2018學年第二學期徐匯區學習能力診斷卷高三英語試卷2019.4考生注意:考試時間120分鐘,試卷滿分140分。本考試設試卷和答題紙兩部分。所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或寫（非選擇題）在答題紙上,做在試卷上一.律不得分。答題前，務必在答題紙上填寫準考證號和姓名，并將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上，在答題紙反面清楚地填寫姓名。ListeningComprehensionSectionAShortConversationsDirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.A.Atanairport.Inthehotel.Atabusstop.Inasubwaystation.A.Theladyhastogoaskforhelp.Theladyissatisfiedwithherblackcoffee.Theladyhastohaveblackcoffee.Theladyhashadtoomuchblackcoffee.A.Thepaintingsarecopieswithreasonableprices.Thepaintingsareabsolutelygenuine.Thepaintingsareonlysoldatthisfair.Thepaintingsarehighlypriced.A.ThemanbookedtheflightonSep.19.ThemanwilltaketheflightonSep16.ThemanwantstosellhisticketforSep.16.ThemanislikelytotaketheflightonSep20.A.Asoccergame.Abicyclerace,Aswimminggame.AMarathonrunningrace.A.Skirt,BMatches.C.Toes.D.Shoes.A.Shewantsanothersteak.Shedoesn'tlikethesteak.Sheistoofulltohaveanythingmore.Sheisfullofenergy.A.ShepreferstoexerciseintheafternoonThemanshouldcontinuewithhisexercise.Itisimportanttomakewarming-upexercise.Themanshouldstarttoexerciseonemonthlater.A.Itwouldbeverycoldtoday.Itwouldgetwarmtoday.Thecoldfrontwouldstayforlong.Theweatherreportwaswrong.A.Todrivealongwayhome.Toserveasagoodmechanic.Tobuyanewcar.Togethercarmaintained.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillhearseverallongerconversation(s)andshortpassage(s),andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachoftheconversation(s)andthepassage(s).Theconversation(s)andthepassage(s)willbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewh^chonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Manypeopleliketoeatdogmeat.Theworldistoocompetitive.Dogsareunhappywiththeirexistence.Dogsenjoytheirlifewithpeople.A.Asickdog.Awatchdog.Ajunkyarddog.Abarkingdog.A.Heisprobablytomakehiswifemadder.Hecouldgotoworklikeadogandgetdogtired.Heisprobablytoletsleepingdogslie.Heprobablywillstayinthedoghouse.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.ZhuyunArtMuseumshowsChina'smodernculture,artandhistory.ZhuyunArtMuseumshowsJiading'snativeculture,artandhistory.ZhuyunArtMuseumshowsJiading'sartcraftsdatingbacktoTangDynasty.ZhuyunArtMuseumshowsJiading'scontemporarypaintingsandcalligraphy.A.Torenewoldfactoriestomeetmoredemandsoflocalresidents.Tostoreasmuchartcraftsaspossible.Toservethelocalstomeettheirdiverseartdemands.,kaoTosetashelterforlocalmodemartists.A.TheearliestBuddhastatuesinitisabout2500yearsold.Thismuseumholdsover1000Buddhastatues.Theexhibitsin,itaremadeofavarietyofmaterials.Theexhibitsrepresentancientpeoplesdelicatetechniquesandintllience.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.A.Teacherandstudent.Consultantandparent.Consultantandheadmaster.Doctorandpatient.A.Hewithdrewsomemoneyfromhisparentsbankaccount,Hemixedwithsomebadguys,whichinfluencedhisstudy.Hewasnotasattentiveasbefore.HewatchedtoomuchTVathome.A.Shewasannoyed.Shewasindifferent.Shewasconfused.Shewasanxious.A.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.AllroadsleadtoRome/AllworkandnoplaymakesJackadullboy.Don'tthrowthebabyoutwiththebathwater.II.GrammarandvocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.Thebiggesthouseofcards,thelongesttongue,andofcourse,thetallestman:theseareamongthethousandsofrecordsloggedinthefamousGuinnessBookofRecords,Createdin1955afteradebate(21)(concern)Europe'sfastestgamebird,(22)beganasamarketingtoolsoldtopublandlords(23)(promote)Guinness,anIrishdrink,becamethebestsellingcopyrighttitleofalltime(acategorythatexcludesbookssuchastheBibleandtheKoran).Intime,thebookwouldsell120millioncopiesinover100countriesquitealeapfromitshumblebeginnings.Initsearlyyears,thebooksetitssightson(24)(satisfy)man'sinborncuriosityaboutthenaturalworldaroundhim.Itstwoprincipalfactfinders,twinsNorrisandRossMcWhirter;moved"wildlyaroundtheglobetocollectfacts.Itwastheirtasktofindanddocumentaspectsoflifethatcanbesensed.orobserved,thingsthatcanbequantifiedormeasured.Butnotjustanythings.Theywereonlyinterestedinsuperlatives;thebiggestandthebest.Itwasduringthisperiod(25)someoftheremarkableGuinnessRecordsweredocumented,answeringsuchquestionsas"Whatisthebrighteststar?"and"Whatisthebiggestspider?"Onceawareofthepublic'sthirstforsuchknowledge,thebook'sauthorsbegantobranchouttocoverincreasinglydoubtful,1itle-knownfacts.Theystarteddocumentinghumanachievementsaswell.Aforerunnerforrealitytelevision,theGuinnessBookgavepeople(26)chancetobecomefamousforaccomplishingodd,oftenpointlesstasks.Recordsweresetin1955forconsuming24raweggsin14minutesandin1981forthefastestsolvingofaRubik'sCube(whichtookamere38seconds).In1979amanyodeled(用真假嗓音交替唱)non-stopfortenandaquarterhours.Initslatestappearance,thebookhasfoundanewhomeontheinternet,Nolonger(27)(restrict)tothelimitsofphysicalpaper,theGuinnessWorldRecordswebsitecontainsseeminglyinnumerablefactsconcerningsuchtopicsasthemostpowerfulcombustion(燃燒)engine,ortheworld'slongesttrain.Whatisstriking.however,isthatsuchfactsarefoundsharingapagewiththerecordoftheheaviesttraintobepulled(28)abeard.Originatingasasimplebarbook,theGuinnessBookofRecords(29)(evolve)overdecadestoprovideinsightintothefullrangeofmodernlife.Andalthoughonemaybe(30)(likely)nowtolearnaboutthewidesthumanmouththanthehighestnumberofcasualtiesinasinglebattleoftheCivilWar,theGuinnessWorldRecordswebsiteoffersatellingglimpseintothefutureoffact-findingandrecord-recording.SectionBDirections:Fillineachblankwithaproperwordchosenfromthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.declineB.investedC.scratchingD.harvestE.farmersF.barelyG.occurrenceH.implementationI.unmarketableJ.adjustmentsKenemiesLikemanypeopleactingonthedesiretoeathealthyandlocal,AcropolisresidentEduardoJimenezdecidedtoplantagardeninhisbackyard.Heploughedthesoil,heplantedtheseeds,andheevensetupafencetokeepoutthedeer.Eduardodideverythingright.Orsoitseems.However,when(31)timehascome,hehasnotonetomato,bean,orleafoflettucetoshowforhishardwork.Howdidthishappen?Theformofasmall,brown,particularlysmellyinsect:thestinkbug.Unliketheirpickycousins,stinkbugsfeedonsome300speciesofplants,includingfigs,blueberries,corn,andkiwifruitsaswellassoybeans,peas,andweeds.Althoughtheydolitledamagetotheplantitself,theymakethefruitsandvegetables(32).Forthisreason,stinkbugsposethemostseriousthreattothebigagriculturalistsandmacrofarmoperators.Macrofarmershavemore(33)intheirproduce,andthereforehavemoretolose.WhilehobbyistslikeEduardoarelefttofacethedisappointmentofanunsuccessfulgarden,macrofarmersareforcedtolivewiththelossofentiretractsofcashcrops-afactthathasleftmanyabletoclothetheirchildrenorputfoodonthetable.Lastseasonalone,severalNewJerseypepperfarmerssaw75%oftheircropsdamaged.Pennsylvanialosthalfofits.peachpopulation,and,accordingtotheUSAppleAssociation,applefarmersinthemid-AtlanticstateslostS37million.Thisyearcouldbeworse.Asaresultofthisinthesupplyoffreshfruitsandvegetables,shoppershaveseen(36)sometimesquitedramaticinpricesatthegrocerystore.PricesofapplesinMarylandareup8%.Inthenorth-Atlanticstates,pricesforpeppersshotupanastonishing14%.Notonlyaretheseitemsbecomingmoreexpensive,buttheyarealsogettinghardertofind.Lastweek,MargeJenkinsofAthens,Georgiareportedhavingtocheckthreedifferentstoresbeforeencounteringadecentbatchofpeas.Andthis,sheassuresus,isaregular(37).AccidentallybroughtfromAsia,thestinkbughasnonatural(38)inAmerica,andthusitspopulationisrisingsharply.Reportedsightingsofstinkbugsarebecomingincreasinglynumerous,asthedried,brown,trapezoidal(不規貝V四邊形)shellsofthedeadbugsareeverywhereinsomeareas.Thishasfarmersandscientistsalike(39)theirheadsinsearchofaremedy.Hope,theybelieve,mayliewithanAsianparasiticwasp(黃蜂),whichhelpfullylaysitseggsinsidestinkbugeggs.Thelarvae(幼蟲)ofthewaspconsumethestinkbugfromtheinside.Butthe(40)ofsuchasolutionisstillseveralyearsaway,asscientistsmustfirstdetermineifitissafeforthewasptobeintroducedintoAmerica.Untilthen,somefarmersareresortingtohomemadetraps.Othershaveevencontemplatedtheuseofpeacocksandprayingmantises,which,theyimagine,willgulpdownthelitstinkers.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:Foreachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarked.A,B,candD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.StudentsinCaldwell,Idaho,canattendclassintheirpajamas(睡衣)！AtVallivueVirtualAcademy,coursesaretaughtonline.Studentsworkathomewithparents,whoserveaslearningcoaches.Acertifiedteacher(41)thestudents'progress.Thecyberschoolwas(42)asafreeoptionforstudentsinkindergartenthroughgrade8whohavetroublesucceedinginthedistrict's(43).publicschool.Supportersoftheprogramsaythatvirtualschoolshelpstudentsavoidthesocialpressuresthatcan(44)withlearning.Inaddition,supportersargue,onlinecoursesprovidekidswithmorefocused(45)andcourseoptionsthantheycangetinatypicalschool.Noteveryonegivescyberschoolsapassinggrade,however.Someeducatorsarguethatonlinelearningmakesithardforstudentstomakefriends.Manyparentsalsofeelthatcyberschoolsputtimedemandsonthembecausetheyhavetooverseetheirkidsdailywork.Technologycanbenefiteducation,butitshouldn't(47)education.Studentswhogotovirtualschoolswillmissmanyofthebenefitsofbeinginarealschool.Ifkidsattendschoolonline,theywillmissoutonimportantsocial(48).PaytonMcdonough,13,aseventhgraderfromGlencoe,Il.agrees.“Idon'tknowhowIcouldsitatacomputeralldaywithout(49)interactingwithmypeersandteachers,"hesays.Inaddition,virtualschoolsdon'thaveenoughstructure.Studentswhotakeonlinecoursescansettheirownschedules,whichwillcauseproblemsforstudentswhohavetroublestaying(50).Furthermore,onlineschoolingputsstressonparentsbecausetheyhaveto(51)whattheirkidsdoathome.Manyparentshavefull-timejobs.Howaretheygoingtoruntheirchildren'seducation,(52)intheirjobs,andtakecareoftheirotherresponsibilitiesathome?Virtualschoolswillmakeitharderforstudentstolearnandwillputtoomuchpressureon

parents.Virtuallearningdoesnotneedtoreplaceclassroomlearning(53),butitcanhelpstudentsworkattheirownpace.Ifstudentsstrugglewithsubjects,theycantakethosecoursesonlineandspendmoretimeonthem.Virtualschoolscanalsoofferstudentsmuchmore(54)schedules.Studentsoftenhandleextracurricularactivities,sports,andschoolwork,andcyberschoolscouldhelpthemmanageeverything.Finally,attendingvirtualschoolcanpreparestudentsforcollegeandforworkafter(55).Weneedtoberesponsibleforworkingonourown,saysAngelaGoscilo,aseniorfromPoundRidge,N.Y.Weneedtodeveloptechnologyskillsthatwillhelpusinwhateverwedo.Gettinganearlystartisagoodidea.41.A.overseesB.suspectedC.admittedD.predicted42.A.toleratedB.launchedC.undergoneD.transformed43.A.virtualB.superiorC.traditionalD.specialized44.A.agreeB.putupC.goD.interfere45.A.attentionB.definitionC.foundationD.instruction46.A.unlimitedB.uncivilizedC.unrealisticD.unaffected47.A.turntoB.takeoverC.takeinD.makeup48.A.interactionsB.educationC.occupationD.identification49.A.actuallyB.presentlyC.naturallyD.logically50.A.examinedB.motivatedC.exhaustedD.represented51.A.complimentB.awardC.superviseD.tempt52.A.negotiateB.innovateC.controlD.excel53.A.entirelyB.partiallyC.regularlyD.purposely54.A.sustainableB.flexibleC.relevantD.optimistic55.A.schoolB.studyC.graduationD.educationSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,candD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.ABeingabletolandsafelyisacriticallyimportantskill-forallflyinganimals.Whereasterrestrialanimalsfacenoparticularchallengewhentheyneedtostoprunningorcrawling.flyinganimalsmoveatmuchhigherspeeds,andtheymustbecarefulabouthowtheyland.Hittingtheground,orevenwater,atfullflightspeedwouldbequitedangerous.Beforetouchingdown,theymustdecreasetheirspeedinordertolandsafely.Bothbatsandbirdshavemasteredtheskilloflanding,butthesetwotypesofflyersgoaboutitquitedifferently.Inthepastitwasbelievedthat,intermsofflyingmechanics,therewaslittledifferencebetweenbatsandbirds.Thisbeliefwasbasedonlyonassumption,however,becauseforyearsnobodyhadactuallystudiedindetailhowbatsmovetheirwings.Inrecentyears,though,researchershavediscoveredanumberofinterestingfactsaboutbatflight.Batsarebuiltdifferentlyfrombirds,andtheirwingsincorporate（結合）boththeirfrontandhindlimbs（后肢）.Thismakestheirlimbsworkingtogethermoredifficultforbatsand,asaresult,theyarenotverygoodatflyingoverlongerdistances.However,abatcanquicklychangeitsdirectionofflightorcompletelyreverseit,somethingabirdcannoteasilydo.Anotherinterestingcharacteristicofbatflightisthewayinwhichbatsland--upsidedown!Unlikebirds,whichtouchdownonthegroundorontreebranches,batscanbeobservedflyingaroundandthensuddenlyhangingupsidedownfromanobjectoverhead.Howdotheydoit?1Agroupofresearchersrecentlyusedvideocamerastofilmbatslandingonnetssuspendedfromtheceilingoftheirlaboratoryandstudiedtherecordingsinslowmotion.Theypaintedspotsonthebats"wingstoseeindetailwhathappenstothewingsinflightandduringtouchdown.Itturnsoutthatthebatsflewinastraightlineuptothenetandthenquicklyflippedoverandattachedthemselvestoitupsidedown.Onedisadvantagetothislandingroutineisthatthebatsoftenslamintotheirlandingspotwithsomeforce,whichprobablycausespain.However,notallbatshittheirlandingspotswiththesamespeedandforce;thesewillvarydependingontheareawhereabatspeciesmakesitshome.Forexample,acavebat,whichregularlyrestsonahardstoneceiling,ismorecarefulaboutitslandingpreparationthanabatmoreaccustomedtolandinginleafytreetops.Inline1,thewordterrestrialisclosestinmeaningto.high-flyingB.fast-movingC.tee-climbingD.ground-livingAccordingtothepassage,whatskilliscrucialforflyinganimals?Divingunderwater.Slowingdowntoland.Flyingovergreatdistances.Balancingonhighbranches.Accordingtothepassage,whatisanadvantagethatbatshaveoverbirds?Batscanlandonagreatervarietyofsurfaces.Batscantumintheairmorequickly.Batscaneatwhileflying.Batsarelighter.Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?Placeswhereflyinganimalschoosetoland.Whyscientistshavedifficultyobservingbats.Differencesintheeatinghabitsofbatsandbirds.Waysinwhichbatsmovedifferentlyfrombirds.BMiltonHersheywasbornnearthesmallvillageofDerryChurch,Pennsylvania,in1857.Heonlyattendedschoolthroughthefourthgrade;atthatpoint,hewasapprenticed（做學徒）toaprinterinanearbytown.Afterawhile,helefttheprintingbusinessandwasapprenticedtoaLancaster,Pennsylvaniacandymaker.Andattheageofeighteen,heopenedhisowncandystoreinPhladelphia.Inspiteofhistalentsasacandymaker,theshopfailedaftersixyears.AfterthefailureofhisPhiladelphiastore,MiltonheadedforDenver,wherehelearnedtheartofmakingcaramels(焦糖).TheninDenver,Miltononceagainattemptedtoopenhisowncandy-makingbusinesses