新視野英語3級復習題ReadingComprehensionPassage1MostAmericanswilltellyouthatcharactereducationinschoolsisagoodidea.Accordingtopollsters（作民意測驗的人），90%ofuswantschoolstoteachcoremoralvalues.Butwhatshould“charactereducation”looklike?Andmoreimportant,doesitwork?TakealookatTrautCoreKnowledgeSchoolinFortCollins,Colo.TrautCoreisapublicschoolwithawaitinglistof500students.Astrongfocuson12corevaluesthroughouttheschoolculturehascontributedtohighacademicachievementaTrautCore.Theschoolnowranksfirstinreadingandinthetopfiveinmathoutofthe26schoolsinthedistrict.Privateschoolsarealsoonthelist.TheMontroseSchoolinNatick,Mass.Hasdailyhomeroomsthatfocusoncharacterdiscussionsandleadership,andtheschoolprovidesmanyopportunitiesforservicetoothers.AtMontrose,moraldevelopmentisinseparablefromacademicachievement.WakeCountyPublicSchoolsinNorthCarolinaisacasestudyinhowtogetcomprehensivecharactereducationprogramsgoingineveryschool.Beginningin1992,thedistrictappointedataskforcewithbroadrepresentationfromthecommunity.Publicmeetingswereheld,surveyssentout,andothereffortsmadetoensurethatcharactereducationintheschoolswouldbebuiltonthesharedmoralvaluesofthecitizensinthislargeanddiversedistrict.Today,charactereducationispartofthemissionofeveryWakeCountyschool.Thedistrictprovidesin-servicetrainingandresourcesforteachers,encouragesparentalinvolvementandevaluatestheresults.Higheracademicachievement,lowerdrop-out（輟學）rates,fewerdisciplineproblems,amorepositiveandcaringschoolenvironment—whodoesn'twantschoolslikethese?Andwhowouldn'tliketoseestudentswhoaremorecaring,respectful,honestandresponsible?Judgingfromthefirstparagraph,what'sthewriter'sattitudeto“charactereducation''?A.Positive B.Ironical（諷刺的） C.SuggestiveD.Opposite.Thephrase“awaitinglistof500students''inLine2,para.2probablymeansthatthereare500students.A.studyingthere B.enrollingthereC.graduatingthere D.waitingforadmissionAmongtheprivateschoolswillingtoteachmoralvalues.A.rrrautCorehasdailyhomeroomsthatfocusoncharacterdiscussionsandleadershiptheMontroseSchoolfocuson12corevaluesTrautCoreprovidesmanyopportunitiesforservicetootherstheMontroseSchoolmakesprogressbothacademicallyandmorallyCharactereducation,accordingtothelastparagraph,willresultinallofthefollowingexceptA.lowerdrop-outratesB.higheracademicachievementA.lowerdrop-outratesC.alesspositiveandcaringenvironmentD.fewerdisciplineproblemsWhichisnottrueaccordingtothepassage?Academicachievementiscloselyassociatedwithmoraldevelopment.Higheracademicachievementisinseparablefrommoraldevelopment.Moraldevelopmentexertsinfluenceonacademicachievement.Moraldevelopmenthasnothingtodowithacademicachievement.Passage2Throughoutthepastcenturyhumanity（人類）dideverythinginitspowertocontrolnature.Wedammedearth'srivers,choppeddowntheforestsandexhaustedthesoils.Burningupfuels,wepumpedagreatdealofgreenhousegassesintotheair,alteringthechemistryoftheatmosphereandwarmingtheplanetinjustafewdecades.Andasoutpopulationbegantheyear200abovethe6billionmark,stillspreadingacrossthecontinents,dozensofanimalandplantspeciesweredyingouteveryday,includingthefirstprimate（滅長類）todisappearinmorethan100years.Atthestartofthe21stcenturytherewereunmistakablesignsthatnaturewasbeginningtotakeitsrevengei報復）.Meltingiceinbothpolesoftheearthsuggestedthattheclimatewaschangingrapidly.Weatherwasevenmorechangeablethanusual,givingsomeplacestoolittlerainandotherstoomuch.FiresracedacrossthedriedAmericanWestlastsummer,andrecentstormsspreaddamagesfromBritaintoChina.Nospecificeventcouldbedirectlyblamedonglobalwarming,floodsanddrought（干旱）willbemorefrequent一andsevere.Othersadsignsfromanoverburdenedplanetincludefallinggrainandfishharvestsandfiercer（激烈的）competitionforscarcewatersupplies.Buttherewerealso,intheyear2000,signsofgreatawareness.ConnectedbytheInternet,hundredsofmillionspeoplegatheredforthe30thanniversaryofEarthDay.GovernmentsfromWashingtontoLimatookstepstoprotectthelargewildareasfromdevelopment.Progresswasmadetowardusingmorerenewableenergyfromthewindandthesun,andnewcarshatusedbothgasolineandelectricitysported（顯刀ヾノfuel-economystatistics.Thegoalforthenewcenturyis“sustainable（可持續的）developmenf*.Isthatpossible?Itdependsonhowwellweunderstandthathumanityispartofnature,notlordandmaster.Whatistheresultofthehumancontroloverthenature?Naturalresourcesarebeingexhausted.Thereisaglobalwarmingeffect.Speciesofanimalsandplantsarereduced.Alloftheabove.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatscarcewatersuppliesaredirectlycausedby.lessiceinbothpolesthemorechangeableweathersomethingnotmentionedinthetextthelargerpopulationWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?TheAmericasufferedalotfromfireslastsummerinthewest.TheAmericangovernmenttriedtostopdevelopment.Humanitybuiltmanydamsinthepastcentury.Dozensofanimalsandplantswillnolongerexistinmorethan100years.Thephrase“sustainabledevelopment^^inthelastparagraphprobablymeansthateconomicdevelopmentwill.continueforalongtimebemoreprofitablethanbeforesupportourgrowingpopulationmakefulluseofnaturalresourcesThemainpurposeoftheauthoristomakeus.seewhatdamagehumanitydidtonaturefightwithnatureandcontrolithavemorecelebrationsofEarthDayawareoftheimportanceofenvironmentprotectionPassage3Oneofthestrongestreasonsfortheraisingoftheschoolleavingage(ROSLA)hasbeenthatitwillbringusnearertotheidealof"equalopportunity”.Manypeopleliketothinkofourpresentsystemofschoolingasprovidingplentyofstepsuptheladderofsuccessforcleverchildren.Itwouldbegoodtothinkthatnoonewhoisreallybrightcanbemissedoutwhenthestatesystemisapparentlysothorough.Itisobvious,forinstance,thatmanychildrenfromlessrichhomesreachuniversityordowellinotherways.Unfortunately,wenowhaveplentyofevidencethatmanychildrenofeverylevelofabilitydomuchlesswellthantheycould.Forinstance,duringtheyearsofnationalmilitaryserviceitwaspossibletotesttheintelligence(智力)ofallmale18-20yearolds.Halfofthosesoldierswhowereplacedinthetwohighestabilitygroupshadleftschoolsat15.Ithasalsobeenshownthatthepercentageofworkingclasschildrengoingtouniversityisalmostthesamenowasitwasin1939.Onestudyof5000childrenfrombirthto21yearsoldindicatedthatuptohalfthebrightpupilsfromworkingclasshomeleftschoolwhentheyreached16yearsold.Moreover,thereisnodifferenceinintelligencebetweenthesexes,butfarmoreboysthangirlsstayineducationafter16.Itisclearfromthisandmuchotherevidencethatmanychildrenarestillleavingschooltooearlytobenefitfromtheprizes—money,socialrespectability,andinterestingjobs,whichhighereducationgives.Itiscleartoothatthereasonswhysuchchildrenleavehavemuchtodowiththeirsocialcircumstances(情形,環境).Theirparentsoftenneedtheextramoneyanotherwage-earnercanbringin;theydonotvalueeducationforitselfbecausetheirownwasprobablydullandunhappy.Itisnotsomuchthattheyforcetheirsonsanddaughterstoleaveschool,ratherthattheytendtosay,"It'suptoyou".ItishopedthatROSLAwillgiveallchildren.amoreenjoyabletimeatschoolthesamechancesinsocietytherighttoabetterschoolhigherscoresinintelligencetestsPeoplewouldliketothinkthat.equalnumbersofpoorandrichchildrenreachuniversitythosewiththeleastmoneygetthebesteducationintelligentchildrenarealwayschosenbythesystemonlycleverchildrendowellWorkingclasschildrenarefelttobeatadisadvantagebecause.manyofthecleveronesleaveschoolearlyfewergotouniversitythaneverbeforemorethanhalfleaveschoolwhentheyare16fewerboysthangirlsstayatschoolafter16Manychildrenleaveschoolearlybecause.theirsocialcircumstancesmakethemunhappytheyhavetoworktosupporttheirfamily'sincometheirschoolisadullandunhappyplacetheirparentsdon'tallowthemtomaketheirowndecisionsThisarticleshowsthatequalopportunityineducation.A.isathingofthepast B.hasnotyetbeenachievedC.isthereforthosewhomerititD.hasgreatlyimprovedoursocietyPassage4Asasciencewriter,Idon'thavetowearemotionalarmor（裝甲）veryoften.BeforeIwenttoZimbabweforavisit,IhadtalkedtootherreporterswhohadspenttimeinAfrica.Alltoldmetogetpreparedfortheorphans（MJD—manyofwhomhadcaughttheAIDSvirusfromtheirmothers一andthestrongdesiretomakeeverythingallrightforthem.Thenagain,nothingcouldhavepreparedmeforthevisittoacreche（育嬰堂）forAIDSorphansinHarare,whereonesick,smilingfour-year-oldboytriedtokeepupwiththeotherkidsplayingring-around-therosybutwassoweakhekeptfallingtothefloor,ormeetinga25-year-oldunmarriedgirlwhocaredforhernepheweventhoughheronlyincomewasfromgrowingandsellingafewvegetablesatthelocalmarket.Theboywhocalledhisaunt"Mama''wastooweakeventotakethepieceofbananaIoffered.Meanwhilephotojournalist（攝影H者）KarinRetiefwasvisitingaroomathehospice（濟貧院）whereshehadbeentoldaparticularlysweetorphanboystayed.Atfirstshedidnotseeanyoneonthebedandwasabouttosayhemustbeelsewhere,whensuddenlyshespottedhistinyarmintheair,hisbodylostinthefoldsofthebedclothes.RecentlyKarinwrotetomethatshehadbeenabletodeepourassignmentfromtakingtoogreatanemotionalsufferingatthetime."OnlywhenIgotback,aboutaweeklater,couldImourn（哀悼）thepeopleImet,''shecontinued."Isatinchurchandwantedtoaskthepriest（牧師）topray（祈禱）forthepeoplewithAIDSinZimbabweandallovertheworld.Thenallthepeople'sfaces,painandsufferingbecamesoreal,Icouldnotgetthewordsout.Ibrokedownandcriedandcriedforthem.''Thetitleforthepassagemightbe.A.Africa'sChildren B.SufferingAIDSOrphansC.CareforAIDSChildren D.Zimbabwe'sSituationWhichisNOTtrueaboutthe25-year-oldwoman?Shecaresforhernephew.Shehaslittleincome.HernephewcalledherMama.Shehadafour-year-oldboy.WhenKarinRetiefcametothehospice.theorphanboy'sarmwascutintheairtheorphanboywaselsewheretheorphanboywasjustinbedtheorphanboy'sbodywaslost“Brokedown"inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans.stoppedherselfsuddenlylostcontrolofherselffelldownherselfgotdisturbedherselfThepurposeofthepeoplevisitingZimbabwewasvidemedicinesfortheAIDSorphansfindoutthecausesoftheAIDSlookaftertheAIDSorphansreporttheconditionsoftheAIDSorphansPassage5TherearegrowingenvironmentalconcernsabouttheairnearthedestroyedWorldTradeCenterinNewYorkCity.ThetwohugebuildingsweredestroyedSeptembereleventhwhenterroristscrashedtwopassengerplanesintothem.Somepeoplesaytheyaresufferinghealthproblemsasaresult〇theattacks.WhentheWorldTradeCenterfell,itleftaboutonemilliontonsofcrushedconcrete,glassanddust.Somepeoplefearthatcancer-causingsubstancesmayhavebeenreleasedintotheairfromtheresultingfiresandsmoke.Forexample,asbestos(石棉)andotherharmfulsubstanceswereusedinbuildingtheWorldTradeCenter.SinceSeptembereleventh,federal,stateandlocalagencieshavebeentestingtheairinandaroundtheruinedarea.Scientistsfromuniversities,medicalschoolsandprivatecompaniesalsoaredoingtests.Theyarelookingforthepresenceofpollutants(巧染物)intheairthatmightpresentahealthrisktotheworkersremovingthewreckageandtothepublic.Federalofficialssaynolong-termhealthriskshavebeendiscoveredsofa匚Yet,doctorssaymanyoftheworkershavebeensufferingfromseverecough,chestpain,nosebleedsandbreathingproblem.Manyworkerswithcontinuingproblemshavetakenlegalactionagainstthecity.Doctorssayrescueworkersandotherpeoplewhoworkedintheareaforalongperiodoftimearemostatriskforhealthproblems.Workerswhodidnotwearprotectivecoveringsontheirfacesareatevengreaterrisk.AboutfortythousandpeopleliveneartheruinsoftheWorldTradeCenter.Someofthesepeopleworrythatopentruckscarryingtheruinsfromtheareaarestillspreadingpollutants.SomepeoplehavecriticizedNewYorkCity'sclean-upefforts,asmanybuildingsintheareahavenotbeencleaned.Andtheinformationreleasedtothepublicfromairqualitytestsisoftenconfusing,andthefederalgovernmentshouldkeepclosewatchonclean-upefforts.Themajorpointdiscussedinthepassageis.theeffectoftheSeptember11attacksonNewYorkCityhealthproblempeoplesufferresultingfromtheSeptember11attackstheeffortofthecleaningupofbuildingsintheareatheeffectonthehealthofthepeopleoftheruinedareaManyworkershavetakenlegalactionagainstthecitybecause.theyaresufferingfromnosebleedstheyhavecontinuinghealthproblemstheyarecoughingseverelytheyhavebreathingproblemsWhoarehavinggreaterriskofhealthproblems,accordingtothepassage?Thepeoplewholiveneartheruins.Theworkerswhoworkedintheareaforlongtime.Thescientistswhoaretestingtheair.Theworkerswhodidnotwearprotectivecoverings.ThefederalgovernmenthasbeencriticizedforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPT.A.clean-upefforts B.airqualitytestsC.uncleanedbuildings D.thetruckscarryingtheruinsAccordingtothepassagetheauthortheenvironmentoftheruinedarea.A.isdepressedwith B.issatisfiedwithC.isworriedabout D.isconfidentwithPassage6BigBenisoneofLondon'sbest-knownlandmarks,andlooksmostspectacularatnightwhentheclockfacesarelighted.Youevenknowwhenparliamentisinsession,becausealightshinesabovetheclockface.Thefourdials作中面）oftheclockare23feetsquare,theminutehandis14feetlongandthefiguresare2feethigh.Minutelyregulated（快準）withastack（堆）ofcoinsplacedonthehugependulum（鐘擺）,BigBenisanexcellenttimekeeper,whichhasrarelystopped.ThenameBigBenactuallyrefersnottotheclock-toweritself,buttothethirteen-tonbellhungwithin.Thebellwasnamedafterthefirstcommissioner行政長官）ofworks,SirBenjaminHall.ThisbellcameoriginallyfromtheoldPalaceofWestminster,andwasgiventotheDean（教長）ofSt.PaulbyWilliamIII.BeforereturningtoWestminstertohanginitspresenthome,itwasrefashionedinWhitechapelin1858.TheBBCfirstbroadcastthechimes（報時）onthe31stDecember1923—thereisamicrophone（擴音器）intheturret（塔樓）connectedtoBroadcastingHouse