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托福閱讀真題1

Citiesdevelopasaresultoffunctionsthattheycanperform.Somefunctionsresultdirectlyfromtheingenuityofthecitizenry,butmostfunctionsresultfromtheneedsofthelocalareaandofthesurroundinghinterland(theregionthatsuppliesgoodstothecityandtowhichthecityfurnishesservicesandothergoods).Geographersoftenmakeadistinctionbetweenthesituationandthesiteofacity.Situationreferstothegeneralpositioninrelationtothesurroundingregion,whereassiteinvolvesphysicalcharacteristicsofthespecificlocation.Situationisnormallymuchmoreimportanttothecontinuingprosperityofacity.Ifacityiswellsituatedinregardtoitshinterland,itsdevelopmentismuchmorelikelytocontinue.Chicago,forexample,possessesanalmostunparalleledsituation:itislocatedatthesouthernendofahugelakethatforceseast-westtransportationlinestobecompressedintoitsvicinity,andatameetingofsignificantlandandwatertransportroutes.Italsooverlookswhatisoneoftheworldsfinestlargefarmingregions.ThesefactorsensuredthatChicagowouldbecomeagreatcityregardlessofthedisadvantageouscharacteristicsoftheavailablesite,suchasbeingpronetofloodingduringthunderstormactivity.

Similarly,itcanbearguedthatmuchofNewYorkCitysimportancestemsfromitsearlyandcontinuingadvantageofsituation.PhiladelphiaandBostonbothoriginatedataboutthesametimeasNewYorkandsharedNewYorkslocationatthewesternendofoneoftheworldsmostimportantoceanictraderoutes,butonlyNewYorkpossessesaneasy-accessfunctionalconnection(theHudson-Mohawklowland)tothevastMidwesternhinterland.ThisaccountdoesnotaloneexplainNewYorksprimacy,butitdoesincludeseveralimportantfactors.Amongthemanyaspectsofsituationthathelptoexplainwhysomecitiesgrowandothersdonot,originallocationonanavigablewaterwayseemsparticularlyapplicable.Ofcourse,suchcharacteristicasslope,drainage,powerresources,rivercrossings,coastalshapes,andotherphysicalcharacteristicshelptodeterminecitylocation,butsuchfactorsarenormallymoresignificantinearlystagesofcitydevelopmentthanlater.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)ThedevelopmentoftraderoutesthroughUnitedStatescities

