考研英語真題匯編及參考答案

【名師精選全國真題，值得下載練習】

對于真題的使用方法，有以下幾點需要說明：

建議大家采用一下介紹的“六遍法”，以最大限度榨干真題價值!（每遍適當間隔一段時間效果

會更好）

第一遍：嚴格按照考試時間，創造最貼近考試的環境來完成真題。

第二遍：摘抄生詞，長句進行記憶分析，進一步熟悉文章，正面分析正確選擇項，使自己的思路

初步貼近出題人的思路。看答案的時候最好不要看相關的分析，因為這樣可能會讓自己的思路跟

著出書人跑。另外，你需要對出的題目有一個分類了，例如細節題目，作者態度題目，例證題目，

文章主旨題目等等，為以后的進一步總結應對策略打下基礎。

第三遍：反面分析錯誤選擇項（至關重要！）

主要應該主要從4個方面著手：

一、對比正確選項和錯誤選項，找出其差異所在。在知道了為什么正確答案為什么正確的基礎上

找出錯誤的原因，出題人為什么要用這個錯誤選項來迷惑我們——用的是偷換概念還是以小代

大？同意互換的修飾成分是否遺漏？作者觀點題目答案給的是不是有出題人主觀傾向以及這種傾

向是不是可以作為規律來對待？等等等等。

二、把錯誤選擇項帶到原文中，看看出題人是怎么把作者意圖和事實歪曲的。關于這點你可以分

析完10篇來一個總結，你會很驚奇的發現：原來每道題目錯誤選項的來路是這么的相似！以后再

見到這種錯誤選項的時候很大程度上你就能感覺到什么應該是正確的什么是錯誤的了（這就是你

和出題人思路的接近過程X

三、把握絕對和相對的關系，找出錯誤選項代表性的詞匯。很多輔導班老師會這么告訴你：包含

some,perhaps,appromately,about,seems等詞匯的選擇項一般都是正確的,而包含certainly,

extremely等絕對的一般都是錯誤的。這個可以當成一個一般的原則來應用，但是我要求你們并不

是簡單的把這類詞匯給看到然后就直接的判斷出其正確性或者錯誤性，我們現在是打基礎，必須

對自己從嚴要求，我們應該這樣做：找出代表性詞匯后進行匯總，根據肯定否定的語氣輕重來把

它們進行排序，然后回到題目看看出題目的人是怎么把作者不太肯定的語氣給“硬化”的（老外很

少說絕對，中國人經常說絕對X

四、把自己當成出題人來思考（換位思考I你需要把自己放到出題人的角度來對待錯誤選項，因

為錯誤選項都是很熟悉中國人思維的專家出的，因此，你如果單純的從自己（考生）的角度思考

錯誤選擇項，很可能會百思不得其解，而在把我原文的基礎之上把自己看成出題人情況就會很不

同。這是提高你考試能力的一個很重要的方法，到你經過一系列的訓練，能從出題人的思路把握

選擇項的時候，你就是真正的知彼知己，從而就很容易的達到百戰不殆了。

第四遍：回到文章中去，把自己上一遍的思路“代入”到文章中去，分析一下出題人是怎樣把題目

出出來的，具體思考以下幾個問題：

一、體會出題人為什么會在這個地方出題目而不在其他地方出題目？

二、其它地方是不是可以出題目？

三、如果讓你出題目你會怎樣來出？

四、自己試著出上幾道題目，比較一下和出題人的差距，進一步體會出題人出題目的把戲。

第五遍：再次像第一遍那樣去做題目，總結出題技巧以及自己的應對策略。當然，答案你已經非

常清楚了，這里只是讓你再次體驗一下真題的“魅力”所在。總結出題技巧并不是讓你將來有可能

去出題目，只是再此深化貼近出題人思維方式這個思路，爭取達到自己看到一篇文章在看題目之

前就大致知道體會出在什么地方（完全可以達到1應試策略和前面幾遍的分析是分不開的，前面

的工作做好了，你就是不進行應試策略的專門總結也沒有問題，例如例證題目，你完全可以自己

就總結出來90%向上，10%向下找答案的思路等等。

第六遍：這一遍選擇應用，首先，可以適當做一點市場上的模擬試題應用下自己總結出來的方法,

看一下是不是自己的思路和出書人的差不多，不一樣完全沒有關系，因為到現在你的試題研究的

水平可能比出書人還要高，你的思路更加貼近將來的06年真題！其次，適當的選用自己認為比較

好的模擬試題，你可以在做完題目之后用挑剔的木管來“修正”它們，進一步使自己的應試技巧和

策略得到深化。

最后給大家一點個人的建議：英語沒必要報輔導班，尤其是專碩英語，靠自己才是王道！雖

然輔導班天花亂墜的宣傳臺詞催生了如火如荼的考研經濟，但就我個人的經歷來說，不要太指望

輔導班。認真研究著幾套真題，再歸納聯系一下各類型的作文，考研英語沒問題的！預祝大家取

得好成績，并在考研路上有所收獲!

2010年全國碩士研究生入學統一考試（英語二）試題

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fbreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDon

ANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

TheoutbreakofswinefluthatwasfirstdetectedinMexicowasdeclaredaglobalepidemiconjune

11,2009.Itisthefirstwotldwideepidemic_1_bytheWorldHealthOrganizationin41years.

Theheightenedalert_2—anemergencymeetingwithfluexpertsinGenevathatassembledaftera

sharppiseincasesinAustralia.andrising_3—inBritainJapan,Chileandelsewhere.