.DuringtheSecondWorldWarin1941,abombdestroyedtheLowerChamber（眾議院,下院）oftheHousesofParliament,buttheclocktowerremainedintactandBigBencontinuedtokeeptimeandstrikeawaythehours,itsuniquesoundwasbroadcasttothenationandaroundtheworld,awelcomereassurance（恢復信心、）ofhopetoallwhoheardit.Thetowerisnotopentothegeneralpublic,butthosewitha"specialinterest"mayarrangeavisittothetopoftheClockTowerthroughtheirlocal（UK）MP.WhenparliamenthasameetingBigBenlightstheparliamenttheclockfacesarelightedalightisonabovethefaceBigBenstrikesthetimeWhichoffollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage?BigBenhasonlyonehand.CoinsareusedtomakeBigBenworkmoreprecisely.BigBenhasneverstopped.BigBenhasahugependulummadeofcoins.Thebellwasonceownedby.theoldPalaceofWestminsterSirBenjaminHallTheDeanofSt.PaulTheBBCTheBBCfirstbroadcastthechimesontheeveof.A.1858 B.1923 C.1924 D.1914Theword“intact"mLine2,Para.4probablymeans.A.UninjuredB.uncut C.unharmed D.undamagedPassage7Valentine'sDayprobablyhasitsoriginintheancientRomancelebrationcalledLupercalia（牧ネ申"P）.ItwascelebratedonFebruary15.IntheRomancalendarFebruarywasinthespring.ThecelebrationhonoredthegodsLupercusandFaunusaswellasthetwinbrothersRomulusandRemus,thelegendary（傳說的）foundersofRome.Aspartoftheceremonythepriestspairedupyoungmenandwomen.Thegirls'nameswereplacedinaboxandeachboydrewagirl'sname.ThecouplewaspairedthenuntilthenextLupercalia.In260ADtheemperorClaudiusII,calledClaudiustheCruel,decidedthatyoungsoldierswouldonlybedistractedbymarriageandsoorderedthatyoungmenmightnotmarry.Valetinus（Valentine）,aChristianpriest,defiedtheemperorandmarriedyoungpeopleinsecret.Hewascaughtandexecuted（處死）onFebruary14,theeveofLupercalia.Hisnamebecameassociatedwithyoungloveforeverafter.In496,PopeGelasiussetasideFebruary14tohonorhisasSaintValentineandithasbeenSt.Valentine'sDayeversince.IntheMiddleAgessomeofthecustomsoftheLupercaliastillpersisted（堅持）inspiteoftheattemptsoftheChurchtoputanendtothesenon-ChristiancustomsandtoChristianizetheholiday.Bothmenandwomendrewnamesfromabowltoseewhotheirvalentineswouldbe.Theywouldwearthenamesontheirsleeves（袖子）foraweek.Todaywestillsometimes”wearourheartsonoursleeves^^whenwecannotconcealourfeelings.Inthe1600s,itbecamecommontogiveflowers,particularlytherose,asasignofloveasthe"languageofflowers”cametoEuropefromTurkey.Thecolorandplacementoftheroseheldaspecialsignificance—aredrose,forexample,meantbeauty.FlowershavebeenpartofValentine'sDayeverysince.Themainpurposeofthispassageis.totellusthestoryofValentinus,aChristianpriesttotrace（追溯）backtheoriginofValentine'sDaytointroducethecustomofValentine'sDaytoexplaintherelationshipbetweenmarriageandreligionAccordingtothesecondparagraph,youngsoldierswerenotallowedtomarrybecausetheemperorthought.theyweretooyoungtomarryitwasillegaltheywouldbedisturbedbymarriagenoneoftheaboveWhatistheprobablemeaningoftheworld"defied''inLine3ofParagraph2?A.Refusedtoobey. B.Followed.C.Cheated. D.Condemned.AccordingtoParagraph3,whatdoesitmeanwhenitsays"wearourheartsonoursleeves?