(B)ContrastsinsettlementpatternsinUnitedStates

(C)HistoricaldifferencesamongthreelargeUnitedStatescities

(D)TheimportanceofgeographicalsituationinthegrowthofUnitedStatescities

2.Thewordingenuityinline2.isclosestinmeaningto

(A)wealth

(B)resourcefulness

(C)traditions

(D)organization

3.Thepassagesuggeststhatageographerwouldconsideracityssoiltypepartofits

(A)hinterland

(B)situation

(C)site

(D)function

4.Accordingtothepassage,acityssituationismoreimportantthanitssiteinregardtothe

citys

(A)long-termgrowthandprosperity

(B)abilitytoprotectitscitizenry

(C)possessionoffavorableweatherconditions

(D)needtoimportfoodsupplies

5.TheauthormentionseachofthefollowingasanadvantageofChicagoslocationEXCEPTits

(A)hinterland

(B)nearnesstoalargelake

(C)positioninregardtotransportroutes

(D)flatterrain

6.Thewordcharacteristicsinline14isclosestinmeaningto

(A)choices

(B)attitudes

(C)qualities

(D)inhabitants

7.Theprimarypurposeofparagraph1isto

(A)summarizepastresearchandintroduceanewstudy

(B)describeahistoricalperiod

(C)emphasizetheadvantagesofonetheoryoveranother

(D)defineatermandillustrateitwithanexample

8.Accordingtothepassage,PhiladelphiaandBostonaresimilartoNewYorkCityin

(A)sizeofpopulation

(B)age

(C)site

(D)availabilityofrailtransportation

9.Thewordfunctionalinline20isclosestinmeaningto

(A)alternate

(B)unknown

(C)original

(D)usable

10.Theworditinline21refersto

(A)account

(B)primacy

(C)connection

(D)hinterland

11.Thewordsignificantinline26isclosestinmeaningto

(A)threatening

(B)meaningful

(C)obvious

(D)available

PASSAGE71DBCADCDCDAB

托福閱讀真題2

TheHarlemRenaissance,amovementofthe1920s,markedthetwentiethcenturysfirstperiodofintenseactivitybyAfricanAmericansinthefieldofliterature,art,andmusicintheUnitedStates.Thephilosophyofthemovementcombinedrealism,ethnicconsciousness,andAmericanism.EncouragedbytheexampleofcertainAmericansofEuropeandescentsuchasThomasEakins,RobertHenri,andGeorgeLuks,whohadincludedpersonsofAfricandescentintheirpaintingsasseriousstudiesratherthanastrivialorsentimentalstereotypes,AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Astheybegantostriveforsocialandculturalindependence.Theirattitudestowardthemselveschanged,and,tosomeextent,othersegmentsofAmericansocietybegantochangetheirattitudestowardthem.Thus,thoughtheHarlemRenaissancewasashort-livedmovement,itsimpactonAmericanartandculturecontinuestothepresent.

ThedistrictinNewYorkCityknownasHarlemwasthecapitalofthemovement.In1925anissueofSurveyGraphicmagazinedevotedexclusivelytoHarlemandeditedbyphilosopherAlainLockebecamethemanifestooftheAfricanAmericanartisticmovement.Lockestronglysuggestedthatindividuals,whileacceptingtheirAmericanism,takeprideintheirAfricanancestralartsandurgedartiststolooktoAfricaforsubstanceandinspiration.FarfromadvocatingawithdrawalfromAmericanculture,asdidsomeofhiscontemporaries,LockerecommendedaculturalpluralismthroughwhichartistscouldenrichthecultureofAmerica.AfricanAmericanswereurgedbyLocketobecollaboratorsandparticipatorswithotherAmericansinart,literature,andmusic;andatthesametimetopreserve,enhance,andpromotetheirownculturalheritage.

ArtistsandintellectualsfrommanypartsoftheUnitedStatesandtheCaribbeanhadbeenattractedtoHarlembythepulseandbeatofitsuniqueanddynamicculture.Fromthisunitycreatedbytheconvergenceofartistsfromvarioussocialandgeographicalbackgroundscameanewspirit,which,particularlyindenselypopulatedHarlem,wastoresultingreatergroupawarenessandself-determination.AfricanAmericangraphicartiststooktheirplacebesidethepoetsandwritersoftheHarlemRenaissanceandcarriedoneffortstoincreaseandpromotethevisualarts.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)AfricanAmericanpaintingsinthe1920s

(B)Anartsmovementofthe1920s

(C)TheinfluenceofAlainLockeonAfricanAmericanart

(D)SomewaysinwhichAfricancultureinspiredAmericanliterature,artandmusic

2.Accordingtothepassage,TomasEakins,RobertHenri,andGeorgeLukswereimportantbecauseof

(A)thephilosophicalcontributionstheymadetotheHarlemRenaissance

(B)theirdevelopmentofanewstyleofAfricanAmericanart

(C)theywayinwhichtheydepictedAfricanAmericansintheirpaintings

(D)theirindependencefromEuropeanartistictraditions

3.Thewordtheminline11refersto

(A)AmericansofEuropeandescent

(B)paintings

(C)AfricanAmericanartists

(D)attitudes

4.Accordingtothepassage,AfricanAmericanartistsofthe1920sdifferedfromearlierAfrican

