SkimmingandScanning(TrueorFalseQuestions+BlankFilling)Directions:Readthefollowingpassageandthenanswerthequestions.Forquestions1-7,chooseY(YES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage,chooseN(NO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage,chooseNG(NOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.Passage1TheRealDangerofSharks(鯊魚)Withrowafterrowofsharp,whiteteeth,amouthaswideasitsbodyandanelectricalsixthsensetotrackdownitsvictims,sharksareeasilyseenasthemostfrighteningcreatureoftheseaformostpeople.Muchofthatfearisunreasonable,however.Humansjustaren'tonthemenuofmostsharks.GeorgeBurgessdirectstheInternationalSharkAttackFile(檔案,案卷)，thebiggestlistingofsharkattacksintheworld.Hesaysevenwithmillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldsplashingaroundatthebeach,swimminginthesea,divingdownintotheocean,andfishingnearsharks,thereareusuallyfewerthan75sharkattackseachyear.Humansaren'tonthemenuThefactisthatifalltypesofsharkswereinterestedingrabbinghumanbeings,Iwouldn'tbetalkingabout75attacksayear.I'dbetalkingthousandsandthousands,"Burgesssays."InFloridaifyouflyinanairplanealongtheshoreline,you'llseesharksswimminginandamongstpeopleonaday-to-daybasis,withoutproblems."Althoughtheyarenotcommon,sharkattacksdohappenandNorthAmericagetsmorethanitsfairshare.Inasurveyofsharkattackstakenfor2000,theUnitedStatesexperienced51oftheyear's79attacksrecordedworldwide.MostoftheUSattacksoccurredinFloridawherethebeach-goingpopulationislarge.The2000statisticsrepresentsthemostattackseverrecordedinthepast40yearsthatresearchershavebeenkeepingtrackof.Therewere10deathsin2000:threeinAustralia,twoinTanzania,andoneeachinFiji,Japan,NewGuinea,NewCaledoniaandtheUnitedStates.For1997,theInternationalSharkAttackFilelists56unprovokedsharkattacks.MorethanhalfofthosetookplaceinNorthAmericanwatersand10resultedindeath.UnprovokedsharkattacksinCanadaareveryuncommon,buttheydohappenaswell.Theearliestsharkattackeverrecordedtherehappenedin1851andinvolvedahalf-meter-longsharkwithalongtail.Amorerecentattack,in1987,probablyinvolvedadifferentsortofsharkthatiscommontothemid-Atlantic.SharkAttackFilerecordsindicatethatbothoftheseattackswereprovoked.Burgesssaystwocommonwaysofprovokingasharkarepullingonitstailandremovingafishhookfromitsmouth.TherehavebeenonlytwounprovokedsharkattacksinCanadianwaters,thefirstonebeingin1972offVancouverIsland,PortHardy,Mhesays."Theotheronewasin1977.AdiveroffthecoastofNewfoundlandapparentlywasbittenbyablueshark.That*stheonlyonethat,bymostpeople'sdefinition,wouldreallybeconsidereda'sharkattack'."Fortunately,therehavebeennodeathsthere.CaseofmistakenidentityIfsharksdon'tnormallyattackhumans,whydotheycomeafterusatall?Burgesssaystheanswerissimple:sharksmakemistakes.Sharksoftengrabpeopleintheheatofbattle.They'refightingthecurrentsandbreakingwaves.Theyprobablymakequickdecisionsandgoafterwhattheythinkisafishanddiscoverthatit'sahumanfoot."Butmostsharksquicklyrealizetheirmistakeandletgo."Noanimalwithabrainwouldattacksomethingtwiceitssize.Sotheseareclearlycaseswherethesharkhasmadeamistake."Unfortunately,evenifmistakeshappen,theresultscanstillbedeadly（致命的）.Theteethofevenasmallsharkcandoatremendousamountofdamagetopeopleand,ifnottreatedimmediately,avictimcanbleedtodeath.ManbitessharkDespitetheincreaseinthenumberofreportedsharkattacks,thenumberofsharksintheworld'soceansisactuallydecreasing."Therealstoryisn't'Sharkbitesman',"Burgesssays."It's'Manbitesshark'.We'reknockingoffsharksallovertheworld,insomecasesseverely."Infact,heestimateshumanskillabout300,000sharkseachyearforeveryoneofusthatdiesfollowingasharkattack.Thisisaroughestimate,accordingtosomeotherresearchers,whosuggestthesharkdeathcountis70millioneveryyear,bynetcatchalone.Most,butnotall,sharksdieinfishingnets,unintendedvictimsofourhungerforseafood.In1998,agreatwhitesharkwaswasheduponaSouthAfricanbeach.Scientistssayitwasprobablysickanddying.Butalmostimmediately,frightenedbeach-goerssetinonthe4.4-tonanimalwithanythingheavythattheycouldputtheirhandson.Inminutes,theybeatthesharktodeath.Burgessasksforunderstandingofthesharks,askingpeopletorecognizetheoceansasaforeignandthreateningplace,wheresharkssimplyruleaskingofthefoodchain.DangerofdivingwithsharksEventhoughoneofthebestwaystogettoknowsharksistodiveamongthem,Burgesssayshedoesn'tliketheideaofeco-tourism（生態旅游）operatorsfeedingsharksaroundgroupsofeagerdivers.Thefeedingshowsdisturbthedistribution（分發,分百己）ofsharksaroundtheocean.Theyeventrainthefishtoassociatediversandtheirboatswithfreefood.That'sjustplaindangerousforeveryotherdiveroutthere.Worstofall,hefearsforthesharksthemselvesifapersoniseverinjuredatoneofthesevideo-camera-happytouristtraps.Youknowwhat'sgoingtohappen.Thatvideoandthosestillsaregoingtohitthepress,they'regoingtohiteveryTVshow,andthey'regoingtomakeeverynewspaper.Andyouknowwho'sgoingtobethebadguyinallthat.Thesharksaregoingtobeblamed.Themovieimageofthekillersharksisgoingtobereinforced."Withsharkpopulationsshrinkinginmanypartsoftheworld,that'sthelastthingthisbeautifuloceancreatureneeds.Mostpeoplethinkofsharksasthemostfrighteninganimalofthesea.YNNGCorrectanswer:ASharksoftentakepeopleasfood,soitisreasonableforpeopletofearthem.YNNGCorrectanswer:BGeorgeBurgessfliesaboveFloridabeacheseverydayandseessharksswimmingnearpeople.YNNGCorrectanswer:CTherearemorereportsofsharkattacksintheUSthaninanyothercountry.YNNGCorrectanswer:AInCanada,it'scommonforsomeonetobeattackedwithoutprovokingashark.YNNGCorrectanswer:BWhensharksattackpeople,it'susuallybecausetheyhavemadeamistake.YNNGCorrectanswer:AMostoften,sharksquicklyletgoofapersonaftertheyhavebittenhim.YNNGCorrectanswer:ABurgessaskspeopletounderstandsharksasthekingofanoceanthatis.Correctanswer:foreignandthreateningBecauseofthefeedingshowsofeco-tourismoperators,sharksassociatediverswith.Correctanswer:freefoodTheideaofakillersharkisathatisreinforcedbyreportsofsharkattacks.Correctanswer:movieimagePassage2MagicMagic（魔術）isaformofentertainmentthatisbasedonpretendingtodothingswhichareimpossible.Themagician（魔術師）isaspeciallytrainedactor.Hetriestomaketheaudiencebelievethathehasthepowertodothingswhichareagainstthelawofnature.Magicshowsareentertainingaslongastheaudiencedoesnotdiscoverhowthetricksaredone.Themagicianalwaystriestokeephistricksasecret.ThetricksemployedinmagicperformanceThemagicianusuallydependsonhisskillwithhishands,onhisknowledgeofpsychology,and,sometimes,onmechanical（機械的）devices.Sincemagictricksaremeanttofoolpeople,theuseofpsychologyisimportant.Themagicianmustkeeppeoplefromnoticingallthemovementsofhishandsandfromthinkingaboutthesecretpartsofhisequipment.Hemustalsoleadtheaudiencetodrawfalseconclusions.Themagician'ssuccessdependsonthefactthatmanythingsseenbytheeyedonotregisteronthemind.Twobasicmagictricksaremakingobjectsseemtoappearandmakingobjectsseemtodisappear.Acombinationofthesetwotricksmakesforsomeinterestingeffects.Forexample,themagicianputsasmallballunderoneofseveralcups.Theballthenseemstojumpfromonecuptoanotherortochangecolor.Whatactuallyhappensisthatthemagician,employingquickhandmovementsoramechanicaldevice,hidesoneball.Whiledoingthishetalkstotheaudienceandwavesabrightlycoloredclothwithonehand.Theaudienceistoobusywatchingtheclothandlisteningtothemagician'swordstonoticethathisotherhandishidingtheball.Anotherfavoritetrickistocutorbumsomething,andthenmakeitappearwholeagain.Whatactuallyhappensisthatthemagicianmakesthecutorburnedobjectdisappearbyquicklyhidingitwhiletheaudiencewatchessomethingelse.Thenhe"magically"makesitappearwholeagainbydisplayinganotherobjectthathasnotbeencutorburned.Thereareanumberoftricksinwhichamagicianwillappeartoreadsomeone'smind.Insomeofthese,atrainedhelperwillcoverthemagician'seyeswithacloth.Thenthehelperhastheaudiencehandhimvariousobjects.Thehelpercantellthemagicianwhattheobjectsarewithoutmentioningtheirnames,byusingkeywordsorcodewordsashetalkstothemagician.Thistrickmaytakethemagicianandhishelpermanymonthstolearn.Amagician'spowersarereallyquitelimited,buthemakespeoplebelievethathecandoalmostanythingbychangingorcombingseveraltricks.Tricksinwhichthemagicianapparentlycutspeopleinhalformakesthemdisappeararecalled"illusions"（幻覺エTheword"illusion"derivesfromthefactthatmirrorsareoftenusedtoperformthesetricks.Afamousillusiontrickistosaw（鋸）awomaninhalf.Thewomanisputintoalongboxwithherheadstickingoutofoneendandherfeetstickingoutoftheotherend.Themagiciantakesanordinarywoodsawandcutstheboxintotwohalves.Theaudienceisshocked,thinkingthatperhapshehaskilledthewoman.Afewmomentslater,however,themagicianwaveshishandovertheboxandthewomancomesout.Thewomanthattheaudiencesawbeingcutintwowasonlyanimageinamirror-anillusion.HistoryofmagicMagicisaspopulartodayasitwasinancienttimes.Recordsshowthatover2,000yearsagomagicperformanceswerebeinggiveninancientEgypt,India,Rome,ChinaandGreece.Theseearlymagiciansonlyperformedforsmallgroupsofpeopleonastreetcornerorforakingandhisfriends.Themagiciansinthosedaysusedonlysmallobjectsthattheycouldcarrywiththemorborrow,suchascups,smallstones,knives,andstrings.About1400,morespeciallydesignedtrickswereinventedwhichusedlargerequipment,suchasboxesandbarrelswithfalsebottoms.Underthesefalsebottomsthemagiciancouldhideabird,rabbit,plant,orwhateverhewantedtomakeappearsuddenly.Somemagiciansmadeenoughmoneytobuyadonkey,ahorse,orevenahorseandwagonsothattheycouldcarrybiggerequipment.Magiciansalsobegantousehallsoremptystoressothattheycouldgivetheirshowsindoors.Themostsuccessfulmagicianswouldmoveonlythreeorfourtimesayear.Theykeptalotofequipmentontheirstages,butusedonlyasmallpartofitineachshow.Inthiswaytheycouldconvincethesamepeoplebackoverandoveragain.Someoftheirequipmentwasofnouseatall.Itwasonlyusedforshowandtoimpresstheaudience.Modernmagicdidnotreallystartuntilthe1800s.ItsfatherisconsideredtobeJeanHoudin,aFrenchman,whodevelopedrulesfordoingmagic