslideagainsteachother—Atotherboundaries,platessimplyslidebyeachother—theyarepushedtightlytogether.Agreatdealoftensionbuildsattheboundary.

Wheretheseplatesmeet,you'llfindfaults—breaksintheearth'scrustwheretheblocksofrockoneachsidearemovingindifferentdirections.Earthquakesaremuchmorecommonalongfaultlinesthantheyareanywhereelseontheplanet.

Faults

Scientistsidentifyfourtypesoffaults,characterizedbythepositionofthefaultplane,thebreakintherockandthemovementofthetworockblocks:

-Inanormalfault(seeanimationbelow),thefaultplaneisnearlyvertical.Thesefaultsoccurwherethecrustisbeingpulledapart,duetothepullofadivergentplateboundary.

-Thefaultplaneinareversefaultisalsonearlyvertical,butthehangingwallpushesupandthefootwallpushesdown.Thissortoffaultformswhereaplateisbeingcompressed.

-Athrustfaultmovesthesamewayasareversefault,butthefaultlineisnearlyhorizontal.Thisisthesortoffaultthatoccursinaconvergingplateboundary.

-In

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20題)21.(15)

A.Shepromisedtohelptheman.

B.Shecamealongwaytomeettheman.

C.Shetookthemantowherehewantedtogo.

D.Shesuggestedawayoutofthedifficultyfortheman.

22.(35)

A.Theimportanceofsilentreading.

B.Theinformationyieldedbybooksandnewspapers.

C.Theeffectsofhealthyreading.

D.TheValueofdifferenttypesofreadingmaterials.

23.(36)

A.Whichdormitorywillbeopen.

B.Wherestudentswilleat.

C.Whetheranyformsneedtobefilledout.

D.Whetherthecomputercenterwillbeopen.

24.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

聽力原文：Didyouknowthatvegetablescanbetrickedintogrowinginclimatestheyarenotaccustomedto?CoolclimatevegetablesarenowabletobegrowninplacesashotasHawan.InHawaii,marineengineershavebeenabletoactuallyconvincesuchvegetablesthatthey'relivingincoolerclimate.Thatwaytheygrowfasterandtastebetter.Whattheseengineershavebeenusingisverysimplycoldseawater.Howdotheyuseit.Theyplacepipesinthesoilandthecoldwaterflowinthroughthemcoolstheair.Thisstimulatesplantsgrowthandenablesgardenersintropicalclimatestogrowcropsfromcoolerclimates,Alsosomeofthesepipesareexposedtotheairandtheycondensemoistureandthusirrigatethegarden.What'sespeciallyappealingaboutthisprocessisthatnothingdamagingtothenaturalenvironmentisbeingused.Anotherinnovativeuseforcoldoceanwateristocoolbuildings.Engineersbelievethat,forexample,theentirewestcoastoftheUnitedStatescouldbeair-conditionedusingseawater.

(28)

A.Hawaiiiscoolernow.

B.ThevegetableshavebecomeaccustomedtotheweatherinHawaii.

C.Theyarecheatedtobelievethattheyaregrowingincoolclimate.

D.Theyaretransgenicvegetables.

25.【B9】

26.(24)

A.Hemanagedthesalesdepartment.

B.HegaveseminarsontheInternet.

C.Heworkedasacustodian.

D.Hedesignedsoftware.

27.

【B6】

28.(22)

A.Itseemsthattheyattachmoreimportancetomarriagethantostudy.

B.Theysaythattheyarewillingtogetmarriedwhennecessary.

C.Theythinktheywillvaluethetimeinuniversityandlearnmore.

D.Theybelieveitrightthattheyrushintomarriageiftheyfallinlove.

29.(40)

30.聽力原文：M:Couldyoushowmethatoncemore?

W:Sure,putthepaperintothemachine,setyourmargin,andputyourfingersonthekeys.Nowyou'reready.

Q:Whatisthewomandoing?

(16)

A.Typing.

B.Drawingapicture.

C.Doingexercise.

D.Playingthepiano.

31.(41)

32.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

PerhapsonlyalittleboybeingtrainedtobeawizardattheHogwardsschoolmagiccouldcastaspellsopowerfulastocreatethebiggestbooklaunchever.WhereverintheworldtheclockstrikesmidnightonJune20th,hisfollowerswill【B1】______togettheirpawsononecopyofHarryPotterandtheOrderofthePhoenix.Bookshopswillopeninthemiddleofthenightand【B2】______firmsaredraftinginextrastaffandbiggertrucks.Relatedtoys,games,DVDsandothermerchandisewillbeeverywhere.Therewillbeno【B3】______Potter-mania.

