Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors)startoutatameasuredresistance,theirbaselineresistance.Iftherehasbeennochangeinthecompositionoftheair,thefilmsstayatthebaselineresistanceandthepercentchangeiszeroe-e-e-e-e-e-BASELINERESISTANCEAllofthepolymerfilmsona1

Ifadifferentcompoundhadcausedtheairtochange,thepatternofthepolymerfilms'changewouldhavebeendifferent:

Eachpolymerchangesitssize,andthereforeitsresistance,byadifferentamount,makingapatternofthechange

THEELECTRONICNOSESMELLSSOMETHINGe-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-Ifadifferentcompoundhadc2SistemadesarrolladoporNASAparalosshuttles,etc.SistemadesarrolladoporNASA3Theelectronicnoseconsistsoftwocomponents,anarrayofchemicalsensors(usuallygassensors)and(2)apattern-recognitionalgorithm.Thesensorarray"sniffs"thevaporsfromasampleandprovidesasetofmeasurements;thepattern-recognizercomparesthepatternofthemeasurementstostoredpatternsforknownmaterials.Gassensorstendtohaveverybroadselectivity,respondingtomanydifferentsubstances.Thisisadisadvantageinmostapplications,butintheelectronicnose,itisadefiniteadvantage.Althougheverysensorinanarraymayrespondtoagivenchemical,theseresponseswillusuallybedifferent.Figure1showssetsofresponsesofatypicalsensorarraytodifferentpurechemicals:Theelectronicnoseconsistso4ProblemsWheretheE-NoseCanHelpTheE-Noseisbestsuitedformatchingcomplexsampleswithsubjectiveendpointssuchasodororflavor.Forexample,whenhasmilkturnedsour?Or,whenisabatchofcoffeebeansoptimallyroasted?TheE-Nosecanmatchasetofsensorresponsestoacalibrationsetproducedbythehumantastepanelorolfactorypanelroutinelyusedinfoodscience.TheE-Noseisespeciallyusefulwhereconsistentproductqualityhastobemaintainedoverlongperiodsoftime,orwhererepeatedexposuretoasampleposesahealthrisktothehumanolfactorypanel.AlthoughtheE-Noseisalsoeffectiveforpurechemicals,conventionalmethodsareoftenmorepractical.ProblemsWheretheE-NoseCan5Project:HeadspaceAnalysisofCulturesofE.coliSamplesweretakenfromagrowingcultureofE.coliuntilstationaryphasewasreached.Cellswerefilteredfromthesamples,andthefiltratesweresealedintoautosamplervials.ThesamplesweremeasuredontheMOSESIIElectronicNose(LennartzElectronicGmbH)usingmetal-oxideandquartz-microbalancesensors.ThepatternrecognitionalgorithmwasabletodistinguishsamplesofEcoli-alteredgrowthmediumafter5hours.Continuedworkwillemphasizesamplingandsensorarrayimprovementstoincreasethesensitivityofdetection.Project:HeadspaceAnalysisof6ProblemsThattheE-NoseDoesBest: Identificationofspilledchemicalsincommerce(forU.S.Coast Guard). Qualityclassificationofstoredgrain. Waterandwastewateranalysis. Identificationofsourceandqualityofcoffee.Monitoringof roastingprocess. Ranciditymeasurementsofoliveoil(duetoaccumulationof short-chainaldehydes). Detectionanddiagnosisofpulmonaryinfections(e.g.,TBor pneumonia). Diagnosisofulcersbybreathtests. Freshnessoffish. Processcontrolofcheese,sausage,beer,andbreadmanufacture. Bacterialgrowthonfoodssuchasmeatandfreshvegetables.ProblemsThattheE-NoseDoes7Figure2.PrincipalcomponentplotofsensorarraydatafromheadspacesamplesofnutrientbrothinwhichE.colihadbeengrownforvariousperiodsoftime.Includedisadataset("Nogrowth")inwhichthemediumwasinoculatedwithnonviablebacteria;nogrowthwasobservedoverthecourseoftheexperiment.Figure2.Principalcomponent8SensorsAsindicatedintheaccompanyingtable,eachmanufacturerusesitsownproprietarysensortechnology."Thetypeofsensorsandhowthesensorsaremadeandusedintheinstrumentiswhatreallydifferentiatestheinstrumentsonthemarkettoday,"saysKenWeber,technicalsalesrepresentativeforNeotronics."Oursensorsareelectrochemicallygrownconductingpolymersmadewithpolypyrroleresins,althoughpolyanilineresinsarealsocommonlyused."AccordingtoWeber,engineerselectrochemicallygrowtheresinsatadefinedpotentialacrossanelectrodegap.Bychangingthesolventsystemorthecounterionassociatedwiththeirmanufacture,itispossibletomodifythepolymerchainandgetsubtledifferencesinthereactivityofeachsensor.Sensors9Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件10WhileNeotronicselectrochemicallygrowseachindividualsensor,AromaScanusesan"inking"or"masking"processwherebyitputs32sensorsononecomputerchiporboard,saysWeber.Neotronicsusesanarrayof12differentsensorswhicharebasicallysolderedontoasensorhead.AlphaM.O.S.,anotherinstrumentmanufacturer,usesprimarilytinoxide-basedsensorsinitsarray,butitalsocanconfiguretheinstrumentwithalimitednumberofconductingpolymersensors.Metaloxidesensorsdemonstrategoodsensitivitytoorganicvapors(ppmorevenppbdetectionlimits)foraverybroadrangeofchemicalcompounds.Duetotheirpoorselectivity--i.e.,allsensorscanrespondtoasinglevolatilecompoundbutindifferentmagnitudes--sensorarraysmustbeemployed.Metaloxidesensorsaremadebydepositingathinlayer(505microns)ofoxidefilmonaceramicmaterial.Forproperfunctioning,metaloxidesensorsareusuallyheatedtobetween175°and425°C.Theelectricalresistanceofthesensordecreasesinthepresenceofanodor,withthemagnitudeoftheresponsedependentonthenatureofthedetectedmoleculeandthetypeofmetaloxideusedinpreparingthesensor.Responsetimeofmetaloxidesensorsisbetween10and120seconds.AromaScanandNeotronicsinstrumentsusesensorsmadeofconductingpolymerresinsinsteadofmetaloxides.MicheleGreaney,scienceandtechnologymanagerforAromaScan,explains:"Theyhaveaninherentchargeorbaseresistance,andasvolatilecomponentsareabsorbedontothesurfaceoftheconductivepolymers,theychangetheirbaseresistance.YougetwhatwecallanFRvalue,andthisFRisuniqueacrossthesensorarray."ByplottingtheFRvalueforeachsensor,ahistogramorbarchartcanbegenerated.Thechartcouldforinstance,representagood-tastingcoffeesample.WhileNeotronicselectrochemic11GraphicoutputsSensor-arrayresponsestoorganicvaporscanbepresentedinnumerouswaysusingavarietyofstatisticalandpattern-recognitionapproaches.Oneformofoutputisascaledpolarplot.Thiswayofvisuallydisplayingdataissimpletointerpret.Eachvectoronthepolarplotrepresentstheoutputfromonesensor.Astherelativeresponseofeachsensorchangeswhenthesensorarrayisexposedtovaporsfromdifferingfoodsamples,theoverallshapeandappearanceofthepolarplotvary.Anothertypeofdatapresentationcommonlyusedisthedifferenceplot.Forexample,thescaledplotfromonetestissubtractedfromthescaledplotfromadifferenttest.Theresultingdifferenceplotshowshowtherelativesensoroutputvariesfromsampletosample.Ifplotsvarybyapre-definedvalue,thenthefoodtechnologistcouldassumethesampledifferssignificantlyfromthecontrolsample.Thistypeofanalysiscouldbeusefulinqualitycontrol"go/nogo"tests.Graphicoutputs12Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件13Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件14Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件15Theselectivityisthecapacityofasensortobesensitivetoaspecificcompound.Theartificialsensingtechniquesareoftenbasedonsensorarrays(electronictongueandelectronicnose,forinstance).Inthosecases,usinglessselectivesensorsismoreinterestingbecauseonecandetectalargerfieldofcompounds.Theselectivityisthecapacit16Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件17Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件18Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件19Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件20Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors)startoutatameasuredresistance,theirbaselineresistance.Iftherehasbeennochangeinthecompositionoftheair,thefilmsstayatthebaselineresistanceandthepercentchangeiszeroe-e-e-e-e-e-BASELINERESISTANCEAllofthepolymerfilmsona21

Ifadifferentcompoundhadcausedtheairtochange,thepatternofthepolymerfilms'changewouldhavebeendifferent:

Eachpolymerchangesitssize,andthereforeitsresistance,byadifferentamount,makingapatternofthechange

THEELECTRONICNOSESMELLSSOMETHINGe-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-e-Ifadifferentcompoundhadc22SistemadesarrolladoporNASAparalosshuttles,etc.SistemadesarrolladoporNASA23Theelectronicnoseconsistsoftwocomponents,anarrayofchemicalsensors(usuallygassensors)and(2)apattern-recognitionalgorithm.Thesensorarray"sniffs"thevaporsfromasampleandprovidesasetofmeasurements;thepattern-recognizercomparesthepatternofthemeasurementstostoredpatternsforknownmaterials.Gassensorstendtohaveverybroadselectivity,respondingtomanydifferentsubstances.Thisisadisadvantageinmostapplications,butintheelectronicnose,itisadefiniteadvantage.Althougheverysensorinanarraymayrespondtoagivenchemical,theseresponseswillusuallybedifferent.Figure1showssetsofresponsesofatypicalsensorarraytodifferentpurechemicals:Theelectronicnoseconsistso24ProblemsWheretheE-NoseCanHelpTheE-Noseisbestsuitedformatchingcomplexsampleswithsubjectiveendpointssuchasodororflavor.Forexample,whenhasmilkturnedsour?Or,whenisabatchofcoffeebeansoptimallyroasted?TheE-Nosecanmatchasetofsensorresponsestoacalibrationsetproducedbythehumantastepanelorolfactorypanelroutinelyusedinfoodscience.TheE-Noseisespeciallyusefulwhereconsistentproductqualityhastobemaintainedoverlongperiodsoftime,orwhererepeatedexposuretoasampleposesahealthrisktothehumanolfactorypanel.AlthoughtheE-Noseisalsoeffectiveforpurechemicals,conventionalmethodsareoftenmorepractical.ProblemsWheretheE-NoseCan25Project:HeadspaceAnalysisofCulturesofE.coliSamplesweretakenfromagrowingcultureofE.coliuntilstationaryphasewasreached.Cellswerefilteredfromthesamples,andthefiltratesweresealedintoautosamplervials.ThesamplesweremeasuredontheMOSESIIElectronicNose(LennartzElectronicGmbH)usingmetal-oxideandquartz-microbalancesensors.ThepatternrecognitionalgorithmwasabletodistinguishsamplesofEcoli-alteredgrowthmediumafter5hours.Continuedworkwillemphasizesamplingandsensorarrayimprovementstoincreasethesensitivityofdetection.Project:HeadspaceAnalysisof26ProblemsThattheE-NoseDoesBest: Identificationofspilledchemicalsincommerce(forU.S.Coast