教選修第四冊Unit3

SeaExplorationGrammar：動詞不定式一、動詞不定式的時態與語態主動語態被動語態意義一般時todotobedone表示動作與謂語動作同時發生或發生在謂語動作之后完成時tohavedonetohavebeendone表示動作發生在謂語動作之前主動語態被動語態意義進行時tobedoing表示謂語動作發生時,不定式的動作正在進行完成進行時tohavebeendoing表示其動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前并且一直在進行*Iplantoattendthemeetingtobeheldtomorrow.我打算參加明天舉行的會議。(attend的動作在plan之后發生,且meeting與hold之間為被動關系)*Theyaresaidtobestudyingpsychology.據說他們正在研究心理學。(besaid與study同時發生)*I’mverysorrytohavekeptyousittingarounddoingnothing.讓你一直無所事事閑坐著我很抱歉。(keep發生在besorry之前)*Noharmseemstohavebeendone.似乎并沒有什么危害發生。(do發生在seem之前,且harm與do之間是被動關系)*Sheisknowntohavebeendealingwiththeproblemsformanyyears.大家知道她處理這類難題已經有很多年了。不定式的“被動”與“否定”(1)不定式的被動式表示其邏輯主語為不定式動作的承受者。*It’sagreathonortobeinvitedtoMary’sbirthdayparty.被邀請參加瑪麗的生日聚會是一件非常榮幸的事情。(2)不定式的否定式通常是將否定詞not或never置于不定式之前,即構成nottodo或nevertodo這樣的形式。*Theytookavoteanddecidednottodoit.他們進行了表決,決定放棄。*Howmanytimeshasyourmothertoldyounevertotalktostrangers?你母親告訴你多少次了,絕不能和陌生人談話?語法填空(1)Theworldwillbedifferent,andwewillhaveto___________(prepare)toadapttothechange.

(2)Shepretendedto__________(sleep)whenhermothercamein.

(3)Heissaidto_________________(work)inthisfactoryformorethantwentyyears.

bepreparedbesleepinghavebeenworking二、動詞不定式的句法功能動詞不定式可以用來作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語、定語、狀語,表示比較具體的意義。1.不定式作主語動詞不定式作主語多表示將來特定的某一次動作。*Toblametheworkerwillnotmakeupfortheloss.責備那個工人彌補不了損失。*(2018·天津高考)Ittookhimalongtimetoacquiretheskillsheneededtobecomeagooddancer.他花了很長時間才獲得成為一名優秀舞者所需的技能。①不定式短語作主語時,為了保持句子平衡,往往用it作形式主語,而把不定式短語置于謂語動詞之后。②若要說明不定式的動作的執行者,可以在不定式前面加上“for/of+n./pron.”結構。當形容詞表達事物的特征時用forsb.;當形容詞表達人所具有的特征或品質時用ofsb.,這樣的形容詞有careful,cruel,foolish,brave,good,honest,kind,rude,polite,nice,stupid,wise,wrong等。*Itisgenerousofhimtocontributesomuch.他捐獻了這么多真是太慷慨了。*Itisimportantforustolivealow-carbonlife.過低碳生活對我們來說很重要。【即學活用】語法填空(1)Itiscommon______(find)thistypeofpoetry,calligraphyart,hanginginpeople’shomes.

(2)Ifyouliveinacoldclimate,itwillbeimportant_______(know)yourdog’slimitsandhowyoucankeepitsafeandwarm.

(3)Itisanhonorforme___________(invite)toattendthemeeting.

tofindtoknowtobeinvited2.不定式作表語不定式作表語主要有三種情況,一是用于seem,appear,prove,turnout等連系動詞之后的不定式(尤其是tobe);二是像Myjobistosweepthefloor.(我的工作就是擦地板。)這樣的主語與表語“等價”的情形;三是表示想法、約定、義務、命令、可能性、命運等。*Heseemstobeill.

他似乎生病了。*Herwishistobeateacher.

她的愿望就是當一名教師。*Wearetomeetatthestationatthree.我們約定3點鐘在車站見面。【即學活用】語法填空(1)Itisimportanttorememberwhenyou’retryingtogetalongwithpeoplewhoareverydifficultorseem____________(ignore)you,everyoneisjustdoingthebestthattheycan.

(2)Heischildren’sbookseditor,whosejobis______(sort)throughthousandsofnewtitlespublishedeachyearandselecttheverybestonesinThe

Times.

(3)Thegoalofthisactivityis_______(meet)theneedsofcommonpeople.

tobeignoringtosorttomeet3.不定式作賓語(1)下列動詞只能用不定式作賓語,請牢記下面的口訣:決心學會想希望,拒絕設法愿假裝decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend主動答應選計劃,同意請求幫一幫offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help*Weagreedtomeetattheschoolgate.我們一致同意在校門口見面。(2)在某些動詞如find,think,consider,feel,make,believe后,常用it作形式賓語,然后加賓語補足語,最后加不定式作真正的賓語。*Wethinkitourdutytoprotecttheenvironment.我們認為保護環境是我們的責任。語法填空(1)Hepretended____________(read)thetextwhenIcamein.