Whilean【B4】______mediaishelpinghype(宣傳)thelaunchofRowling'sthefifthnovel,aboutthemost【B5】______thingthatpublishershaveorganizedisareadingbyMs.RowlinginLondon'sRoyalAlbertHall,tobebroadcastasalivewebcast.【B6】______asitmayseem,theguardiansofthebrandsaythat,toprotectthePotterfranchise(特權),theyaretryingtomaintainalow【B7】______.Well,relativelylow.

Ms.Rowlingsignedacontractin1998withWarnerBrothers,givingthestudio【B8】______film,licensing,merchandisingrightsinreturnforwhatnowappearstohavebeenasteal:some$500,000.Warner【B9】______.Nowsheiswealthierthanaqueen--ifyoubelieveBritain'sSundayTimesrichlist.Theprocessisself-generating:【B10】______Globally,thefirstfourHarryPotterbookshavesold200millioncopiesin55languages;thetwomovieshavemadeover$1.8billionattheboxoffice.Thisis【B11】______.Inlinewithherwishes,Warnersaysitisbeingverycarefulaboutwhatitlicensesandtowhom.

【B1】

33.聽力原文：MotheringSundayintheUKistheequivalentofMother'sDayinothercountries.UnliketheMother'sDayinothercountries,whichisonthesecondSundayinMay,(32)MotheringSundayisobservedonthefourthSundayinLent;thatiswhyitisalsocalledMid-LentSunday.MotheringSundayisatimewhenchildrenpayrespecttotheirmothers.Childrenoftengivetheirmothersagiftandacard.ManychurchesgivethechildreninthecongregationalittlebunchofspringflowersdaringtheMotheringSundayservice,togivetotheirmothersasathankyouforalltheircareandlovethroughouttheyear.

(33)AlsoinEnglandinthe1600s,youngmenandwomenwhowereapprenticesorservantsreturnedhomeonMotheringSunday,bringingtotheirmotherssmallgiftslikecostumejeweleryora"motheringcake".Sometimesaspecialfoodcalledfurmetywasserved--wheatgrainsboiledinsweetmilk,sugaredandspiced.

InnorthernEnglandandinScotland.(35)thepreferredrefreshmentswerecarlings,akindofpancakemadeofsteepedpeasefriedinbutter,withpepperandsalt.Infact,insomeplacesthisdaywascalledCarlingSunday

Anotherkindofmotheringcakewasthesimnelcake,averyrichfruitcake.(34)MotheringSundayissometimesknownasSimnelSundayorRefreshmentSunday,becauseofthetraditionofbakingsimnelcakes.TheLentenfastdictatedthatthesimnelcakehadtokeepuntilEaster.Itwasboiledinwater,thenbaked,andwasoftenfinishedwithanalmondicing.Sometimesthecrustwasofflourandwater,havinganorangecolor.

(33)

A.OnthesecondSundayinMay.

B.OnthefourthSundayinLent.

C.OnthefourthSundayinMay.

D.OnthesecondSundayinLent.

34.(26)

A.Traveltothatlibrarytogetit.

B.Paytouseit.

C.Readitinthegraduateschoollibrary.

D.Orderthematerialfromthepublisher.

35.(34)

A.Becausehewasoncebeatenblackandblue.

B.Becausebewasveryold.

C.Becausehewasknockedtotheground.

D.Becausehesufferedfromalongseriousdisease.

36.聽力原文：W:Weshouldprobablyhittheroad.It'sgoingtotakeustwohourstodrivehome.Otherwise,wecouldn'tmakeitbeforemidnight.

M:You'reright.I'llsaygoodbyetoMichaelandthankhimforthetreat.

Q:Whatcanweinferaboutthetwospeakersfromtheconversation?

(12)

A.TheyareatMichael's.

B.TheywilltreatMichael.

C.TheyaregoingtoMichael's.

D.Theywillgohomebysubway.

37.

【B10】

38.(32)

A.Itwillallowfewertreestobecut.

B.Itwillrequirelesslaborcosts.

C.Itsavessomeshippingcosts.

D.Itwillmakethemmorecompetition.

39.(13)

A.HethinksDavidisnotreliable.

B.He'swillingtotrustDavid.

C.HehastoldhisdoubtstoDavid.

D.HethinksDavidwillbenefitfromthisexperience.

40.(28)

A.InSpain.B.InItaly.C.InPortugal.D.InEngland.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20題)41.

