突發事件應對之地雷及爆炸物

Emergencyreaction，minesandIED地雷PURPOSE目的Toincreaseindividualunderstandingofthemineandunexplodedordnance(UXO)threatanddevelopcountermineskillsinordertoprotecttheforcewhileconductingalloperations.提高關于地雷和未爆軍火(UXO)的了解，增加我們在工作中的應對能力TRAININGOBJECTIVES訓練目標KNOWTHETYPESANDMECHANISEMSFOREXPOLOSIVEDEVICES了解爆炸物的機理和類型KNOWTHEINDICATORSOFMINESANDBOOBYTRAPS了解地雷和陷阱的指示STEPSTOTAKEWHENYOUENCOUNTERAMINEORUXO遭遇地雷和未爆物的反應步驟HAZARDIDENTIFICATION危害認識:-1MILLIONMINES一百萬顆地雷RISKMANAGEMENT&REDUCTION風險管理&降低:

EXTREMELYHIGH非常高HAZARD危害CONTROLS控制ONEMILLIONUNCLEAREDMINES一百萬顆未清除地雷

STAYONAPPROVEDROUTES只走經過確認的路線

STOP,AVOID,REPORT,MARK停下，避開，報告，標志

SITUATIONALAWARENESS環境意識

LANDNAVIGATION導航

DEVELOPMINESENSE發展發現地雷的直覺RISKMANAGEMENTSCHEME風險管理計劃受到地雷影響的國家Whathappenstoalegwhensomeonestepsonalandmine.