Buttheepiemicis"_4_"inseverity.AccordingtoMargaretChan.Theorganization'sdirector

general,_5_theoverwhelmingmajortyofpatientsexperiencingonlymildsymptomsandfullrecovery.

Ofteninthe_6—ofanymedicaltreatment.

Theoutbreakcametogobal_7—inlateApril2009.whenMexicanauthoritiesnotedanunusually

largenumberofhospitalizationsanddeaths_8—healthyadults.AsmuchofMexicoCityShutdownat

theheightofapanic,casesbeganto_9—inNewYorkCity,thesouthwesternUnitedStatesandaround

theworld.

IntheUnitedStates,newcasesseemedtofade_10—warmerweatherarrived.Butinlate

September2009,officialsreportedtherewas_11—fluactivityinalmosteverystateandthatvirtuallyall

the_12_testedarethenewswineflu.Alsoknownas(A)HlNl,notseasonalflu.IntheU.S.,It

has—13—morethanonemillionpeople,andcausedmorethan600deathsandmorethan6,000

hospitalizations.

Federalhealthofficials___14___Tamifluforchildrenfromthenationalstockpileandbegan

15—ordersfromthestatesforthenewswinefluvaccine.Thenewvaccine,whichisdifferentfromthe

annualfluvaccine,is—16—aheadofexpectations.Morethanthreemilliondosesweretobemade

availableinearlyOctober2009,thoughmostofthose_17—doseswereoftheFluMistnasalspray

type,whichisnot_18—forpregnantwomen,peopleover50orthosewithbreathingdifficulties,heart

diseaseorseveralother_19—.Butitwasstillpossibletovaccinatepeopleinotherhigh-risk

groups;healthcareworkers,people_20_infantsandhealthyyoungpeople.

1.[A]criticized[B]appointed[C]commented[D]designated

2.[A]proceeded[B]activated[C]followed[D]prompted

3.[A]digits[B]numbers[C]amounts[D]sums

4.[A]Moderate[B]normal[C]unusual[D]extreme

5.[A]With[B]in[C]from[D]by

6.[A]Progress[B]absence[C]presence[D]favor

7.[A]Reality[B]phenomenon[C]cincept[D]notice

8.[A]Over[B]for[C]among[D]to

9.[A]stayup[B]cropup[C]fillup[D]coverup

10.[A]as[B]if[C]unless[D]until

11.[A]excessive[B]enormous[C]significant[D]magnificent

12.[A]categories[B]examples[C]patterns[D]samples

13.[A]imparted[B]immersed[C]injected[D]infected

14.[A]released[B]relayed[C]relieved[D]remained

15.[A]placing[B]delivering[C]taking[D]giving

16.[A]feasible[B]available[C]reliable[D]applicable

17.[A]prevalent[B]principal[C]innovative[D]initial

18.[A]presented[B]restricted[C]recommended[D]introduced

19.[A]problems[B]issues[C]agonies[D]sufferings

20.[A]involvedin[B]caringfor[C]concernedwith[D]wardingoff

SectionIIReadingcomprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourpassages.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachpassagebychoosingA,B,CandD.