(2)Iheardapassengerbehindmeshoutingtothedriver,butherefused______(stop)untilwereachedthenextstop.

(3)Ithinkitnecessary_______(send)foranexpert.

(4)ButSarah,whohastakenpartinshowsalongwithtopmodels,wants________(prove)thatshehasbrainsaswellasbeauty.

tobereadingtostoptosendtoprove4.不定式作賓語補足語(1)在很多動詞后都可以用不定式作賓語補足語,如ask,want,invite,get,force,expect,allow,persuade,order,warn,remind,prefer,cause,permit,forbid,advise,teach等。*Fatherwillnotallowustoplayinthestreet.父親不會允許我們在街上玩耍。(2)下列動詞(短語)接省略to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語,表示動作的全過程。一感(feel),二聽(hear,listento),三使(let,have,make),五看(see,notice,observe,watch,lookat),半幫助(help),動詞不定式作help賓語補足語時,既可帶to,也可不帶to。*Nobodysawhimcomein.(主動語態)沒人看見他進來。以上單詞,當其所在句子改為被動句時,動詞不定式符號“to”必須保留。例如:*Thethiefwasobservedto

enterthebank.(被動語態)有人看見小偷進了銀行。語法填空(1)Whatcausedhim_________(change)hismind?

(2)Hedidn’tallowthestudents_____(go)there.

(3)Theteachergotsomestudents______(stay)intheclassroomafterschool.

(4)Hewasmade_______(work)dayandnight.

tochangetogotostaytowork5.不定式作定語(1)不定式作定語表示將來的動作。*Iwantedtocometoyourbirthdayparty,butIhadaprojecttofinishthen.(2)不定式常放在某些名詞或代詞后作定語。如果作定語的不定式是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點、工具等,不定式后需要加相應的介詞。*Ineedapentowritewith.

我需要一支鋼筆寫字。(3)不定式用來修飾被序數詞、最高級或no,all,any等限定的中心詞,且與中心詞為邏輯上的主動關系。*Heisalwaysthefirsttoarriveattheschoolandthelasttoleavetheschool.他總是第一個到校,最后一個離校。(4)被修飾詞是抽象名詞時,常用不定式作定語。常見的該類名詞有:ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way等。*Theabilitytoexpressanideaisasimportantastheideaitself.表達觀點的能力與觀點本身同等重要。不定式作定語時,若句子主語是不定式動作的執行者,則用主動形式表被動含義;若句子主語不是不定式動作的執行者,則用被動形式表被動含義。*Shehasasistertolookafter.

她有一個妹妹要照顧。(she是lookafter的執行者)語法填空(1)Thebestway_____(set)yourselfupforsuccessistomakesurethatyourgoalsareSMART:specific,measurable,attainable,relevant,andtimely.

(2)We’rehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecision__________(make)atthemeetingwillinfluencethefutureofourcompany.

(3)Birds’singingissometimesawarningtootherbirds______(stay)away.

(4)Volunteeringgivesyouachance_________(change)lives,includingyourown.

tosettobemadetostaytochange6.不定式作狀語

(1)作目的狀語。表示“為了”,可以單獨放在句首、句中或句末。如果強調目的性,不定式前也可加inorder或soas,但soasto不能置于句首。*To/Inordertoincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms.為了提高社區服務水平,一些學校已經發起了義務志愿者服務計劃。(2)作結果狀語。不定式作結果狀語常表示令人意外的結果,有時前面加only,以加強語氣。常用于下列結構中:onlytodo表示意想不到的結果enoughtodo足夠做……too...todo太……而不能……so/such...asto...

如此……以至于……*Tomtookataxitotheairport,onlytofindhisplanehighupinthesky.湯姆乘出租車去了機場,結果發現他要乘坐的飛機已飛入高空。*Heisoldenoughto

gotoschool.他到上學的年齡了。(3)作原因狀語。表示喜、怒、哀、樂等的形容詞作表語時,后可接不定式作原因狀語,用以說明產生這種心理活動或情緒的原因,常用于這類結構的形容詞有sorry,surprised,disappointed,excited,glad,happy,anxious,delighted,pleased,foolish等。*Maggiewasgladtobehomeinherownbed.瑪吉回到家躺在自己的床上,覺得非常高興。*I’mdelightedtohearthatyouarekeenonChinesetraditionalculture.我很高興聽到你喜歡中國傳統文化。語法填空(1)__________(liberate)ourcountry,theydevotedtheirlives.

(2)________(learn)moreaboutChineseculture,JackhasdecidedtotakeChinesefolkmusicasanelectivecourse.

(3)Maryrushedhomeimmediatelysheheardthenews,only______(find)thatherhusbandwasgone.

(4)YouwillneverknowhowhappyIwas_____(see)heryesterday.ToliberateTolearntofindtosee單句語法填空1.Iencouragereaderstogototheirlocallibrarywhentheycan’tafford__________(purchase)abook.

2.Ahousewarmingpartyisaspecialparty_________(hold)whensomeonebuysormovesintoanewapartmentorhouse.

3Therewillstillbelotsofchallengesifweare_________(classify)garbageinashorttime.

topurchasetobeheldtoclassify4._______(help)uspreparefortheexam,theteachersuggestedreadingthroughournotes.

5.Ittakessunscreenaboutfifteenminutestostartworking,andthat’splentyoftimeforyourskin_________(absorb)aday’sworthofVitaminD.

6.It’severyone’sresponsibility_______(make)gooduseofwater,suchasrecyclingandsavingwaterinourdailylife.

Tohelptoabsorbtomake7.Ifsuccessful,WenXu,32,willbethefirstperson_______(cross)AntarcticaalonefromtheshoreBerknerIsland,accordingtotheeventorganizer.

8.Theyhavebeenintheroomlisteningtoexplanationswhenthingsseem____________(go)wrong.

9.Jackwasinlowspiritsthosedaysandhisfriendsdidalltheycould_______(cheer)himup.

10.Iwaswatchingtheclockallthroughthemeeting,asIhadatrain_______(catch).

tocrosstohavegonetocheertocatch

用不定式完成句子1.Chineseresearchers_________________________________________tofindandstudyareasoftheSouthPoleAitkenbasin.

中國的研究者希望使用嫦娥四號上的設備來發現和研究南極艾特肯盆地。2.I________________________buttheicecreamlookedsogoodthatIcouldn’thelptryingit.

我當時什么都不想吃,但是那個冰激凌看上去太誘人了以至于我禁不住品嘗了它。hopetousetheinstrumentsonboardChang’e-4didn’tmeantoeatanything3.Thebestway__________________istodependonyourself.

解決這個問題的最好辦法是依靠你自己。4.DuringtheMid-AutumnFestival,familymembersoftengathertogether__________________________________________________過中秋節的時候,家人們通常會團聚在一起吃飯、賞月和品嘗月餅。5.Itisagreatpleasureforme___________________withyouthesedays.

我很高興這段時間和你一起共事。tosolvetheproblemtoshareameal,admirethemoonandenjoymooncakes.

tohavebeenworking6.I_____________________________beforetheendofthisterm.

這個學期結束前,我要做很多閱讀練習。7.Helenborrowedmybooktheotherday,________________________

海倫在幾天前借了我的書,答應我會馬上還給我。havealotofreadingstocompletepromisingtoreturnitsoon.8.Althoughparents_________________________________________________,theirkidshavemarkedthempoorlyonbeinggoodrolemodelswhenitcomestodealingwithlife’sdifficulties.

盡管父母似乎給他們的兒子和女兒們提供了很好的建議,但他們的孩子們在處理生活中遇到的困難時,卻很難成為好的榜樣。seemtobegivinggoodadvicetotheirsonsanddaughters9.Police____________________________________________________________

警方敦促任何看到事故的人立即與他們聯系。10.Thequeenbee______________________inthecombbuiltbythediligentworkerbees.

蜂王似乎在勤勞的工蜂建造的蜂巢里得到了很好的護理。areurginganyonewhosawtheaccidenttocontactthemimmediately.appearstobenursedwell使用本單元所學的語法知識補全下面語段

Thescientists1.________________(決定探索)thedeepoceaninordertofindoutwhatexistsatthefloorofthesea.Theirfirststep2.__________________(實施這項計劃)is3._________________________(派一臺深水機器)designedspeciallyfortheresearch.4.____________________________________________(由科學家們遠程控制的機器)atthesurfaceoftheseaisinashapeofanegg.decidedtoexploretocarryouttheplantosendadeepwatermachineThemachinetobecontrolledremotelybyscientistsTheywillwatchthemachine5.___________________(潛入大海深處).6.________________________(進行這樣的研究)isalongprojectthatscientistshavepreparedforseveralmonths.

divedeepintotheseaToconductsucharesearch1.Thenewphoneisveryeasy_________(operate).Anybodycanlearntouseitinafewminutes.

2.Tomaskedthecandymakersiftheycouldmakethechocolateeasier________(break)intosmallpieces.

3.Itcanbedishearteningtospendalotoftimepreparingamealonly______(find)yourkidsturningtheirnoseupatit.

4.Manyairlinesnowallowpassengerstoprinttheirboardingpassesonline______(save)theirvaluabletime.

tooperatetobreaktofindtosave

完成句子1._________________________________________________________________,you’dbetterkeepthiscardathand.

為了更容易與我們取得聯系,你最好把這張卡片放在手邊。2.IrememberItoldmymommorethanoncethatIhoped__________________________________.

我記得我不止一次告訴我媽媽我希望將來追求演藝事業。Tomakeiteasiertogetintouchwith