踩到地雷后7.Resultsofsteppingonalandmine.踩到地雷后8Iraq伊拉克About48,000-68,000SurvivorsofERW大約48000-68000幸存者2011atlest141newcasualties(KurdistanandNorthrenIraq)-Only2weresecurityforces在2011年有141個傷員，只有2人是安全部隊成員Thisisanincreasefrom2010比2010年上升Since19918000casualtiesfromclustermunitions1991年以來，8000名傷員是被集束彈藥炸傷MineWarfare地雷戰Differentthanotherweaponssystems區別于其他武器系統Targetcomestotheweapon目標找上武器Weaponssystemactivated(planted)withoutaspecifictargetdetected.武器激發不需要探測目標Don’thavetobethereforittowork.武器必需在現場CanbecrudeandstillbeVERYeffective武器可以很糙但不影響效能Requiresadvancedplanning武器需要提前布置12MINETYPES類型型ANTI-PERSONNEL-DESIGNEDTOKILLORMAIMDISMOUNTEDTROOPS反步步兵兵雷雷：：用用來來殺殺死死或或致致殘殘徒徒步步人人員員ANTI-TANK-DESIGNEDTODESTROYORDISABLETRACKORWHEELEDVEHICLES反坦坦克克類類：：用用來來對對付付履履帶帶或或輪輪式式車車輛輛，，摧摧毀毀或或使使之之喪喪失失行行動動能能力力MineComponents結構FiringMechanism擊發裝置置Detonator雷管Booster發火藥Maincharge主爆藥Safety/armingmechanism保險裝置置Casing/body外殼FUZETYPES引信類型型PRESSURE(Mechanical)壓發（機機械）OVERPRESSURE/DELAY松發（延延時）SEISMIC震動擊發發MAGNETIC磁力擊發發CHEMICAL化學擊發發TRIPWIRE(PUSH/PULL)拌線（推推/拉）COMMANDDETONATED指令擊發發Design設計Useaslittlemetalaspossible,tomakelocationbymetaldetectorsmoredifficult.盡量少用用金屬，，減少被被探測出出來的可可能Minesmademostlyfromplasticarealsoverycheaptoproduce大量使用用塑料，，非常便便宜AntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷雷Intendedtoinjureandnottokill(exceptions)故意致傷傷而不致致死（意意外）2-50gexplosives2-50克裝藥Needpressureof5-20kg需要5-20公斤壓力力引發Differentblastoptions不同的爆爆炸選擇擇視頻：..\Movies\Antipersonal.wmvAntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷雷AntiPersonnelMines反步兵雷雷..\Movies\anothergermaninventionforthegoodofhumanity.wmvBooby-trap詭雷Anti-TankMines反坦克雷雷Purpose:stopatank目的：致致停坦克克Standardmine-7-10kg標準雷：：7-10公斤Needpressureof100-300kg需要：100-300公斤觸發發Anti-TankMines反坦克雷雷視頻Blast爆炸Penetration射穿TiltRod觸桿OffRoute路邊Anti-TankMines反坦克雷雷Blast爆炸DAMAGESVEHICLESDUETOBLAST通過爆炸炸來損害害車輛SOMEFRAGMENTATIONMAYOCCUR會產生碎碎片Anti-TankMines反坦克雷雷視頻Anti-TankMines反坦克雷雷Penetration射穿ASHAPECHARGEPENETRATESTHETARGET空心裝藥戰斗斗部穿透透目標Anti-TankMines反坦克雷雷TiltRod觸桿Anti-TankMines反坦克雷雷..\Movies\Antitank.wmvOFF-ROUTEMINES路邊雷FIREDEITHERBYTRIPWIREORORCOMMANDDETONATED由拌線擊擊發或指指令擊發發ACTIONSUPONDETECTION發現地雷雷后的行行動STOP停下AVOID避開REPORT報告MARK(?)標志CONTINUEMISSION?是否繼續續？ExampleforMineEmployment布雷樣式式AT(FullWidth)Minefields反坦克雷雷區（全全寬）9-12M20-40MVISUALDETECTION目測SURFACELAIDMINESAREUSUALLYVISIBLE路面布置的的地雷通常?？梢钥吹降絊IGNSOFROADREPAIR(NEWFILL,PAVING,ROADPATCHES,DITCHINGORCULVERTWORK)路面被動過過（新填土土、鋪過、、路面補丁丁、挖溝或或涵洞）WIRESLEADINGAWAYFROMTHEROAD有線拉出道道路ODDFEATURESORPATTERNS奇怪的現象象PIECESORWOODORDEBRISONROAD.路上有碎屑屑或木頭SIGNSTREES,POSTSORSTAKES.樹上有標記記，標桿或或木樁DAMAGEDVEHICLESORDEADANIMALS.損壞的車輛輛或動物尸尸體LIKELYLOCATIONSFORMINESANDBOOBYTRAPS可能布雷或或設陷阱的的地點MOUNTAINPASSESANDNARROWROADSWITHNOSHOULDERSORBYPASSES山埡口和沒沒有路肩的的窄路OLDCHECKPOINTSANDBATTLEFIELDS舊的檢查站站或舊戰場場ALONGOBSTACLEBYPASSES路障旁邊OBVIOUSRESTAREAS/CLEARINGSALONGROADS明顯的休息息區，經過過清掃的路路邊ABANDONEDBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURES廢棄的建筑筑物ABANDONEDWEAPONSANDTRINKETSATTRACTIVETOSOUVENIRHUNTERS丟棄的武器器，吸引人人的，值得得收藏的小小玩意兒OTHERDETECTIONMETHODS其他探測方方法LOCALCIVILIANSMAYKNOWWHEREMINESANDBOOBYTRAPSARELOCATEDINTHEAO.本地人可能能會了解哪哪里埋雷或或有陷阱LOCALMILITIAFORCESMAYBEABLETOPROVIDEASSISTANCEINLOCATINGTACTICALMINEFIELDS.本地的武裝裝組織或許許能提供關關于雷區的的幫助LOCALLYKNOWNMARKINGSYSTEMS(ROCKPILES,BROKENBRANCHESONTREES,CROSSEDSTICKSONROADS)本地人了解解關于雷區區或埋雷的的記號（石石頭堆、樹樹上的斷枝枝、路上交交叉的樹枝枝）LESSONSLEARNED經驗ATTACHTOWCABLETOTHEBACKOFVEHICLESTOEASEEXTRACTIONOFCASUALTIESANDDISABLEDVEHICLES預備拖車纜纜繩可以拖拖拽車輛和和幫助傷員員LEADCONVOYSWITHAHARDENEDORMINERESISTANTVEHICLE頭車要堅固固或具備抗抗雷性能TIEDOWNEQUIPMENTINTHEVEHICLE車內設備綁綁緊SMALLUNITMETHODSTODECREASEVULNERABILITYTO小規模單位位如何降低低脆弱性CHECKWITHHIGHERTOCONFIRMROUTEISCLEAREDBEFOREMOVING出發前同上上級確認路路線已經清清理過了AVOIDPREDICTABILITY避免形成行行動慣性SANDBAGANDHARDENSOFTSKINVEHICLES加強車輛外外殼，比如如加裝沙袋袋MINESTRIKE觸雷IFAVEHICLEINACONVOYONAPREVIOUSLYCLEAREDROUTESTRIKESAMINE,ALLOTHERVEHICLESINTHECONVOYIMMEDIATELYSTOP.當車隊中的的一輛車在在一條曾經經清理過的的道路上觸觸雷，所有有其他車輛輛要馬上停停下。MOVINGOFFTHEROADORTOWARDSTHESHOULDERS(HERRINGBONE)COULDEXPOSEMOREVEHICLESTOMINES.駛離道路或或開到路肩肩會導致更更多車輛觸觸雷SECURITYISPROVIDEDBYMAINTAININGVEHICLESPACING保持車間距距DISMOUNTEDMOVEMENTSHOULDBERESTRICTEDUNTILAPATHTOTHEDISABLEDVEHICLEISCLEAREDANDMARKED.除非道路得得到清理并并做好地雷雷標志，所所有人不應應下車走動動MINEAWARENESSTACTICALHINT地雷意識及及策略提示示REGARDLESSOFTHEARMOREDVEHICLE,WHENTHEMINETHREATISHIGHERTHANTHEDIRECTFIRETHREAT,KEEPYOURHATCHES““CRACKED”OPENANINCHORTWO.THATWAY,IFYOUDRIVEOVERAMINE,THEOVERPRESSUREFROMTHEEXPLOSIONWILLHAVEANESCAPEIFTHEHULLISPENETRATED.如果地雷的的威脅大于于直接火力力威脅，不不建議使用用裝甲車輛輛。車輛窗窗戶打開一一兩寸，這這樣當車輛輛觸雷被炸炸時，進入入車輛的壓壓力可以泄泄出，減少少對車內人人員的殺傷傷撤出Self/UnitExtractionSELF/UNITEXTRACTION個體/單位撤出FREEZE(STOPALLMOVEMENTINAREA)停下（停止止在區域內內的所有活活動）LEADERREPORTSTOHIGHERANDDESIGNATESPATHTOCLEARTHROUGHMINEFIELD領導馬上向向上級報告告，并指定定方向清理理撤出通道道EXTRACTIONELEMENTPROBESANDMARKSA