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Textl

Thelongestbullruninacenturyofart-markethistoryendedonadramaticnotewithasaleof56

worksbyDamienHirst,"BeautifulInsideMyHeadForever”,atSotheby'sinLondononSeptember

15th2008.Allbuttwopiecessold,fetchingmorethan￡70m,arecordforasalebyasingleartist.It

wasalasthurrah.Astheauctioneercalledoutbids,inNewYorkoneoftheoldestbanksonWallStreet,

LehmanBrothers,filedforbankruptcy.

Theworldartmarkethadalreadybeenlosingmomentumforawhileafterrisingvertiginously

since2003.Atitspeakin2007itwasworthsome$65billion,reckonsClareMcAndrew,founderofArts

Economics,aresearchfirm-doublethefigurefiveyearsearlier.Sincethenitmayhavecomedownto

$50billion.Butthemarketgeneratesinterestfarbeyonditssizebecauseitbringstogethergreatwealth,

enormousegos,greed,passionandcontroversyinawaymatchedbyfewotherindustries.

IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMrHirsfssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeply

unfashionable,especiallyinNewYork,wherethebail-outofthebankscoincidedwiththelossof

thousandsofjobsandthefinancialdemiseofmanyart-buyinginvestors.Intheartworldthatmeant

collectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andin

themostoverheatedsector-fbrChinesecontemporaryart-theyweredownbynearly90%intheyearto

November2008.Withinweekstheworld'stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby'sandChristie's,hadto

payoutnearly$200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.

ThecurrentdownturnintheartmarketistheworstsincetheJapanesestoppedbuying

Impressionistsattheendof1989,amovethatstartedthemostseriouscontractioninthemarketsince

thesecondworldwar.Thistimeexpertsreckonthatpricesareabout40%downontheirpeakonaverage,

thoughsomehavebeenfarmorevolatile.ButEdwardDolman,Christie'schiefexecutive,says:"I'm

prettyconfidentwe'reatthebottom.”

Whatmakesthisslumpdifferentfromthelast,hesays,isthattherearestillbuyersinthemarket,

whereasintheearly1990s,wheninterestrateswerehigh,therewasnodemandeventhoughmany

collectorswantedtosell.Christie'srevenuesinthefirsthalfof2009werestillhigherthaninthefirst

halfof2006.Almosteveryonewhowasinterviewedforthisspecialreportsaidthatthebiggestproblem

atthemomentisnotalackofdemandbutalackofgoodworktosell.ThethreeDs-death,debtand

divorce—stilldeliverworksofarttothemarket.Butanyonewhodoesnothavetoselliskeepingaway,

waitingfbrconfidencetoreturn.

21.Inthefirstparagraph,DamienHirstssalewasreferredtoas“alastvictory^because.

A.theartmarkethadwitnessedasuccessionofvictoryies

B.theauctioneerfinallygotthetwopiecesatthehighestbids

C.BeautifulInsideMyHeadForeverwonoverallmasterpieces

D.itwassuccessfullymadejustbeforetheworldfinancialcrisis

22.Bysaying"spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable'^Linel-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggests

that.

A.collectorswerenolongeractivelyinvolvedinart-marketauctions

B.peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries

C.artcollectionasafashionhadlostitsappealtoagreatextent

D.worksofartingeneralhadgoneoutoffashionsotheywerenotworthbuying

23.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTture?

A.Salesofcontemporaryartfelldramaticallyfrom2007to2008.

B.Theartmarketsurpassedmanyotherindustriesinmomentum.

C.Themarketgenerallywentdownwardinvariousways.

D.Someartdealerswereawaitingbetterchancestocome.