Americanartistsintermsoftheirfeelingsabout

(A)themselves

(B)otherartists

(C)theirimpactonAmericanart

(D)stereotypes

5.Thewordurgedinline17isclosestinmeaningto

(A)prepared

(B)defined

(C)permitted

(D)encouraged

6.AlainLockebelievedallofthefollowingtobeimportanttotheAfricanAmericanartistic

movementEXCEPT

(A)prideinAfricanart

(B)culturalpluralism

(C)collaborationwithotherartists

(D)withdrawalfromAmericanculture

7.Inmentioningthepulseandbeat(line25)ofHarlemduringthe1920s,theauthoris

characterizingthedistrictasonethat

(A)dependedgreatlyonitsinteractionwithotherpartsofthecity

(B)greweconomicallyinashortperiodoftime

(C)wasanexcitingplacetobe

(D)wasindangeroflosingpopulation

8.Thewordconvergenceinline26isclosestinmeaningto

(A)gathering

(B)promotion

(C)expression

(D)influence

9.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingweretrueofHarleminthe1920sEXCEPT:

(A)SomeCaribbeanartistsandintellectualslivedthere.

(B)ItattractedpeoplefromvariousregionsofUnitedStates.

(C)ItwasoneofthemostexpensiveneighborhoodsinNewYorkCity.

(D)Itwasauniqueculturalcenter.

10.Thephrasecarriedoninline30isclosestinmeaningto

(A)continued

(B)praised

(C)transformed

(D)connected

PASSAGE72BCCADDCACA

托福閱讀真題3

ffeterdspanninginline18d-Theinterrelationshipofscience,technology,andindustryistakenforgrantedtoday—summedup,notaltogetheraccurately,asresearchanddevelopment.Yethistoricallythiswidespreadfaithintheeconomicvirtuesofscienceisarelativelyrecentphenomenon,datingbackintheUnitedStatesabout150years,andintheWesternworldasawholenotover300yearsatmost.Eveninthiscurrenteraoflargescale,intensiveresearchanddevelopment,theinterrelationshipsinvolvedinthisprocessarefrequentlymisunderstood.UntilthecomingoftheIndustrialRevolution,scienceandtechnologyevolvedforthemostpartindependentlyofeachother.Thenasindustrializationbecameincreasinglycomplicated,thecrafttechniquesofpreindustrialsocietygraduallygavewaytoatechnologybasedonthesystematicapplicationofscientificknowledgeandscientificmethods.Thischangeoverstartedslowlyandprogressedunevenly.Untillateinthenineteenthcentury,onlyafewindustriescouldusescientifictechniquesorcaredaboutusingthem.Thelistexpandednoticeablyafter1870,buteventhenmuchofwhatpassedfortheapplicationofsciencewasengineeringscienceratherthanbasicscience.

Nevertheless,bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,therapidexpansionofscientificknowledgeandofpublicawareness—ifnotunderstanding—ofithadcreatedabeliefthattheadvanceofsciencewouldinsomeunspecifiedmannerautomaticallygenerateeconomicbenefits.Thewidespreadandusuallyuncriticalacceptanceofthisthesisledinturntotheassumptionthattheapplicationofsciencetoindustrialpurposeswasalinearprocess,startingwithfundamentalscience,thenproceedingtoappliedscienceortechnology,andthroughthemtoindustrialuse.Thisisprobablythemostcommonpattern,butitisnotinvariable.Newareasofsciencehavebeenopenedupandfundamentaldiscoveriesmadeasaresultofattemptstosolveaspecifictechnicaloreconomicproblem.Conversely,scientistswhomainlydobasicresearchalsoserveasconsultantsonprojectsthatapplyresearchinpracticalways.

Insum,thescience-technology-industryrelationshipmayflowinseveraldifferentways,andtheparticularchannelitwillfollowdependsontheindividualsituation.Itmayattimesevenbemultidirectional.

1.Whatistheauthorsmainpurposeinthepassage?