,inChicago,NewOrleans,andNewYorkCity.Finally,in1886,hewenttoLancaster,Pennsylvania,whereheraisedthemoneynecessarytotryagain.Thiscompany--theLancasterCaramelCompany-establishedMilton'sreputationasamastercandymaker.In1893,MiltonattendedtheChicagoInternationalExposition,wherehesawadisplayofGermanchocolate-makingimplements.Fascinatedbytheequipment,hepurchaseditforhisLancastercandyfactoryandbeganproducingchocolate,whichheusedforcoatinghiscaramels.Bythenextyear,productionhadgrowntoincludecocoa,sweetchocolate,andbakingchocolate.TheHersheyChocolatecompanywasbornin1894asasubsidiary(F2H])oftheLancasterCaramelCompany.Sixyearslater,Miltonsoldthecaramelcompany,butreservedtherights,andtheequipment,tomakechocolate.Hebelievedthatalargemarket'ofchocolateconsumerswaswaitingforsomeonetoproducereasonablypricedcandy.Hewasright.MiltonHersheyreturnedtothevillagewherehehadbeenborn,intheheartofdairycountry,andopenedhischocolatemanufacturingplant.Withaccesstoallthefreshmilkheneeded,hebeganproducingthefinestmilkchocolate.TheplantthatopenedinasmallPennsylvaniavillagein1905istodaythelargestchocolatefactoryintheworld.Thesweetscreatedatthisfacilityarefavoritesaroundtheworld.TheareawherethefactoryislocatedisnowknownasHershey,Pennsylvania.Withinthefirstdecadesofitsexistence,thetownofHersheythrived,asdidthechocolatebusiness.Abank,aschool.churches,adepartmentstore,evenaparkandatrolleysystemallappearedinshortorder;thetownsoonevenhadaz0o.Today,avisittothearearevealstheHersheyMedicalCenter,MiltonHersheySchool,andHershey'sChocolateWorld-athemeparkwherevisitorsaregreetedbyagiantReesesPeanutButterCup.Allofthesethingsandahugenumberofhappychocolatelovers-weremadepossiblebecauseacaramelmakervisitedtheChicagoExpositionof1893!Thementionofthe1893Expositionindicatesthat.theexpositioninChicagoisheldonceeverythreeyears.thethemeoftheexpositionof1893wasFoodfromAroundtheWorld.theexpositioncontaineddisplaysfromavarietyofcountries.thesiteoftheexpositionisnowabranchoftheHersheyChocolateCompany.Accordingtothepassage,MiltonHersheysoldhiscaramelcompanyin.1894.B.1900C.1904.D.1905Whatcanyouinferfromthepassage?Chocolateispopularineverycountryintheworld.ReesesPeanutButterCupsaremanufacturedbytheHersheyChocolateCompany.ChocolatehadneverbeenmanufacturedntheUnitedStatesbeforeMiltonHersheydidit,TheHersheyChocolateCompanynowmakes.moremoneyfromHershey'sChocolateWorldthanfromthemanufactureandsaleofchocolate.TheauthorwrotethispassagemainlytorecountthefoundingoftheHersheyChocolateCparethepopularityofchocolatetoothercandies.explainhowapprenticeshipswork.Liketheirancienttoga-wearingcounterparts,modernphlosopherscontinuetodisagreeonthenatureoffreewill.Dowereallyhaveanycontroloverthechoiceswemakeandthethingswedesire,andifso,towhatdegree?Theoriesoffreewillvary,buttheancientwordsofPlatostilllineupwithourmodemperceptions（概念）oftemptationandwillpower.TherespectedGreekphilosopherarguedthatthehumanexperienceisoneofconstantstrugglebetweentheintellectandthebody,betweenrationalityanddesire.Alongtheselines,truefreedomisonlyachievablewhenwillpowerunchainsusfrombodily,emotional,instinctualslavery.Youcanfindsimilarthoughtsthroughoutworldreligions,mostofwhichofferaparticularandoftendifficultpathtoriseaboveourdarkernatures.Andscience?Well,sciencemostlyagreeswithallofthis.Willpowerisallaboutovercomingyournaturaldesirestoeatcupcakes,skipyourmorningworkout,playgamesonmobilephone,hitthesnoozealarmandcheckyoure-mailduringafuneral.Yourwillpower,however,islimited.Iflifewereavideogame,you'dseeaglowing"willpower"or"ego"（自我）atthetopofthescreennexttoyour"life"meter.Successfullyresistonetemptation,andthemeterdrainsalittle.Thenexttemptationdrainsthe"willpower"meterevenmore,untilthere'snothingleftatall.nOurmodernscientificunderstandingofwillpowerinlargepartstemsfroma1996researchexperimentinvolvingchocolateandradishes（CJI.3K）.PsychologistRoyBaumeisterledastudyinwhich67testsubjectswerepresentedwithtemptingchocolatech^pcookiesandotherchocolate-flavoredtreatsbeforeapersistencetestingpuzzle.Here'sthecatch:Theresearchersaskedsomeoftheparticipantstowithdrawfromsweetsandsnackonradishesinstead.Baumeister'sresultstoldafascinatingstory.Thetestsubjectswhoresistedthesweetstuffinfavorofradishesperformedpoorlyonthepersistencetest.Theysimplydidn'thavethewillpowerlefttoresistslackingoff懈）.Theresearchinspiredmorethanathousandadditionalstudiesdiscussingeverythingfromtheinfluenceofpositivemessagestotheego-sappingpowerofdailydecisionsStudiesalsoshowthatcognitivecapacityalsoaffectsourabilitytoholdoutagainsttemptation.Cognitivecapacityisessentiallyyourworkingmemory,whichyouemploywhenresistingatemptation..orholdingastringofnumbersinyourhead.A1999studyfromtheUniversityofIowaprofessorBabaShivfoundthatpeopletaskedwithrememberingatwo-digitnumberheldoutbetterthanpeoplerememberingaseven-digitnumberwhentemptedwithchocolatecake.Whatdoyouunderstandby'freewill?Thecontrolwehaveoverthechoices.ThechoiceswemakeandthethingswedesireThechoicesthatphilosophersforceustomakeOurperceptionoftemptation.AccordingtoPlato,whenistruefreedomavailable?WhenthereisastrugglebetweentheintellectandthebodyWhenourwillpowerhelpsustoovercomeourbasicinstinctsWhenwedesirethatwhichwecannotachieveWhenwehavenocontroloverouregoWhatismeantby'cognitivecapacity'?AWillpowertorealizeone'sownego.OurabilitytoovercometemptationOurabilitytorememberthings.ThedesiretogiveintotemptationSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Onereasonthatit'surgentisthatcountriesaresendingmoreandmoreobjectsintospace.Therearealsomillionsofsmallerpiecesofjunksethatwecan'tBlowingupoldersatelliteswithamissilemaycreatethousandsofsmallerpieces!Intheupperpartsoftheatmosphere,itwillburnup.Whentwoobjectsinspacecollide,thetwoobjectsbreakintomanysmallerpieces.Yearsofspaceexplorationhavelefttonsof"spacejunkinorbitaroundtheplanet.ManypeopleknowthattrashisabigproblemonplanetEarth.Whatmanypeopledon'tknowisthattrashhasbecomeaprobleminouterspacetoo.(67).Statistically,therearemorethan2000piecesofjunkinspacearoundtheearth.Andthesearejusttheitemsthatwecanseefromthesurfaceoftheearthbytelescopesorradars.(68)Objects,likebitsofoldspacerocketsorsatellites,movearoundtheplanetatveryhighspeeds,sofastthatevenaverysmallpiececanbreakimportantsatellitesorbecomedangeroustopeople,particularlyastronauts.Ifthetiniestpieceofjunkcrashedintoaspacecraft,itcoulddamagethevehicle.That'sbecausethefasteranobjectmoves,thegreatertheimpactiftheobjectcollideswithsomethingelse.Tohelpminimizeadditionalspacejunk,countriesaroundtheworldhaveagreedtolimitthetimetheirspacetoolsstayinorbitto25years.Eachtoolmustbebuilttofallsafelyintotheearth'satmosphere,orthemassofgasesthatsurroundtheearth,afterthat.(69)Manyscientistsarealsoproposingdifferentwaystocleanupspacejunk.TheGermanshavebeenplanningaspacemissionwithrobotsthatwouldcollectpiecesofspacetrashandbringthembacktoEarthsothattheycanbesafelydestroyed."Inour.opiniontheproblemisverychallenging,anditsquiteurgentaswell,"saidMarcoCastronuovo,anItalianSpaceAgencyresearcherwhoisworkingtosolvetheproblem.(70)Manyoftheseobjectsaretoolsthathelppeopleusetheircellphonesorcomputers."Thetimetoactisnow;aswegofartherintimewewillneedtoremovemoreandmorefragments,"hesays.SummaryWritingDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpo