2020年考研英語(yǔ)（一）真題及參考答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingthebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET(10points)TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareavailableonoursmartusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphones_2_onbatterieszandbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize,_3_yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou_4_cantfindnorth,afewtrickstohelpyounavigate_5_tocivilization，oneofwhichistofollowtheland.Whenyoufindyourselfwell_6_atrail,butnotinacompletely_7_area,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which_8Jsdownhill’inthisparticularareaAndwhereisthenearestwatersourceHumansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffresh,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH20youfind,youshould_10_seesignsofpeopleIfyou'veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmaybe_ll_howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.Another_12_Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanindensefores,youshouldbeableto_14_gapsinthetreelineduetoroadsztraintrackszandotherpathspeoplecarve_15_thetowardthese_16_tofindawaymightcanthehorizonfor_17_lightsourcessuchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution._18_,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequentjookforthe_19_weleaveontheblazestireotherfeaturescan_20_youtocivilization.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]AII[A]put[Bjtake[C]run[D]come[A]Since[B]lf[CjThough[Djuntil[A]Formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally[A]back⑻next[C]around[D]away[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]alone][A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place[A]So[B]Yet[Cjlnstead[DjBesides[A]immediately[Bjintentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result[A]Aboveall[B]lncontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample[A]bridge[Bjavoid[C]spot[D]separate[A]form⑹through[C]beyond[D]Under[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[Djlimited[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]lncidentally[D]Generally[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings[A]restrict[B]adopt[Cjlead[DjexposeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA)Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts#AnswerthequestionseachtextbychoosingAorMarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET(40points)TextlFinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayedloyearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationformainpurposeofthis,,clawback',ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisktakingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitution,Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:morelongtermdecision-makingnotonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.$"Short?termism"orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedtheBankofEngland'stopquotesagaintofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshallindescribingthisfinancialimpatieneeasactinglike"Childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce,zratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast?TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandnoteshasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirmseffortstoinvestinIone-termresearchortobuildupcustomerhasbeendubbed"quarterlycapitalism"?Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequitiesquickeruseofinformation,andthusshortersattentionspansinfinancialmarkets."Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,"saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek?IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyAclof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformaneebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce,,short-termism.,,lnitslatestsurveyofCEOpayTheWallstreetJournalfindsthatHasubstantialpartHofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformanee.MuchmorecouldbedonetoencourageHlong-termism^uchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockFranee,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimescanmorevotingrightsinacompany.Withincompaniesztherightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders,Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformaneenotjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm?toParagraphl,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisthebankers'senseofresponsibilityBhelpcorporationsachievelargerprofitsanewsystemoffinancialregulationthebonusesoftopexecutivesMarshallisquotedtoindicateconditionsforgeneratingquickprofitsimpatieneeindecision-makingsolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies>D."short-termism"!neconomicactivitiesisarguedthattheinflueneeoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbeDtemporaryUSandFraneeexamplesandusedtoillustrateobstaclestopreventing"short-termism?significaneeorlongtermthinking?approachestopromotinglong-termism?prevaleneeofshort-termthinking.ofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetextofQuarterlyCapitalismasaCorporateVirtueRequiredofTopExecutivesofRisk-takingBankersText2Gradeinflation-thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobeanother,relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalledgradeforgiveness”?ishelpingraiseGPAs.Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgradationthispracticefirstarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchaneetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuseszallowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven?Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgradationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.HUntimely."saidJackMine,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar.Hweseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcontentsormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime?Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescollegesownneedsaspublicinstitutionsstatefindsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretentionsobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoreanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudentswho,attheendofthedayarepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges?Indeedgradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers'expectationsforhigherstudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajobjtisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgradateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartothis,students'andcolleges'incentivesseemtobealigned.iscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflationchangeofcoursecatalogs?<indifferencetoGPAS.CCollegesneglectofGPAS.influenceofconsumerculture?wastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgivenesshelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.maintaincollegesgraduationrates?preparegraduatesforachallengingfuture?increaseuniversities'incomefromtuition.toParagraphforgivenessenablescollegesmorefinancialsupport?theirstudentenrollments.theirteachingquality.localgovernments'needs?doesthephrase/ztobealigned"(Lineprobablymeancounterbalaneeeachothercomplementeachother?>beidenticalwitheachotherbecontradictorytoeachother.authorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessbyAassessingitsfeasibilitythecausesbehindit.differentviewsonit.itslong-runeffectsText3ThisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationofFrankenstein,ModemPrometheusbyMarybeforetheinventionoftheelectriclightbulb’theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwouldforeshadowmanychicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome?Todaytherapidgrowthofartificialintelligence(An)raisesfundamentalquestions:HWhatisintelligencejdentity’orconsciousnesswhatmakeshumanshumansWhatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitatethewayhumansthinkcontinuestoevadehumansremainfascinatedbytheideaofrobotsthatwouldloo^move^ndrespondlikehumans,similartothoserecentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTvseriessuchasHWestworldandHHumans”.Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstoodletalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist/Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere."Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAlaren'tatcominguseofautonomousexampleposesthornyethicaldriverssometimemakesplit-secondreactionsmaybeacomplexcombinationofinstantfrompastdrivingexperiences^ndwhattheireyesandearstelltheminthat"vision,,todayisnotnearlyassophisticatedasthatoftoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituationisadifficultprogrammingproblem.Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata.Hyouquicklygetintoalotofethicalquestions/notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagencythatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningtoestablishtheirownissettingupadataethicsreleaseditsAlethicsstrategythisspring.OnJune7GooglepledgednottoHdesignordeployArnthatwouldcauseHoverallharm/'ortodevelopAl-directedweaponsoruseAlforsurveillaneethatwouldviolateinternationalalsopledgednottodeployAlwhoseusewouldviolateinternationallawsorhumanrights?Whilethestatementisvaguejtrepresentsonestartingpoint,SodoestheideathatdecisionsmadebyAlsystemsshouldbeexplainable,fair.Toputitanothercanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligentmachinesreflectshumanity'shighestvaluesOnlythenwilltheybeusefulservantsandnotFrankensteirfsout-o仁controlmonster.Shelle/snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseAlscientistsallovertheworldremainedpopularforasIongas200years?someconcernsraisedbyAltodaysparkedseriousethicalcontroversiesDavidEagleman^opinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousnessexplainartificialintelligenee.bemisleadingtorobotmakingpopularsci-fiTVseriestoolimitedforustoreproduceitsolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicleshardlyeverbefound.stillbeyondourcapacitylittlepublicconcern)arousedmuchcuriosityauthorsattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneofofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext'sFutureJntheHandsofTechgiants，theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAConscieneeofAkComplexButInevitableShallBeKillersonceoutofControlText4StateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonlinepurchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswithlighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates?TheSupremeCourtsopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthatstatessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenuedecisionsmadeitmoredifficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases?Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomerspurchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpreseneesuchasawarehouseorbusinessdid'thavetocollectsalestaxfortheweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselvesiftheyweren"tchargedit,butmostdidn'trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid?JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereyearthephysicalpreseneerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestotheStates."hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices,Kennedywrotethattherulelimitedstatesabilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapreseneeinmanystates,sineetheyusuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalreadyNow,rivalswillbechargingsalestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore,Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestaxnationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseisbeingshippeditsnetworkofwarehousesalsocollectssalestaxineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpreseneeinonlyasinglestateorafewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddressesoutsidethosestatesSellersthatuseeBayandprovideplatformsforsmallersellers,alsohatcollect!ngsalestaxtherulingThursday,statescanpasslawsout..statesellerstocollectthestate'ssalestaxfromcustomersandsendittothestale/RetailtradegroupspraisedtheitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocalandonlineloserszsaidretailanalystNeilSaunders，areonline?onlyretailersespeciallysmallerretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwithvariousstatesalestaxSmallBusinessEntrepreneurshipCounciladvocacygroupsaidinastatement"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursarenotwellservedatallbythisdecision.SupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywillbusinessrelationswithstatesmostonlinebusinessinadilemmamoreonlineshopperspaysulestaxsomesatestoctsalestaxcanbelearnedfromparagraph2and3thattheoverruleddecisionsledtothedomainanceofe-commercecostconsumersalotovertheyearswidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchaseconsiderunfavorablebystatestoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpreseneerulehaseconomicdevelopmentprosperitytothecountryfairmarketcompetitiongrowthinstates,revenuearemostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtrulingentrepreneursownerssellersretailersdealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaytheauthorafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequencesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmakingitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthemsomesacesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplicationsPartBDirections.ThefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongQuestionsarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA?GandfillingthenintothenumberedCandFhavebeencorrectlyyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)toolscanhelpyouwineveryargument?notintheunhelpfulsenseofbeatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthatdividepeoplelearningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandworktogetherwithwereadjustourviewofarguments-fromaverbalfightortennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,andunderstanding?thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeanstonwin”anargument.course,manydiscussionsarenotsozweneedtobecarefulnottoaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooneedtoleanhowtoevaluatethemlargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesamecriticalstandardstorequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessinyourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside?ofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefusetoNexttimeyoustateyourpositionformulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestlyaskyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanytimeyoutalkwithsomeonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirviewSpellouttheirargumentfullyanditsstrengthobjectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies?wouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkofphysicaltights,verbalfightscanleavebothsideswhenyouwin,youendupnobetterprospectswouldbealmostasdismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitionsztennisofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwhoelsekindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletrytoavoidaboutpoliticsandreligion.his1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInflueneePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:"Thereisonlyonegetthebestofanargument?andthatistoavoidit."Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewofargumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsforourpersonalandsociallives-andinmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace?viewsofargumentsalsoundermineyouseeaconversationasafightorcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudongowillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadcancalltheirviewsstupidorjokeabouthowignoranttheyofthesetrickswillhelpyouunderstandthemztheirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycanhelpyouwirvinoneway.isabetterwaytowinthatyoufavorincreasingtheminimumwageinourstate,andIdoyouyell「Yes「andIyell.”No「neitherofuslearnsneitherunderstandnorrespecteachwehavenobasisforcompromiseorcontrast,supposeyougiveareasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwagewillforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesswecanunderstandeachother'spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sineewebothcareaboutneedyworkers?41-42-F-43-44-C-45PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintotranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,andbegreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoendthatIrealizedjusthowbadmuchofthemedicalliteraturefrequencywasjcametorecognizevarioussinsofabadpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoestmorethanonekiloofbroccoliaweekweretimesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosufferlateinlifefromperniciousisagreatdealofthiskindofnonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelaypress,generatebothhealthscoresandshort-liveddietaryenthusiasms