Atpresent,aprobableinducementforcountriestoinitiatelarge-scalespaceventuresis______.

A.internationalcooperation

B.nationalisticreasons

C.scientificresearch

D.long-termprofits

42.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmaybethepossiblecarriersofbirdflu?

43.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.

A.flexibleworkinghourssatisfiesboththeemployersandemployees

B.children'sopinionshouldbetakenintoconsideration

C.flexibleworkinghourshasbeenexistingfortoolong

D.thegovernmentismakingeffortinhelpingparents

44.

Whendidthecorpusculartheoryoflightprevail?

45.

Inseekingaresponseifhedoesnothaveareadyone,thechildobservesamodelandtriestoachieve______.

46.

Accordingtotheauthor,thepassagemainlydealswith______.

A.atornadoinEdmonton,Alberta

B.what'sa"Nowcast"

C.thedisadvantageofconventionalcomputermodelsoftheweatherforecast

D.abreakthroughinweatherforecast

47.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Today,moreandmorepeopleareusingcreditcardsinsteadofmoneytobuythethingstheyneed.Almostanyonewhohasasteadyincomeandagoodworkrecordcanapplyforacreditcard.Therearemanycreditcardsavailable:AmericanExpress,MasterChafe,VISA,andDiner'sClubarethenamesofsomeofthemostpopular.

Ifyouhaveacreditcard,youcanbuyacar,eatadinner,takeatrip,andevengetahaircutbychargingthecosttoyouraccount.Inthiswayyoucanpayforpurchasesamonthlaterwithoutanyextracharge.Oryoumaychoosetospreadoutyourpaymentoverseveralmonthsandpayonlypartofthetotalamounteachmonth.Ifyoudothis,thecreditcardcompany,orthebankthatsponsorsthecreditcard,willaddasmallservicechargetoyourtotalbill.Thisisveryconvenientforthecustomer.Withthecreditcardinyourwalletorpurse,youdon'thavetocarrymuchcash.Thissavesyourtripstothebanktocashchecksorwithdrawcash.Also,ifyoucarrycreditcardsinsteadofalotofcash,youdon'thavetobeconcernedaboutlosingyourmoneythroughcarelessnessortheft.Thecarduseronlyhastoworryaboutpayingthefinalbill.This,ofcourse,canbeaproblem,ifyouchargemorethanyoucanpayfor.

Creditcardsarebigbusiness.Manybankssponsortheirowncreditcardcompaniesandissuecardsfreetotheircustomers.Othercreditcardcompanieschargetheirmembersannualdues.Thestoresthatacceptcreditcardsmustpayasmallfeetothecreditcardcompany--apercentageofthepurchasepriceofthemerchandiseorservice.Inturn,thecreditcardcompanypromptlypaysthestoreforthemerchandiseorservice.Creditcardcompaniesmakeaprofitfromthefeestheychargethestoreandalsofromthefeescollectedfromcustomerswhopayfortheirchargesinmonthlyinstallments.However,creditcardcompaniessometimeshaveproblemscollectingoverduepaymentsfromunreliablecustomers.Also,theuseofstolen,lost,orcounterfeitcreditcardsbycriminalhasbecomeabigheadacheforthecreditcardcompanythat'sresponsibleforthegoodsandservicesillegallychargedtoitscustomers'accounts.

Peopleusecreditcardsonconditionthattheyhave______.

48.

Woman'sexperimentreversalsthatwhenitcomestopolitics,attractiveness

A.turnsouttobeanobstacletomen

B.affectsmenandwomenalike

C.hasaslittleeffectonmenasonwomen

D.ismoreofanobstaclethanabenefittowomen

49.Thewriter'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageistosaythat______.

A.scienceisjustatitsbeginning

B.sciencehasgreatlyimprovedman'slife

C.sciencehasmadeprofoundprogress

D.sciencehasdonetoolittletohumanbeings

50.Wecanbeginourdiscussionof"populationasglobalissue"withwhatmostpersonsmeanwhentheydiscuss"thepopulationproblem":toomanypeopleonearthandatoorapidincreaseinthenumberaddedeachyear.Thefactsarenotindispute;itwasquiterighttoemploytheanalogythatlikeneddemographicgrowthto"along,thinpowderfusethatbumssteadilyandhaltinglyuntilitfinallyreachesthechargeandexplodes".