.Houdinwasalsoahighlyskilledmechanicandwatchmaker.Todaymodernmagicianscanperformmagictricksthatwouldhavebeenimpossibleyearsagobecausetheynowhavebettermechanicalequipmentandgreaterknowledgeofaudiencepsychology.Magicianstakeadvantageoftheirhandsandpsychology,butnotmechanicaldevices.YNNGCorrectanswer:BWhenmakingsomethingdisappear,magiciansusuallytellpeopletopayattentiontohowthetrickisdone.YNNGCorrectanswer:BAmagician'sassistanthelpshimwithtricksinwhichheseemstoreadaperson'smind.YNNGCorrectanswer:AThemagicianmakespeoplebelievehehascutawomaninhalf,butitwasonlyanimageinamirror.YNNGCorrectanswer:AThehistoryofmagiccanbetracedbacktomorethan2,000yearsagoinancientGreece,China,Rome,EgyptandIndia.YNNGCorrectanswer:AAround1400,morespeciallydesignedtrickswhichusedlargerequipmentwereinventedtopleasethekingsandotherrichpeople.YNNGCorrectanswer:CThepassageismainlyabouttheoriginanddevelopmentofmagic.YNNGCorrectanswer:BMagiciansstartedtogiveshowsinside.Correctanswer:hallsoremptystoresThemanwhosetrulesformagicwasalsoaskilled.Correctanswer:mechanicandwatchmakerThankstoandgreaterknowledgeofaudiencepsychology,modernmagicianscanperformmorecomplicatedmagicthaneverbefore.Correctanswer:bettermechanicalequipmentPassage3ARoofoverOurHeadsManhasthreebasicneeds:food,clothingandshelter.Ifamanlivesinawarmclimate,clothingisnotabsolutelynecessary.However,mancannotlivewithoutfood,andhehaslittlechanceofsurvivalwithoutshelter.Manneedssheltertoprotecthimselffromtheweather,wildanimals,insects,andenemies.HistoryofsheltersLongbeforemanlearnedhowtobuildhouses,helookedfornaturalshelters,astheanimalsdid.Hefoundthathecouldprotecthimselfbyclimbingupintotreesorbyhidingincaves.Thefirstsheltersorhomesactuallybuiltbymanwereverysimple.Forhisbuildingmaterials,heusedwhateverhecouldfindeasilyaroundhim:rocks,treebranches,driedgrasses,andanimalskins.Itwasalongtime,however,beforemanbegantobuildpermanent（永久的）sheltersbecause,untilmanlearnedtofarm,helivedbyhunting（狩獵）.And,inordertofollowgame（獵物）,hehadtobeabletomovefromonehuntinggroundtoanother.Thus,thefirstman-madeshelterswerethosethatcouldbeeasilytransported.Thefirstpermanentshelterswereprobablybuilttwentyorfortythousandyearsagobyfish-eatingpeoplewholivedintheplacesaslongasthefishsupplylasted.Fish-eaterscouldstayinoneplaceforseveralyears.However,oncemanlearnedtofarm,hecouldlivelongerinsuchaplace.Thus,hewasabletobuildapermanenthome.Onceagain,hebuilthishomewiththematerialshefoundathand.InEgypt,forexample,woodwasscarce,somosthouseswerebuiltofdriedmud,witharoofsupportedbytreetrunks.WhentheNorsemencamefromScandinaviatonorthernEurope,theyfoundmanyforests,sotheybuilthomeswithaframeworkofheavytreetrunksandthenfilledthespacebetweenthetrunkswithmud.TheEskimos,ontheotherhand,livedinalandwheretherewaslittleornowood.Theylearnedtoadapttheirhomesperfectlytotheirsurroundings.Inthewintertime,wheneverythingwascoveredwithsnowandice,theEskimosbuilttheirhomeswithblocksofice.Whenthewarmweathercameandtheiceturnedtowater,theEskimoslivedinatentmadeofanimalskins.WeatherandhousesTheweatherisman'sworstnaturalenemy.Hehastoprotecthimselffromextremesofheatandcoldandfromstorms,windandrain.Wheretheweatherishotanddry,thewindowsaresmallandhighup,sothattheheatstaysoutside.Thereisoftenaflatroof,wherepeoplecanfindacoolplacetosleep.Inhot,wetareas,ontheotherhand,peopleneedtobeprotectedfromtherain,aswellastheheat.Insuchplaces,housesarebuiltwithwideroofsthathangoverthesideoftheirhomes.Wherethereisalotofrainfall,housesarebuiltwithsteep（陡峭的）roofstodrainofftherain.PeoplelivingintheCongoRiverregionhavefoundthatsteeproofsflowofflargerainsmorequickly.OtherpeopleinAfricahavefoundthatrainflowsquicklyoffaroofofbroadleaves.BuildinghousesInBorneo,housesarebuiltonhighpoststoprotectpeoplefromdampness.AndtherearetribesinMalaysiathatbuildtheirhomesinthebranchesoftrees,andpeopleclimbuptotheirhousesonbambooladders.Innortherncountries,peoplebuildhousestoprotectthemselvesfromcoldandsnow.Theirhousesarebuiltofstrongmaterials,andtheroofsaresteep,sothatthesnowwillfalloff.And,innorthernSiberia,wheresnowfallisextremelyheavy,theroofsevenhaveafunnel-shaped（漏斗型的）platformtoprotectthechimneysfromdriftingsnow.Protectionfromdangerhasalsoinfluencedthetypeofhousemanbuilds.Whenenemiesthreatenedhim,manmadehishouseinplacesthataredifficulttoreach.PeopleinthePhilippinesprotectthemselvesbylivinghighabovetheground.Whendangerthreatens,theyremovetheladdersleadingtotheirhomes.PeoplewholivedonthecliffsoftheAmericanSouthwestbuilttheirhomeshighuponthesidesofcliffs,whereaccesswasverydifficult.Nomadtribes（游牧部落）mustmovefromplacetoplace,takingcareofflocksofsheepthatarealwaysinneedoffreshgrass.Theirhousesmustbesimpleandeasytotransport.ThenomadsofcentralAsiahavedevelopedaroundhousewithaholeatthetoptoletthesmokeout.InEuropethereareveryfewwoodenhousesbeingbuilttoday.Thisispartlybecausewoodisnolongerasplentifulasitoncewas,andpartlybecausewoodenhousesbumquiteeasily.Ontheotherhand,therearemanywoodenhousesinAmerica.Thisisbecausethefirstsettlerswantedtobuildhousesquicklyandcheaply.Sincethecountrywascoveredinmanyplaceswithforests,sometreeshadtobecutdowntomakehouses.Housesinmanycitiesusedtobemadeofwood.However,sincethehouseswereveryclosetogether,firecouldeasilyspreadfromonehousetoanother.Therewererecordsoflargefiresinsomecities,suchasthegreatfireofLondonin1666.Treesandcavesservedasman*sfirstshelters.A.YB.NTreesandcavesservedasman*sfirstshelters.A.YB.NC.NGCorrectanswer:APermanenthouseswerebuiltaftermanlearnedfarming.A.YB.NTherearesomanypeoplelivinginsomecitieswhereitisoftenverydifficulttofindaplacetolive,andifonedoesfindaplaceitisoftentoosmall.Andmanyofthehousesaretoooldanduncomfortable.Justasinman'searliestdays,findingagoodplacetolivecontinuestobeoneofhisbiggestconcerns.C.NGCorrectanswer:AEskimosliveinhomesbuiltwithblocksoficeallthetime.YNNGCorrectanswer:BDifferentroofshavedifferentfunctions.YNNGCorrectanswer:ASteeproofsarebuiltinareasthatarebothhotanddry.YNNGCorrectanswer:BProtectionfromdangerisanotherfactorpeoplehavetoconsiderwhenbuildingtheirhouses.A.YNNGCorrectanswer:ANomadtribesmovefromoneplacetoanotherfordifferentseasons.YNNGCorrectanswer:CIntheU.S.,thereweremany,becausetheycouldbebuiltquicklyandcheaply.Correctanswer:woodenhousesWhenLondonwasrebuilt,wereusedforwalls.Correctanswer:stonesOneofthemosturgentproblemsmanisfacedwithistolive.Correctanswer:findingagoodplacePassage4CommunityCollegesintheUnitedStatesMoreAmericansareenrolledincommunitycollegesthaninanyothertypeofhighereducationalinstitutions.ButthesepopularschoolsarenotwellunderstoodoutsidetheUnitedStates.Whatarecommunitycolleges?Whyshouldinternationalstudentstakeacloserlookatthem?Communitycollegeshavealsobeencalled"two-year”collegesor"junior“colleges,butthepreferablenameis"communitycollege".Theseinstitutions,foundthroughouttheUnitedStates,primarilyservelocalcommunities.Unlikethefour-year,bachelor'sdegree-grantingcollegesanduniversities,communitycollegesusuallydonothavedormitories（宿舍）.Theyare"commuterschools"oftenlocatedclosetoexpressways（高速公路）andpublictransportationroutessothatstudentscanreachthecampuseasilyfromthenearbyareas.Communitycolleges,therefore,areverybusyplaces.Manystudentstakeclassespart-time,whichtheyscheduletoattendeitherbeforeoraftertheirworkhours,intheevening,orevenonweekends.Manycommunitycollegesareopenfromearlyinthemorningtilllateatnight.Becausetheyareusuallypaidforbythestateorlocaltaxmoney,theirdoorsareopentoallstudents.Everyonelivingintheareaservedbythecommunitycollegeiswelcometoattend.Becausetheyservesomanypeoplewithsomanydifferenteducationalneeds,communitycollegesoffermanydifferentkindsofprograms.Thus,thereareseveralprogramsthatmightbeofinteresttointernationalstudents.CommunityCollegesoffer:University-transfer（轉校）programs;Technicalprograms;Job-trainingprograms;Basic-skillsprograms;Special-interestprograms.Internationalstudentswouldprobablybemostinterestedinthefirstprogramonthelist:university-transferprograms.Communitycollegesofferthefirsttwoyearsofanormalfour-yearbachelor'sdegreeprogram.Thus,studentswhoattendacommunitycollegecanpreparethemselvestotransfertoafour-yearinstitutionbycompletingthebeginningcoursesofaprogramatthecommunitycollegeinsteadofatauniversity.Aftertwoyears,studentscanapplyforafour-yearcollegeoruniversitytocompletetheirdegree.Internationalstudentsmayalsobeinterestedinthetechnicalprogramsorjob-trainingprogramsatcommunitycolleges.Forexample,manycommunitycollegeshavecertificate（證書）programsinfieldssuchasairconditioning,cartechnology,buildingandconstruction,business,medicaltechnology,policeandfiredepartmenttraining,childandfamilystudies,andmanyotherareaswithpromisingcareers.Communitycollegesalsoprovidebasicskillscoursesforstudentswhoneedhelpwithreading,writingormath.Thesestudentsmayneedspecialpreparationfortheirjobsortocontinuetheireducation.Manypeopleenrollinspecial-interestclasses.Theseclassesmaybeforrecreationorhobbies,suchassports,dancing,music,orart.Communitycolleges,bydefinition,servethecommunitywiththekindofprogramsthatcitizenswantandneed.Communitycollegeeducationisavailabletoadultsofanyageandbackground.Asaresult,communitycollegeshaveauniqueplaceintheeducationalsystemoftheUnitedStates.ThesequalityinstitutionsarethefastestgrowingsegmentofAmericanhighereducationandnowenrollmorestudentsthananyotherkindofinstitution.Communitycollegesmakehigh-qualityeducationconvenientandcheaptovirtuallyeveryone.AdmissiontoCommunityCollegesForinternationalstudentscomingtotheUnitedStates,communitycollegesofferexcellenteducationalopportunities.Communitycollegesusuallyhaveaneasy,open-admissionprocess.Generally,forsuccessfuladmissiontoacommunitycollege,aninternationalstudentneedstohaveevidenceofhighschoolcompletion,Englishproficiency（精通），andenoughfinancesforthestayintheUnitedStates.CostofCommunityCollegesCommunitycollegesgenerallyhavelowercoststhanfour-yearcollegesanduniversities.Studentscansavemoneyduringthefirsttwoyearsoftheirstudies.Then,theycantransfertoanyfbur-yearinstitutiontocompletethefinaltwoyearsofabachelor'sdegree.Communitycollegesarefully-accredited（官カ認可的）.Creditsearnedatacommunitycollegecanusuallybetransferredtoanyotherinstitution.LearningataCommunityCollegeStudentswillfindasupportivelearningenvironmentatcommunitycolleges.Sometimesclassesaresmaller,andstudentscanbenefitfrommoreindividualattentionfromtheprofessors.CommunitycollegesalsoofferinternationalstudentsaclearerviewoftheAmericansociety.Althoughsomeofthetraditionalfeaturesofacollegecampus—suchasdormitories—aremissing,thereareavarietyofotheraspectsofthecommunitycollegeenvironmentthatmakeitveryspecial.Communitycollegesareinthebusinessofhelpingpeopleofallagesandbackgrounds—includinginternationalstudents—realizetheireducationaldreams.TransferringCreditsOneofthegreatstrengthsoftheAmericanhighereducationalsystemistheeasewithwhichstudentscantransferfromonecollegeoruniversitytoanother.Itisnotunusual,forexample,forastudentattendingasmallprivatecollegetotransfertoalarge,comprehensivepublicuniversity.ImportanceofAccreditationAlthoughthehighereducationalsystemintheUSmakestransferringeasy,therearesomepointstokeepinmindifyouareconsideringatransfer.PleasenotethatthefollowingcommentsonlyconcerntransfersfromoneaccreditedinstitutiontoanotherwithintheUnitedStates.Transfersfromortoinstitutionsthatarenotaccreditedisnotrecommended.Ifastudentattendsaninstitutionthatlacksaccreditation,thereisariskthatthecoursescompletedwillnottransfertoanaccreditedinstitution.Alwayschecktheaccreditationoftheinstitutionyouplantoattendandalsocheckiftheprogramofstudyormajorthatyouhavechosenisaccreditedbyaprofessionalorganization.MakingTransfersEasyManycollegesanduniversitieshavearrangementsknownasnArticulation（明晰）Agreements'*withotherinstitutions.Theseagreementsallowstudentstotransferfromoneinstitutiontotheotheraspartofaprogramofstudy.Generallyspeaking,suchagreementsalloweasytransferwithlittleornolossofcreditandtime.Forexample,engineeringstudentsmaystudyforthreeyearsattheundergraduatelevelatonecollege,thentransfertoanothercollegefortwomoreyearsandreceivebothabachelor*sandamaster'sdegreeattheendofthefiveyearprogramofstudy.Sometimessuchprogramsareknownas"3+2programs**becausetheyaredesignedtobecompletedinatotaloffiveyears.Communitycollegesoftenhavearticulationagreementswithfour-yearcollegesanduniversities.Manystateshavesimilarmechanismsfortransferringcredits.Manyprivatecollegesanduniversitiesthatarelocatednearcommunitycollegesalsohavedetailedlistsofhowandwhatcourseswilltransfer.Ifyouplanahead,atransfercanbeanexcellentwaytoaccomplishyoureducationalgoalsandenrichyourexperiencewithhighereducationinAmerica.ThepassagegivesanintroductiontocommunitycollegesintheUnitedStates.A.YNNGCorrectanswer:ACommunitycollegesusuallyhavedormitories,likefour-yearcolleges.YNNGCorrectanswer:BAlladultswholiveintheareaservedbyacommunitycollegecanattendit.YNNGCorrectanswer:AOfalltheprogramsofferedbycommunitycolleges,internationalstudentsaremostlikelytopreferthejob-trainingprograms.YNNGCorrectanswer:BEachcommunitycollegehasalmostasmanystudentsastheaveragefour-yearuniversity.A.YNNGCorrectanswer:CThecostof