*'Toshowourtruefeelingsopenly.Tohideourtruefeelings.Tokeepourfeelingsinourmind.BothBandC.ThedayFebruary14hasbeenSt.Valentine'sDaysince.A.theancientRome B.260ADC.ValentinuswascaughtandexecutedD.496ADPassage8Havingraisedeightchildrenofmyown,Iknowthedilemma（左右刃難）parentsface.Inaworldincreasinglyhostiletochildren,wewanttoshowwecarebyactingonourlovingimpulses,whichusuallymeansspending.Butwhenourkidscamehomeaskingforthelatestdesignerwear,mywifeandIknewwehadtosay"no''moreoftenthannot.Ofcourse,decidingtohavenoTVinthehousewasthefirstrealbreakthrough;Idoubtwewouldhavewonthisbattlewithoutfreeingourselvesfromitsinfluence.Asachild,IgrewupinwhatInowseewaspoverty.Forthefirstfewyearsofmylife,Iateonlythesmallestamount.Yet,Iwouldfindithardtoimagineahappierchildhood.Why?Becausemyparentsgaveuschildrentimeandattentiononadailybasis.Forinstance,nomatterhowbuytheywere,theytriedtoeatbreakfastwithusbeforewewentofftoschooleachmorning.Nochildshouldhavetoliveinpoverty.But1firmlybelievethatthehappinessofachilddoesnotdependonhisorheraccess(接近)tomaterialwealth.Afterall,itisthelovewegiveourchildren,andnotthethings,thatwillremainwiththemforlife.Havingworkedthirtyyearsasafamilycounselor,Iknowthatparentsreallydolovetheirchildren,andwanttodowhatisbestforthem.Butwhatdoesitmeantogiveachildlove?Nexttimeyoufeelthatyouhavefailedyourkids,andaretemptedtorelievethosefeelingsbybringinghomegifts,rememberthatwecan'tbuyourchildren'saffection.Alltheyreallywant,andneed,istimeandattentiveness,alisteningandanencouragingword.Therearethingseveryparentcanprovide.Whattheauthormostconcernsaboutis.howtomakechildrenpleasedhowtogivechildrenthetruelovehowtoeducatehischildrenhowtomeetthechildren'sneedsAccordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?Theauthorlivedinapoorfamilywhenhewasveryyoung.Heneverboughtanygiftstohischildren.Whenhewasachild,hisparentscaredhimandotherchildrenmuchintheirownway.Everyparentshastheabilitytoprovideloveforhisorherchildren.InParagraph1,whentheauthorsays,“Butwhenourkids...wehadtosay'no'moreoftenthannot",hemeans.hecouldnotaffordtoomuchinordernottospoilhischildren,hemustrefusethemthoughhelovedhischildren,hedidn'talwayssatisfytheirmaterialneedshewantedtofightagainsthischildrenThesentence“Iwouldfindithardtoimagineahappierchildhood"means.hischildhoodwasmuchhappierthanhecouldimaginehedidnothaveahappychildhoodbecauseofpovertyit'shardtoimaginewhetherhehadhadahappychildhoodnoneoftheaboveWhatdoestheauthorthinkisthebestforhischildren?A.Gifts.Alisteningearandanencouragingword.C.rrimeandattentivenessD.BothBandC.Passage9Itishardtogetanyagreementontheaccuratemeaningoftheterm"socialclass".Ineverydaylife,peopletendtohaveadifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichtheyassumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocialscale.Thecriteriaweuseto''place"anewacquaintance(熟人)，however,areacomplexmixtureoffactors.Dress,wayofspeaking,areaofresidenceinagivencityorprovince,educationandmannersallplayapart.InGreece,afterthesixthcenturyB.C.,therewasagrowingconflictbetweenthepeasantsandthelandedaristocrats(貴族)，andagradualdecreaseinthepowerofthearistocracywhenakindof“middleclass“oftradersandskilledworkersgrewup.ThepopulationofAthens,forexample,wasdividedintothreemainclasseswhichwerepoliticallyandlegallydistinct.Aboutonethirdofthetotalwereslaves,whodidnotcountpoliticallyatall,afactoftenforgottenbythosewhopraiseAthensasthenurseryofdemocracy.Thenextmaingroupconsistedofresidentforeigners,the"metics",whowerefreemen,thoughtheytwowereallowednoshareinpoliticallife.Thethirdgroupwasthepowerfulbodyof"citizens",whowerethemselvesdividedintosubclasses.InthelaterMiddleAges,however,thedevelopmentofmonetaryeconomyandthegrowthofcitiesandtradeledtotheriseofanotherclass,the"burghers"orcitymerchantsandmayors.Thesewerethepredecessorsofthemodemmiddleclasses.Graduallyhighofficeandoccupationassumedimportanceindeterminingsocialposition,asitbecamemoreandmorepossibleforapersonbomtoonestationinlifetomovetoanother.Thischangeaffectedthetownsmorethanthecountryareas,whereremnantsoffeudalismlastedmuchlonger.Withthebreakupofthefeudaleconomy,theincreasingdivisionoflabour,andthegrowingpowerofthetownburghers(公民)，thecommercialandprofessionalmiddleclassbecamemoreandmoreimportantinEurope,andtheolderprivilegedclass,thelandedaristocracy,begantolosesomeofitspower.Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat.todefinethetermsocialclassdoesnotinvolvemuchdifficultythereismuchalternationinpeople'ssocialclassestoevaluateaperson'ssocialclassisaverycomplexprocedurewecantellwhichsocialclassapersonbelongstobythewayhebehavesInLine5Paragraph1,"criteria''mostprobablymeans.A.standardsofjudgementB.waysC.criticism D.characteristicThedeclineoftheGreekaristocracy'spowerinthesixthcenturyB.C.wastheresultof.theconflictsbetweenthepeasantsandthelandedaristocratstheforeignresidentsslavesthenewlyemergingmiddleclassinthesixthcenturyWhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue,accordingtothepassage?SlavesinGreeceinthesixthcenturyB.C.werenotpoliticallysignificant.The"burghers''ofthelaterMiddleAgesconstitutedanentirelynewsocialclass.Tosomeextent,socialmobilitycanbeattributedtothegrowthoftrade.ThenewclassmadeupoftradersandexecutiveofficialsofthelaterMiddleAgesmadethedevelopmentofamoneyeconomypossible.Thebesttitleofthepassagemightbe.TheCriteriaforClassifyingSocialGroupsSocialClassesChangesinSocialSystemD.TheEvolutionofHumanSocietyPassage10Beforelookingatthetheological（ネ中學的）andmoralimplicationsofhumancloning,letusfirstbrieflylookatwhatwemeanbythecloningprocess.Ithasbeendescribedasfollows:"AsisusedtoproducethefamousScottishsheepDollyin1996,cloninginvolvesremovingthenucleusfromanunfertilizedegg,replacingitwithgeneticmaterialfromanothercell,andusinganelectricimpulsetojointhetwoandstartthecelldivisionthatleadstoatinyembryo（胚胎）?Itisnonsexualreproductioninwhichtheembryo'sgenescomefromoneparentinsteadoftwo.Ifsuccessfullydoneinhumans,thechildwouldbea'delayedgenetictwin'oftheparentfromwhomthegenesweretaken."Withcloning,inotherwords,wecouldhaveawomanwhois"thetwinsisterofhermother,withoutabiologicalfather,andthedaughterofhergrandmother\Forwhatreasonsiscloningbeingproposed（提議）？Everythingfromduplicatingindividualswithexceptionalintelligenceandbeauty;reproducingthelikenessofadeadlovedone;thepossibilityofchoosingababy'ssex;creatingselectedfrozenembryostobetransferredinuterus（子宮）atalatertimetosupplyspareorgans,et.Othershaveproposedlessfantasticscenarios（設想,方案）:theproducingofachildinafamilywhosehusbandsuffersfromaspermia（無精子）ortoreplacethedyingchildofawidowedmother.Evenifallofthesewerepossible,thecloningofahumanbeingwouldnotmean,obviously,thatwehavean“exactduplicate"（復制品）.Thereis,wenote,theinfluenceofupbringing,environment,andculture.Stillmoresignificantisthespiritualsoul,whichasthePontifical（主教的）AcademyofLifesays,"cannotbegeneratedbytheparents,