Guard). Qualityclassificationofstoredgrain. Waterandwastewateranalysis. Identificationofsourceandqualityofcoffee.Monitoringof roastingprocess. Ranciditymeasurementsofoliveoil(duetoaccumulationof short-chainaldehydes). Detectionanddiagnosisofpulmonaryinfections(e.g.,TBor pneumonia). Diagnosisofulcersbybreathtests. Freshnessoffish. Processcontrolofcheese,sausage,beer,andbreadmanufacture. Bacterialgrowthonfoodssuchasmeatandfreshvegetables.ProblemsThattheE-NoseDoes27Figure2.PrincipalcomponentplotofsensorarraydatafromheadspacesamplesofnutrientbrothinwhichE.colihadbeengrownforvariousperiodsoftime.Includedisadataset("Nogrowth")inwhichthemediumwasinoculatedwithnonviablebacteria;nogrowthwasobservedoverthecourseoftheexperiment.Figure2.Principalcomponent28SensorsAsindicatedintheaccompanyingtable,eachmanufacturerusesitsownproprietarysensortechnology."Thetypeofsensorsandhowthesensorsaremadeandusedintheinstrumentiswhatreallydifferentiatestheinstrumentsonthemarkettoday,"saysKenWeber,technicalsalesrepresentativeforNeotronics."Oursensorsareelectrochemicallygrownconductingpolymersmadewithpolypyrroleresins,althoughpolyanilineresinsarealsocommonlyused."AccordingtoWeber,engineerselectrochemicallygrowtheresinsatadefinedpotentialacrossanelectrodegap.Bychangingthesolventsystemorthecounterionassociatedwiththeirmanufacture,itispossibletomodifythepolymerchainandgetsubtledifferencesinthereactivityofeachsensor.Sensors29Allofthepolymerfilmsonasetofelectrodes(sensors：所有在一組電極的聚合物薄膜（傳感器課件30WhileNeotronicselectrochemicallygrowseachindividualsensor,AromaScanusesan"inking"or"masking"processwherebyitputs32sensorsononecomputerchiporboard,saysWeber.Neotronicsusesanarrayof12differentsensorswhicharebasicallysolderedontoasensorhead.AlphaM.O.S.,anotherinstrumentmanufacturer,usesprimarilytinoxide-basedsensorsinitsarray,butitalsocanconfiguretheinstrumentwithalimitednumberofconductingpolymersensors.Metaloxidesensorsdemonstrategoodsensitivitytoorganicvapors(ppmorevenppbdetectionlimits)foraverybroadrangeofchemicalcompounds.Duetotheirpoorselectivity--i.e.,allsensorscanrespondtoasinglevolatilecompoundbutindifferentmagnitudes--sensorarraysmustbeemployed.Metaloxidesensorsaremadebydepositingathinlayer(505microns)ofoxidefilmonaceramicmaterial.Forproperfunctioning,metaloxidesensorsareusuallyheatedtobetween175°and425°C.Theelectricalresistanceofthesensordecreasesinthepresenceofanodor,withthemagnitudeoftheresponsedependentonthenatureofthedetectedmoleculeandthetypeofmetaloxideusedinpreparingthesensor.Responsetimeofmetaloxidesensorsisbetween10and120seconds.AromaScanandNeotronicsinstrumentsusesensorsmadeofconductingpolymerresinsinsteadofmetaloxides.MicheleGreaney,scienceandtechnologymanagerforAromaScan,explains:"Theyhaveaninherentchargeorbaseresistance,andasvolatilecomponentsareabsorbedontothesurfaceoftheconductivepolymers,theychangetheirbaseresistance.YougetwhatwecallanFRvalue,andthisFRisuniqueacrossthesensorarray."ByplottingtheFRvalueforeachsensor,ahistogramorbarchartcanbegenerated.Thechartcouldforinstance,representagood-tastingcoffeesample.WhileNeotronicselectrochemic31GraphicoutputsSensor-arrayresponsestoorganicvaporscanbepresentedinnumerouswaysusingavarietyofstatisticalandpattern-recognitionapproaches.Oneformofoutputisascaledpolarplot.Thiswayofvi