24.ThethreeDsmentionedinthelastparagraphare

A.auctionhouses'favorites

B.contemporarytrends

C.factorspromotingartworkcirculation

D.stylesrepresentingimpressionists

25.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextcouldbe

A.FluctuationofArtPrices

B.Up-to-dateArtAuctions

C.ArtMarketinDecline

D.ShiftedInterestinArts

Text2

IwasaddressingasmallgatheringinasuburbanVirginialivingroom--awomen'sgroupthathad

invitedmentojointhem.Throughouttheeveningonemanhadbeenparticularlytalkativefrequently

offeringideasandanecdoteswhilehiswifesatsilentlybesidehimonthecouch.Towardtheendofthe

eveningIcommentedthatwomenfrequentlycomplainthattheirhusbandsdon'ttalktothem.Thisman

quicklyconcurred.Hegesturedtowardhiswifeandsaid"She'sthetalkerinourfamily."Theroomburst

intolaughter;themanlookedpuzzledandhurt."Ifstrue"heexplained.nWhenIcomehomefromwork

Ihavenothingtosay.Ifshedidn'tkeeptheconversationgoingwe'dspendthewholeeveningin

silence.”

ThisepisodecrystallizestheironythatalthoughAmericanmentendtotalkmorethanwomenin

publicsituationstheyoftentalklessathome.Andthispatterniswreakinghavocwithmarriage.

ThepatternwasobservedbypoliticalscientistAndrewHackerinthelate70s.SociologistCatherine

KohlerRiessmanreportsinhernewbook"DivorceTalk"thatmostofthewomensheinterviewed-but

onlyafewofthemen--gavelackofcommunicationasthereasonfortheirdivorces.Giventhecurrent

divorcerateofnearly50percentthatamountstomillionsofcasesintheUnitedStateseveryyear-a

virtualepidemicoffailedconversation.

Inmyownresearchcomplaintsfromwomenabouttheirhusbandsmostoftenfocusednoton

tangibleinequitiessuchashavinggivenupthechanceforacareertoaccompanyahusbandtohisor

doingfarmorethantheirshareofdailylife-supportworklikecleaningcookingsocialarrangementsand

errands.Insteadtheyfocusedoncommunication:HHedoesn'tlistentome'1"Hedoesn'ttalktome.”I

foundasHackerobservedyearsbeforethatmostwiveswanttheirhusbandstobefirstandforemost

conversationalpartnersbutfewhusbandssharethisexpectationoftheirwives.

Inshorttheimagethatbestrepresentsthecurrentcrisisisthestereotypicalcartoonsceneofaman

sittingatthebreakfasttablewithanewspaperheldupinfrontofhisfacewhileawomanglaresatthe

backofitwantingtotalk.

26.Whatismostwives1mainexpectationoftheirhusbands?

A.Talkingtothem.

B.Trustingthem.

C.Supportingtheircareers.

D.Sharinghousework.

27.Judgingfromthecontext,thephrase“wreakinghavoc”(Line3,Para2)mostprobablymeans_

Ageneratingmotivation.

B.exertinginfluence

C.causingdamage

0.creatingpressure

28.AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT

A.mentendtotalkmoreinpublictanwomen

B.nearly50percentofrecentdivorcesarecausedbyfailedconversation

C.womenattachmuchimportancetocommunicationbetweencouples

D.afemaletendstobemoretalkativeathomethanherspouse

29.Whichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizethemianideaofthistext?

A.Themoraldecayingdeservesmoreresearchbysociologists.

B.Marriagebreak-upstemsfromsexinequalities.

C.Husbandandwifehavedifferentexpectationsfromtheirmarriage.

D.Conversationalpatternsbetweenmanandwifearedifferent.

30.Inthefollowingpartimmediatelyafterthistext,theauthorwillmostprobablyfocuson

A.avividaccountofthenewbookDivorceTalk

B.adetaileddescriptionofthestereotypicalcartoon

C.otherpossiblereasonsforahighdivorcerateintheU.S.

D.abriefintroductiontothepoliticalscientistAndrewHacker

Txet3

Overthepastdecade,manycompanieshadperfectedtheartofcreatingautomaticbehaviors-

habits-amongconsumers.Thesehabitshavehelpedcompaniesearnbillionsofdollarswhencustomers

eatsnacks,applylotionsandwipecountersalmostwithoutthinking,ofteninresponsetoacarefully

designedsetofdailycues.