(A)Toshowhowtechnologyinfluencedbasicscience

(B)Todescribethescientificbaseofnineteenth-centuryAmericanindustries

(C)Tocorrectmisunderstandingsabouttheconnectionsbetweenscience,technology,andindustry

(D)Toarguethatbasicsciencehasnopracticalapplication

2.Thewordaltogetherinline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)completely

(B)realistically

(C)individually

(D)understandably

3.Thewordintensiveinline5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)decreased

(B)concentrated

(C)creative

(D)advanced

4.Thelistmentionedinline13refersto

(A)typesofscientificknowledge

(B)changesbroughtbytechnology

(C)industriesthatusedscientifictechniques

(D)applicationsofengineeringscience

5.Theunderstandingofresearchanddevelopmentinthelatenineteenthcenturyisbasedon

whichofthefollowing?

(A)Engineeringscienceisnotveryimportant.

(B)Fundamentalsciencenaturallyleadstoeconomicbenefits.

(C)Therelationshipbetweenresearchanddevelopmentshouldbecriticized.

(D)Industrialneedsshoulddeterminewhatareasfundamentalsciencefocuseson.

6.Theworditinline16refersto

(A)understanding

(B)publicawareness

(C)scientificknowledge

(D)expansion

7.Thewordassumptioninline19isclosestinmeaningto

(A)regulation

(B)belief

(C)contract

(D)confusion

8.Whydoestheauthormentionconsultantsinline25?

(A)Toshowhownewareasofsciencehavegivenrisetonewprofessions

(B)Todistinguishbetweenscientistswhoworkinindustryandthosewhodonot

(C)Toexplainthewaysinwhichscientistsfindfinancialsupportfortheirwork

(D)Toshowhowscientistswhoworkinbasicresearchcontributetoappliedscience

9.Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport?

(A)Thedevelopmentofscienceandofindustryisnowinterdependent.

(B)Basicscientificresearchcannotgeneratepracticalapplications.

(C)Industriesshouldspendlessmoneyonresearchanddevelopment.

(D)Scienceandtechnologyarebecomingmoreseparate.

PASSAGE73CABCBCBDA

托福閱讀真題4

Glaciersarelargemassesoficeonlandthatshowevidenceofpastorpresentmovement.Theygrowbythegradualtransformationofsnowintoglacierice.

Afreshsnowfallisafluffymassoflooselypackedsnowflakes,smalldelicateicecrystalsgrownintheatmosphere.Asthesnowagesonthegroundforweeksormonths,thecrystalsshrinkandbecomemorecompact,andthewholemassbecomessqueezedtogetherintoamoredenseform,granularsnow.Asnewsnowfallsandburiestheoldersnow,thelayersofgranularsnowfurthercompacttoformfirm,amuchdenserkindofsnow,usuallyayearormoreold,whichhaslittleporespace.Furtherburialandslowcementation—aprocessbywhichcrystalsbecomeboundtogetherinamosaicofintergrownicecrystals—finallyproducesolidglacialice.Inthisprocessofrecrystallization,thegrowthofnewcrystalsattheexpenseofoldones,thepercentageofairisreducedfromabout90percentforsnowflakestolessthan20percentforglacierice.Thewholeprocessmaytakeaslittleasafewyears,butmorelikelytenortwentyyearsorlonger.Thesnowisusuallymanymetersdeepbythetimethelowerlayersareconvertedintoice.

IncoldglaciersthoseformedinthecoldestregionsoftheEarth,theentiremassoficeisattemperaturesbelowthemeltingpointandnofreewaterexists.Intemperateglaciers,theiceisatthemeltingpointateverypressurelevelwithintheglacier,andfreewaterispresentassmalldropsoraslargeraccumulationsintunnelswithinorbeneaththeice.

Formationofaglacieriscompletewhenicehasaccumulatedtoathickness(andthusweight)sufficienttomakeitmoveslowlyunderpressure,inmuchthesamewaythatsolidrockdeepwithintheEarthcanchangeshapewithoutbreaking.Oncethatpointisreached,theiceflowsdownhill,eitherasatongueoficefillingavalleyorasthickicecapthatflowsoutindirectionsfromthehighestcentralareawherethemostsnowaccumulates.Thetripdownleadstotheeventualmeltingofice.

1.Whichofthefollowingdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Theeffectofglaciersonclimate

(B)Damagefromglacier