Tounderstandthecurrentsituation,whichischaracterizedbyrapidincreasesinpopulation,itisnecessarytounderstandthehistoryofpopulationtrends.Rapidgrowthisacomparativelyrecentphenomenon.Lookingbackatthe8,000yearsofdemographichistory,wefindthatpopulationshavebeenvirtuallystableorgrowingveryslightlyformostofhumanhistory.Formostofourancestors,lifewashard,oftennasty,andveryshort.Therewashighfertilityinmostplaces,butthiswasusuallybalancedbyhighmortality.Formostofhumanhistory,itwasseldomthecasethatoneintenpersonswouldlivepastforty,whileinfancyandchildhoodwereespeciallyriskyperiods.Often,societieswereincleardangerofextinctionbecausedeathratescouldexceedtheirbirthrates.Thus,thepopulationproblemthroughoutmostofhistorywashowtopreventextinctionofthehumanrace.

Thispatternisimportanttonotice.Notonlydoesitputthecurrentproblemsofdemographicgrowthintoahistoricalperspective,butitsuggeststhatthecauseofrapidincreaseinpopulationinrecentyearsisnotasuddenenthusiasmformorechildren,butanimprovementintheconditionsthattraditionallyhavecausedhighmortality.

Demographichistorycanbedividedintotwomajorperiods:atimeoflong,slowgrowthwhichextendedfromabout8000B.C.tillapproximately1650A.D.Inthefirstperiodofsome9,600years,thepopulationincreasedfromsome8millionto500millionin1650.Between1650and1975,thepopulationhasincreasedfrom500milliontomorethan4billion.Andthepopulationreached6.2billionthroughouttheworldbytheyear2000.Onewaytoappreciatethisdramaticdifferenceinsuchabstractnumbersistoreducethetimeframe.tosomethingthatismoremanageable.Between8000B.C.and1650,anaverageofonly50,000personswasbeingaddedannuallytotheworld'spopulation.Atpresent,thisnumberisaddedeverysixhours.Theincreaseisabout80,000,000personsannually.

Theword"demographic"(Line4,Para.1)means______.

A.statisticsofhuman

B.surroundingsstudy

C.accumulationofhuman

D.developmentofhuman

51.

Accordingtothewriter,oneofWZCS'sfailingsisit______thenumberofzoosintheworld.

52.

WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongto"deeper"usesoftechnologyaccordingtothepassage?

A.TogetinformationfromWorldWideWeb.

B.Toaidvisualizationfacilitatecollectiveactivityamongstudents.

C.Aidvisualizationandsimulatecomplexenvironments.

D.Supportanalysisandsynthesisofinformation.

53.

Theshareholdershadnoknowledgeofthefollowingexcept______.

A.knowledgeoflife

B.thoughtsorneedsofwork

C.hisinfluenceintherelationshipofthecapitalandlabour

D.personalknowledgeoftheworkmen

54.

Whatwillbefataltonon-adaptedanimals?

A.Keepinganormalbodytemperature.

B.Drinkingpollutedwater.

C.Drinkinghugevolumesofwaterinashorttime.

D.Feedingwhendehydrated.

55.Theageofgildedyouthisover.Today'sunder-thirtiesarethefirstgenerationforacenturywhocanexpectalowerlivingstandardthantheirparents.

Researchintothelifestylesandprospectsofpeoplewhowerebonasince1970showsthattheyarelikelytofacealifetimeoflongerworkinghours,lowerjobsecurityandhighertaxesthanthepreviousgeneration.

Whentheyleaveworklateintheevening,theywillbemorelikelytoreturntoasmallrentedfiatthantoahouseoftheirown.When,eventually,theyretire,theirpensionsarefarlowerinrealtermsthanthoseoftheirimmediateforebears.

ThesefindingsarerevealedinastudyofthewaytheageingofBritain'spopulationisaffectingdifferentgenerations.

AntheaTinker,professorofsocialgerontology(老人學)atKing'sCollegeLondon,whocarriedoutmuchofthework,saidthegrowthoftheproportionofpeopleover50hadreversedthetraditionalflowofwealthfromoldertoyoungergenerations.

"Today'soldermiddle-agedandelderlyarebecomingthenewwinners,"shesaid."Theymaderelativelysmallcontributionsintaxbutnowmakerelativelybigclaimsonthewelfaresystem.Generationsbonainthelastthreetofourdecadesfacetheprospectofhandingovermorethanathirdoftheirlifetime'searningstocareforthem."

Thesurgingnumberofolderpeople,manylivingalone,hasalsoincreaseddemandforpropertyandpusheduphouseprices.Whilepreviousgenerationsfounditeasytoraiseamortgage,today'sunder-thirtieshavetolivewiththeirparentsorrent.Iftheycanaffordtobuyahomeitismorelikelytobeafiatthanahouse.