“Therearefundamentalpublichealthproblems,likehandwashingwithsoap,thatremainkillers

onlybecausewecan'tfigureouthowtochangepeople'shabits,"Dr.Curtissaid."Wewantedtolearn

fromprivateindustryhowtocreatenewbehaviorsthathappenautomatically.^^

ThecompaniesthatDr.Curtisturnedto-Procter&Gamble,Colgate-PalmoliveandUnilever-had

investedhundredsofmillionsofdollarsfindingthesubtlecuesinconsumers9livesthatcorporations

couldusetointroducenewroutines.

Ifyoulookhardenough,you'llfindthatmanyoftheproductsweuseeveryday-chewinggums,

skinmoisturizers,disinfectingwipes,airfresheners,waterpurifiers,healthsnacks,antiperspirants,

colognes,teethwhiteners,fabricsofteners,vitamins-areresultsofmanufacturedhabits.Acenturyago,

fewpeopleregularlybrushedtheirteethmultipletimesaday.Today,becauseofcannyadvertisingand

publichealthcampaigns,manyAmericanshabituallygivetheirpearlywhitesacavity-preventingscrub

twiceaday,oftenwithColgate,Crestoroneoftheotherbrands.

Afewdecadesago,manypeopledidn'tdrinkwateroutsideofameal.Thenbeveragecompanies

startedbottlingtheproductionoffar-offsprings,andnowofficeworkersunthinkinglysipbottledwater

alldaylong.Chewinggum,onceboughtprimarilybyadolescentboys,isnowfeaturedincommercials

asabreathfreshenerandteethcleanserforuseafterameal.Skinmoisturizersareadvertisedaspartof

morningbeautyrituals,slippedinbetweenhairbrushingandputtingonmakeup.

“Ourproductssucceedwhentheybecomepartofdailyorweeklypatterns,"saidCarolBerning,a

consumerpsychologistwhorecentlyretiredfromProcter&Gamble,thecompanythatsold$76billion

ofTide,Crestandotherproductslastyear."Creatingpositivehabitsisahugepartofimprovingour

consumers,lives,andit'sessentialtomakingnewproductscommerciallyviable.9,

Throughexperimentsandobservation,socialscientistslikeDr.Berninghavelearnedthatthereis

powerintyingcertainbehaviorstohabitualcuesthroughrelentlessadvertising.Asthisnewscienceof

habithasemerged,controversieshaveeruptedwhenthetacticshavebeenusedtosellquestionable

beautycreamsorunhealthyfoods.

31.AccordingtoDr.Curtis,habitslikehandwashingwithsoap.

[A]shouldbefurthercultivated

[B]shouldbechangedgradually

[C]aredeepiyrootedinhistory

[D]arebasicallyprivateconcerns

32.Bottledwater,chewinggunandskinmoisturizersarementionedinParagraph5soasto

[A]revealtheirimpactonpeople'habits

[B]showtheurgentneedofdailynecessities

[C]indicatetheireffectonpeople'buyingpower

[D]manifestthesignificantroleofgoodhabits

33.whichofthefollowingdoesNOTbelongtoproductsthathelpcreatepeople'shabits?

[A]Tide

[B]Crest

[C]Colgate

[D]Unilver

34.Fromthetextwekonwthatsomeofconsumer'shabitsaredevelopeddueto

[A]perfectedartofproducts

[B]automaticbehaviorcreation

[C]commercialpromotions

[D]scientificexperiments

35.theauthor^attitudetowardtheinfluenceofadvertisementonpeople'shabitsis

[A]indifferent

[B]negative

[CJpositive

[D]biased

Text4

ManyAmericansregardthejurysystemasaconcreteexpressionofcrucialdemocraticvalues,

includingtheprinciplesthatallcitizenswhomeetminimalqualificationsofageandliteracyareequally

competenttoserveonjuries;thatjurorsshouldbeselectedrandomlyfromarepresentativecrosssection

ofthecommunity;thatnocitizenshouldbedeniedtherighttoserveonajuryonaccountofrace,

religion,sex,ornationalorigin;thatdefendantsareentitledtotrialbytheirpeers;andthatverdicts

shouldrepresenttheconscienceofthecommunityandnotjusttheletterofthelaw.Thejuryisalsosaid

tobethebestsurvivingexampleofdirectratherthanrepresentativedemocracy.Inadirectdemocracy,

citizenstaketurnsgoverningthemselves,ratherthanelectingrepresentativestogovernforthem.

