PredicativeClausesPara.2Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheories…Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Anotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.………空氣污染引發霍亂。……食物或飲用水中的細菌感染導致霍亂。Activity1:Underlinealltheexamplesinthereadingpassagewherenounclausesareusedasthepredicative.Thenstatetheirmeaningandfunctions.Para.3…Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.該女士似乎非常喜歡從水泵抽上來的水，每天都讓人從那里打水運到家里來。Para.4ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfectedbywaste.Moreover,Snowwaslaterabletoshow

a

link

between

other

cases

of

cholera

and

the

differentwatercompaniesinLondon.………寬街水泵抽上來的水被廢棄物污染了。表語是用來說明主語的身份、性質、品性、特征和狀態的，表語常由名詞、代詞、數詞、動詞過去分詞、動詞的-ing形式、副詞、介詞短語、形容詞、不定式和從句等來充當。1Whatisthepredicative？主語+系動詞+引導詞

+簡單句表語從句Onetheorywasthatbadaircausedthedisease.

Theotherwasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodandwater.

表語從句是指______________________,緊跟在________之后，對主語進行解釋、說明，使主語的內容具體化。從句在句子中充當表語系動詞2表語從句的構成系動詞的分類1.感官類系動詞（sound,look,taste,smell,feel)2.變化類系動詞(get,fall,grow,turn,go,become…)be動詞3.狀態系動詞保持類系動詞（keep,remain,stay）似乎類系動詞（

seem,appear

）證明類系動詞（prove,turnout)系動詞后的成分為表語。系動詞后的從句為表語從句。（am,is,are,was,were)，意為“是”3系動詞從屬連詞：that/whether連接代詞：who/what/whom/whose/which連接副詞：when/where/why/how其他連詞：because/asif/asthough(if不引導表語

從句)4

引導詞1.表語從句中一定用陳述句語序.2.表語從句是不用if引導的,要用whether.3.時態不受主句的限制.4.主語是reason時，表語從句常用that，不用because.表語從句的注意點Thegrammarrulersofthepredicativeclause我們要做運動的原因是因為它能強壯我們的身體。Thereasonwhyweshoulddoexerciseisthatitcanbuildupourbody.Thereasonwhy....isthat.....Thereasonfor......isthat.........的原因是......Thisiswhy...這就是……的原因(強調結果)Thisisbecause...這是因為……(強調原因)Doingexerciseplaysanimportantroleinourlife.Thatisbecauseitcanbuildupourbody.一句多譯(替換because):她越來越胖的原因是吃太多的垃圾食品。③Sheisbecomingfatterandfatter.Thisis___________sheeatstoomuchjunkfood.④Sheeatstoomuchjunkfood.That's_______sheisbecomingfatterandfatter.⑤__________________________________________________________________sheeatstoomuchjunkfood.becausewhyThereasonwhysheisbecomingfatterandfatteristhat表語從句的注意點Thegrammarrulersofthepredicativeclause51）

表語從句的虛擬語氣Myproposalisthatwe(should)startearlytomorrow.Myadviceisthatwe(should)gettherebytrain.Mysuggestionisthatwe(should)goandhelphim.1)主語是表示建議、命令、要求、計劃等的名詞時，表語從句中謂語動詞用“should+動詞原形”，should可省略2)asif/asthough引導的表語從句常跟在look,seem,sound,feel等后面語氣：

若表示真實情況，用陳述語氣。若表示非真實情況，用虛擬語氣。Darkcloudsaregathering.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.Itsoundedasifthenightwouldneverend.表語從句的注意點Thegrammarrulersofthepredicativeclause表語從句的注意點Thegrammarrulersofthepredicativeclauseasif/asthough引導的表語從句的虛擬語氣：

若跟現在事實不符：過去式（be動詞用were）若跟過去事實不符：haddone

若跟將來事實不符：would/could+動詞原形Thelittleboytalksasifhe________

（know）everythingintheworld.Hefeltasifhe____________(meet)thisyoungladyforalongsomewhere.

hadmetknew1.Itsoundsasifsomeone_________(be)knockingatthedoor.

2.Tomlikestotalkbigasifhe______(be)animportantperson.3.Heopenshismouthasifhe__________(eat)something.4.HetalkedaboutRomeasifhe___________(be)there.(對現在的虛擬，用一般過去時，be動詞用were)werewerewouldeathadbeen(與事實不相符)(對將來的虛擬，用would/could/might+do)(對過去的虛擬，用haddone)表語從句引導詞的選擇Thequestionis___________theycouldhandletheproblem.Theycouldhandletheproblem.thequestionwhether

從屬連詞whether不做成分,但有意義，表“是否”從屬連詞：that、whether(不能用if)1.Mybeliefis______________Iwillsucceedbyworkinghard.2.Themostpleasantthingoftherainyseasonis________onecanbeentirelyfreefromdust.雨季最令人愉快的事情是完全沒有灰塵。3.Theproblemis______________wecanfindthemthere.

whetherthatthatthat在從句中不做成分，也沒有實際意義，但不可省略；whether也不能省略，意思為：是否。表語從句引導詞的選擇Themostimportantthingis________

telescopecanfindthesuitableplanettolivein.Thetelescopecanfindthesuitableplanettolivein.whose

連接代詞表語從句引導詞的選擇Faceyourfaultbravely.what

連接代詞做成分（主語/賓語/表語），有意義，不能省略。Thisis______mymotherhastaughtme---tofacemyfaultbravely.表語從句引導詞的選擇Thequestionis______wassuspectedofstealingthemoney.Theysuspectedsomeoneofstealingthemoney.who