LauraLenox-Conyngham,28,grewupinalargehouseandhermotherdidnotneedtowork.Unlikeherwealthyparents,shegraduatedwithstudentandpostgraduateloandebtsof￡13,000.Shenowearnsabout￡20,000ayear,preparingfoodtobephotographedformagazines.Herhomeisaone-bedroomfiatincentralLondonandshesublets(轉租)theloungesofa-bedtoherbrother.

"Myfathertookpityandpaidoffmystudentdebts,"shesaid."ButIstillhavenopensionandnochanceofbuyingapropertyforatleastacoupleofyears--andthenitwillbesomethingsmallinabadarea.Myonlyhopeisthetraditionaloneofmeetingarichman."

Tinker'sresearchrevealsLenox-Conynghamisrepresentativeofmanyyoungprofessionals,especiallyinLondon,Manchester,EdinburghandBristol.

Bysaying"thegrowthoftheproportion...toyoungergenerations."(Line2,Para.5),AntheaTinkerreallymeansthat

A.currentlywealthflowsfromoldgenerationtoyoungergeneration

B.traditionallywealthflowsfromyoungergenerationtooldgeneration

C.withtheincreasinglybigpopulationofover50,thetrendarisesthatwealthflowsfromyoungergenerationtooldgeneration

D.withmoreandmorepeopleofover50,traditionshavebeenreversed

56.What'sSpinney'sopiniononthetargetaudienceofSesameStreet?

A.Theyarecompletelydifferentthantheywere40yearsago.

B.Manyofthemaredevotedfansoftheperformance.

C.Theirbasicneedshaven'tchangedmuchthroughyears.

D.Theycontinuetowatchtheshowwhentheyhavegrownup.

57.

Theboldword"hampered"inLineIPara2isclosestinmeaningto______.

A.recognizedB.determinedC.solvedD.hindered

58.

【C9】

59.(61)

60.Manyobjectsindailyusehaveclearlybeeninfluencedbyscience.However,theirform.andfunction,theirdimensionsandappearance,weredeterminedbytechnologists,designers,inventors,andengineersusingnonscientificmodesofthought.Manyfeaturesandqualitiesoftheobjectsthatatechnologistthinksaboutcannotbereducedtounambiguousverbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinthemindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess,pyramids,cathedrals,androcketsexistnotbecauseofgeometryorthermos-dynamics(熱動力學),becausetheywerefirstthepictureinthemindsofthose.

Thecreativeshapingprocessofatechnologist'smindcanbeseeninnearlyeveryartifactthatexists.Forexample,indesigningadieselengine,atechnologistmightexpressindividualwaysofnonverbalthinkingonthemachinebycontinuallyusinganintuitivesenseofrightnessandfitness.Whatwouldbetheshapeofthecombustionchamber?Whereshouldthevalvesbeplaced?Wouldithavealongorshortpiston?Suchquestionshavearangeofanswersthataresuppliedbyexperience,byphysicalrequirement,bylimitationsofavailablespace,andnotintheleastbyasenseofform.Somedecisions,suchaswallthicknessandpindiameter,maydependonscientificcalculations,butthenonscientificcomponentdesignremainsprimary.

Designcourses,thenshouldbeanessentialelementofengineeringcurricula.Nonverbalthinking,acentralmechanisminengineeringdesign,involvesperceptions,whichisthespecialtechniqueoftheartists,notthescientist.Becauseperceptiveprocessesarenotassumedtoneed"hardthinking",nonverbalthoughtissometimesseenasaprimitivestageinthedevelopmentofcognitiveprocessesandinferiortoverbalmathematicalthought.

Ifcoursesindesign,whichinastronglyanalyticalengineeringcurriculumprovidethebackgroundrequiredforpracticalproblem-solving,arenotprovided,wecanexpecttoencountersillybutcostlyerrorsoccurringinadvancedengineeringsystems.Forexample,earlymodesofhigh-speedrailroadcarsloadedwithsophisticatedcontrolswereunabletooperateinasnowstormbecausethefansuckedsnowintotheelectricalsystem.Absurdrandomfailuresthatplagueautomaticcontrolsystemsareareflectionofthechaosthatresultswhendesignisassumedtobeprimarilyaprobleminmathematics.

Inthepassage,whatisthewriterprimarilyconcernedwith?

A.Identifyingthekindsofthinkingthatareusedbytechnologists.

B.Stressingtheimportanceofscientificthinkinginengineeri