Butasrecentlyasin1986,juryselectionproceduresconflictedwiththesedemocraticideals.In

somestates,forexample,jurydutywaslimitedtopersonsofsupposedlysuperiorintelligence,education,

andmoralcharacter.AlthoughtheSupremeCourtoftheUnitedStateshadprohibitedintentionalracial

discriminationinjuryselectionasearlyasthe1880caseofstrauderv.WestVirginia,thepracticeof

selectingso-calledeliteorblue-ribbonjuriesprovidedaconvenientwayaroundthisandother

antidiscriminationlaws.

Thesystemalsofailedtoregularlyincludewomenonjuriesuntilthemid-20thcentury.Although

womenfirstservedonstatejuriesinUtahin1898,itwasnotuntilthe1940sthatamajorityofstatesmade

womeneligibleforjuryduty.Eventhenseveralstatesautomaticallyexemptedwomenfromjuryduty

unlesstheypersonllyaskedtohavetheirnamesincludedonthejurylist.Thispracticewasjustifiedby

theclaimthatwomenwereneededathome,anditkeptjuriesunrepresentativeofwomenthroughthe1960s.

In1968,theCongressoftheUnitedStatespassedtheJurySelectionandServiceAct,usheringina

neweraofdemocraticreformsforthejury.Thislawabolishedspecialeducationalrequirementsfor

federaljurorsandrequiredthemtobeselectedatrandomfromacrosssectionoftheentirecommunity.

Inthelandmark1975decisionTaylorv.Louisiana,theSupremeCourtextendedtherequirementthat

juriesberepresentativeofallpartsofthecommunitytothestatelevel.TheTaylordecisionalsodeclared

sexdiscriminationinjuryselectiontobeunconstitutionalandorderedstatestousethesameprocedures

fbrselectingmaleandfemalejurors.

36.FromtheprinciplesoftheUSjurysystem,welearnthat

fA]bothliterateandilliteratepeoplecanserveonjuries

fB]defendantsareimmunefromtrialbytheirpeers

[C]noagelimitshouldbeimposedforjuryservice

[D]judgmentshouldconsidertheopinionofthepublic

37.Thepracticeofselectingso-calledelitejurorspriorto1968showed

[A]theinadequacyofantidiscriminationlaws

[B]theprevalentdiscriminationagainstcertainraces

[C]theconflictingidealsinjuryselectionprocedures

[D]thearrogancecommonamongtheSupremeCourtjudegs

38.Eveninthe1960s,womenwereseldomonthejurylistinsomestatesbecause

[A]theywereautomaticallybannedbystatelaws

fB]theyfellfarshortoftherequiredqualifications

[C]theyweresupposedtoperformdomesticduties

[D]theytendedtoevadepublicengagement

39.AftertheJurySelectionandServiceActwaspassed.___

[A]sexdiscriminationinjuryselectionwasunconstitutionalandhadtobeabolished

[B]educationalrequirementsbecamelessrigidintheselectionoffederaljurors

[C]jurorsatthestateleveloughttoberepresentativeoftheentirecommunity

[D]statesoughttoconformtothefederalcourtinreformingthejurysystem

40.indiscussingtheUSjurysystem,thetextcenterson

[A]itsnatureandproblems

[B]itscharacteristicsandtradition

[C]itsproblemsandtheirsolutions

[D]itstraditionanddevelopment

PartB

Directions:

Readthefollowingtextanddecidewhethereachofthestatementsistrueorfalse.ChooseTifthe

statementistrueorFitthestatementisnottrue.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

CopyingBirdsMaySaveAircraftFuel

BothBoeingandAirbushavetrumpetedtheefficiencyoftheirnewestaircraft.The787and350

respectively.Theircleverdesignsandlightweightcompositescertainlymakeadifference.Butagroup

ofresearchersatStanfordUniversity,ledbyIlanKroo,hassuggestedthatairlinescouldtakeamore

naturalisticapproachtocuttingjet-fueluseanditwouldnotrequirethemtobuynewaircraft.