連接代詞做成分（主語/賓語/表語），有意義，不能省略。表語從句引導詞的選擇Hefailedintheexam.That's_______hefeltfrustrated.Hefeltfrustrated.Hefailedintheexam.why

連接副詞做成分（狀語），有意義，不能省略。表語從句引導詞的選擇Hefeltfrustrated.That's__________hefailedintheexam.Hefeltfrustrated.Hefailedintheexam.because表語從句引導詞的選擇Thatis________thejettookoff.Thejettookoff.where

連接副詞做成分（狀語），有意義，不能省略。表語從句引導詞的選擇Thequestionis______shecantransformhersonintoastrong-willedboy.Shecantransformhersonintoastrong-willedboy.thequestionishow

連接副詞做成分（狀語），有意義，不能省略。表語從句引導詞的選擇Whattheauthoritywantstoknowis_______thefirebrokeout.Thefirebrokeout.when

連接副詞做成分（狀語），有意義，不能省略。即學即練learningandpracticeThisis__________Iwant.MyEnglishislimited.Thisis_______IhatereadingEnglishbooks.Thevillageis_________Iusedtospendmyholiday.Heismyfavoritesinger.Itis________Ireallylovethewayhebehaves.Thetroubleis__________weareshortoffunds.Myproblemis__________coatissuitableforme.I’d

like

to

startmyownbusiness—that’s____IwanttodoifIhadthemoney.WhatIwanttoknowis_______willsupportme.whatwherewhybecausethatwhichwhatwho即學即練learningandpracticeMysuggestionisthatwe__________(go)tohospitalatonce.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater,itlooksasifit_______(be)broken.Myproposal/ideaisthatwe___________(get)morepeopletoattendtheconference.Thelittlegirltalkedasifshe___________(be)agrown-up.Shelooksasifshe_________(be)tenyearsyounger.shouldgowereshouldgethadbeenwere即學即練learningandpractice1.Heiscarelessandirresponsible.Thatwas_______hewasfired.2.Hewasfired.Thatwas_________heiscarelessandirresponsible.3.Thereason_______hewasfiredwas________hewascarelessandirresponsible.whybecausewhythat1.Thereasonwhytheywerealwayspoorwasbecausetheypaidlittleattentiontoeducation.2.Whatmadetheschoolproudwasmorethan90%ofthestudentshadbeenadmittedtokeyuniversities.3.Thequestionisifheisabletodoitalone.4.Theheadmaster’sorderwasthatallstudentsfinishedhomeworkbefore8:00p.m.單句改錯。thatthatwhetherfinish?Ⅱ.單句填空1.Thetroubleis

Ihavelosthisaddress.

2.Thequestionis

Ishouldgotothecinemawithhim,orgoshoppingwithher.

3.Thatwas

shedidthismorningonherwaytothestation.

4.Hewasinjuredbyacarthismorning.Thisis

hewasabsentfromschool.

5.Hehasmaderapidprogress.Thatis

heisgifted.

6.That’s

heusedtolive.

that

whether

what

why

because

where

7.Hissuggestionisthatanothermeeting

(hold)todiscusstheproblem.

8.Theimpressionhemakesonmeis

heisareliableperson.

9.Thereasonwhyhewasfiredwas

hewassuspectedofstealingthecomputerofhiscompany.

10.Theproblemis

isreallyfitforthehardjob.

(should)beheld

that

that

whoSummary：1.表語從句的結構:主語+系動詞+引導詞

+簡單句2.引導詞:｛連詞：that,whether,as,asif/though,because連接代詞：who,what,which,whom,whose...+ever連接副詞：when,where,how,why,...+ever3.注意點:3）if不引導表語從句。4）表語從句的虛擬語氣。5）主語為reason時，引導詞用that1）語序:連主謂。2）that引導表語從句時不能省略。表語從句若作狀語，則用when,where,how,why引導解題思路找出謂語，鎖定從句先成分，后含義若不作成分，則用that,asif/though,whether,because引導，只起連接作用若作主語，賓語、表語、定語等成分，則用what(ever),who(ever),whom(ever),whose,which(ever)引導Answerthefollowingquestionsusingtheinformationfromthereadingpassageaswellasthepredicativeclauses.P5Ex.2ExampleWhatwasitthatJohnSnowshowedtotheworld?WhatJohnSnowshowedtotheworldwas__________________________.howcholeracouldbeovercomehow

意思為“如何”，在表語從句中充當狀語1.WhatwasSnow’sdiscoveryintwoparticularstreetsinLondon?Snow’sdiscoveryintwoparticularstreetsinLondonwas______________________________________________________________________________

thatthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.that

無意義，在表從中不充當成分,起連接作用，不能省略3.WhatweretheexactplacesSnowmarkedonthemap?

TheexactplacesSnowmarkedonthemapwere

______________________________whereallthosewhodiedhadlived.where意思為“……的地點”，在表從中充當狀語4.WhatwasthefindingthatSnowannounced?

Snow’sfindingwas_______________________________________

thatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms./that

thewaterpumpwaterwastoblameforthespreadofcholera.that

無意義，在表語從句中不充當成分,起連接作用，不能省略2.WhatwasSnowdeterminedtofindoutduringthe1854outbreakofcholerainLondon?WhatSnowwasdeterminedtofindoutwas________________________________________________________whytheoutbreakofcholerahadcausedover500deathswithintendays.why意思為“……的原因”，在從句中充當狀語asifthatwhatwhowhenhowwhywhosewhichwhether

AAbsolutely.Youmaynotbelieveit,butthatwas_____happenedattheinitialstageofourgroup’sresearchondevelopingavaccineformalaria.BYes,itis.Anditseemed_____allthetheorieswereuseful,butthefactwas_____wecouldn’tpersuadeoneanotherthatoneth