Theanswer,saysDrKroo,lieswithbirds.Since1914,scientistshaveknownthatbirdsflyingin

formation-aV-shape-expendlessenergy.Theairflowingoverabird'swingscurlsupwardsbehindthe

wingtips.aphenomenonknownasupwash.Otherbirdsflyingintheupwashexperiencereduceddrag,

andspendlessenergypropellingthemselves.PeterLissaman,anaeronauticsexpertwhowasformerly

atCaltechandtheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,hassuggestedthataformationof25birdsmight

enjoyarangeincreaseof71%.

Whenappliedtoaircraft,theprinciplesarenotsubstantiallydifferent.DrKrooandhisteam

modeledwhatwouldhappenifthreepassengerjetsdepartingfromLosAngeles,SanFranciscoandIas

VegasweretoassembleoverUtah,assumeaninvertedV-formationoccasionallychangeplacessoall

couldhaveaturninthemostfavourablepositions,andproceedtoLondon.Theyfoundthattheaircraft

consumedasmuchas15%lessfuel(coupledwithareductionincarbon-dioxideoutput).Nitrogen-oxide

emissionsduringthecruisingportionsoftheflightfellbyaroundaquarter.

Thereare,ofcourse,knotstobeworkedout.Oneconsiderationissafety,oratleastthe

perceptionofit.Wouldpassengersfeelcomfortabletravellingincompanion?DrKroopointsoutthat

theaircraftcouldbeseparatedbyseveralnauticalmiles,andwouldnotbeintheintimategroupings

favouredbydisplayteamsliketheRedArrows,Apassengerpeeringoutofthewindowmightnoteven

seetheotherplanes.Whethertheseparationdistancesinvolvedwouldsatisfyair-traffic-control

regulationsisanothermatter,althoughaworkinggroupattheInternationalCivilAviationOrganisation

hasincludedthepossibilityofformationflyinginablueprintfornewoperationalguidelines.

Itremainstobeseenhowweatherconditionsaffecttheairflowsthatmakeformationflightmore

efficient.Inzonesofincreasedturbulence,theplanes'wakeswilldecaymorequicklyandtheeffectwill

diminish.DrKroosaysthisisoneoftheareashisteamwillinvestigatefurther.Itmightalsobehardfor

airlinestoco-ordinatethedeparturetimesanddestinationsofpassengeraircraftinawaythatwould

allowthemtogainfromformationflight.Cargoaircraft,incontrast,mightbeeasiertoreschedule,as

mightroutinemilitaryflight.

Asithappens,America'sarmedforcesareontheoncasealready.Earlierthisyearthecountry's

DefenceAdvancedResearchProjectsAgencyannouncedplanstopayBoeingtoinvestigateformation

flight,thoughtheprogrammehasyettobegin.Therearereportsthatsomemilitaryaircraftflewin

formationwhentheywerelowonfuelduringtheSecondWorldWar,butDrLissamansaystheyare

unsubstantiated."MyfatherwasanRAFpilotandmycousintheskipperofaLancasterlostover

Berlin,5,headds.Soheshouldknow.

41.FindingsoftheStanfordUniversityresearcherswillpromotethesalesofnewBoeingand

Airbusaircraft.

42.Theupwashexperiencemaysavepropellingenergyaswellasreducingresistance.

43.Formationflightismorecomfortablebecausepassengerscannotseetheotherplans.

44.Therolethatweatherplaysinformationflighthasnotyetbeenclearlydefined.

45.IthasbeendocumentedthatduringWorldWarII,America'sarmedforcesoncetriedformation

flighttosavefuel.

SectionIIITranslation

46.Directions:

InthissectionthereisatextinEnglish.TranslateitintoChinese.WriteyourtranslationonANSWER

SHEET2.(15points)

“Sustainability“hasbecomeapopularwordthesedays,buttoTedNing,theconceptwillalways