1、專題十二 詞義猜測高考英語 浙江專用一、根據上下文的解釋猜測詞義詞義猜測設題單詞都是超出考綱詞匯的單詞,且經常在設題單詞的下文會出現對該詞或詞組的解釋和說明。只要我們能夠正確理解上下文,準確把握解釋和說明的信息,對詞義的猜測準確率將會大大提高。方法技巧例1It will be very hard but also very brittlethat is, it will break easily.What does the underlined word mean?A.tallB.prettyC.fragileD.smooth分析在文章出現一個不太常用的單詞時,作者常常會在后面跟上相應的解釋,

2、我們可以根據其解釋判斷詞義。此處根據后面的it will break easi-ly可知,這里的brittle意思就是“易碎的”,所以選fragile。 例2I am Peter Hodes,a volunteer stem cell courier. Since March 2012, Ive done 89 tripsof those, 51 have been abroad. I have 42 hours to carry stem cells in my little box because Ive got two ice packs and thats how long they

3、last. In all, from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐獻者)to the time they can be implanted in the patient, weve got 72 hours at most. So I am always conscious of time.I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. I picked up the stem cells in Providence, Rho

4、de Island, and was meant to fly to Washingtonthen back to London. But when I arrived at the check-in desk at Providence, the lady on the desk said:“Well, Im really sorry, Ive got some bad news for youthere are no flights from Washington.” So I took my box and put it on the desk and I said:“In this b

5、ox are some stem cells that are urgently needed for a patientplease, please, youve got to get me back to the United Kingdom.” She just dropped everything. She arranged for a flight on a small plane to be held for me, rerouted(改道)me through Newark and got me back to the UK even earlier than originall

6、y scheduled.For this courier job,youre consciously aware that in that box youve got something that is potentially going to save somebodys life.Which of the following can replace the underlined word“courier”in Paragraph 1?A.Provider.B.Delivery man.C.Collector.D.Medical doctor.分析本題中,該設題的詞courier是一個生詞,

7、但是,文章后面的故事和說明表明“我”的旅行就是運送干細胞,從而可以判斷出該詞的詞義就是“delivery man”,意為“運送人”。二、根據上下文的特殊關系詞猜測詞義詞義猜測設題的另一個重要方式是對應于相應的特殊關系,如轉折、對比、遞進等。在進行詞義猜測的時候,我們可以根據目標詞和上下文的這些特殊的關系詞來進行判斷。例In an attempt to grow everlasting cells, Dr. George Gey took samples of all women who came to Hopkins with cervical cancer. After taking a b

8、iopsy(活組織檢查)of Henriettas cervical cancer, Dr. George Gey discovered that unlike any cells he had seen before, Henriettas cells could not only repro-duce, but thrive outside the bodya breakthrough that would change modern medicine. Actually, her cells doubled in size every 24 hours and Dr. Gey share

9、d these cells for free with any researcher interested. Later, Dr. Stanley Gartler found that Henriettas cells were even capable of jumping out of the Petri dish(皮氏培養皿)and taking other cell types. As a result, these cells, named HeLa(for Henrietta Lacks)have been essential in the research into cancer

10、, AIDS, the effects of radiation and poisonous substances, gene mapping, and countless other scientific pursuits. And theyve been used in tens of thou- sands of research studies.What does the underlined word“thrive”mean probably?A.Die.B.Grow.C.Break.D.Change.分析本文中,目標詞前面有“could not only reproduce, bu

11、t”, 從而可以判斷有遞進關系,同時,再根據后面的her cells doubled in size every 24 hours可推知,thrive一詞與選項B意思相近,意為“生長”。三、根據上下文,利用指代關系來解題有時候畫線目標單詞是it或they等代詞,要求考生推斷其指代的對象。這類題目主要考查考生對文章結構和內容的準確掌握程度。我們要根據文章的內容和句子結構來仔細判斷畫線詞的指代。例In the depths of the French Guianese rainforest, there still remain unusual groups of indigenous(土著的)p

12、eople. Surprisingly, these people live largely by their own laws and their own social customs. And yet, people in this area are in fact French citizens because it has been a colony(殖民地)of the French Republic since 1946. In theory, they should live by the French law. However, their remote locations m

13、ean that the French law is often ignored or unknown, thus making them into an interesting area of“lawlessness”in the world.The lives of these people have finally been recorded thanks to the efforts of a Frenchman from Paris called Gin. Gin spent five months in early 2015 exploring the most remote co

14、rners of this area, which sits on the edge of the Amazon rainforest, with half its population of only 250,000 living in its capital, Cayenne.“I have a special love for the French Guianese people. I have worked there on and off for almost ten years,”says Gin.“Ive been able to keep firm friendships wi

15、th them. Thus I have been allowed to gain access to their living environment. I dont see it as a lawless land. But rather I see it as an area of freedom.”“I wanted to show the audience a photographic record touching upon the uncivilized life,”continues Gin.“I prefer to work in black and white, which

16、 allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”His black-and-white pictures present a world almost lost in time. These pictures show people seemingly pushed into a world that they were unprepared for. These local citizens now have to balance their traditional self-supporting hunting life

17、style with the lifestyle offered by the modern French Republic, which brings with it not only necessary state welfare, but also alcoholism, be-trayal and even suicide.What does the underlined word“it”in the last paragraph refer to?A.The modern French lifestyle.B.The self-supporting hunting.C.The unc

18、ivilized world.D.The French Republic.分析本文是一篇記敘文。文章記述了在遠離法國本土的圭亞那的熱帶雨林深處土著居民的自由生活。畫線詞所在句的句意是“這些當地居民現在不得不在他們傳統的經濟獨立的狩獵的生活方式和現代的法蘭西共和國提供的生活方式中保持平衡。而這種現代化的生活不只帶來了必要的政府福利,而且也帶來了酗酒、背叛甚至是自殺”。which引導的是非限制性定語從句,根據以上敘述的句意可以推斷出畫線的it指的是現代的法國生活方式,所以答案為A項。B項:自給自足的狩獵方式; C項:未開化的世界;D項:法蘭西共和國。本題錯誤率很高。其主要原因就是對畫線詞所在的句子

19、理解不到位,對相關句子結構的把握也不準確。四、利用構詞法猜測詞義構詞法是詞義猜測題解題的重要方法之一。設題的詞匯很難,但是根據其詞根卻可以對單詞的詞義進行判斷。因此,為了提高這類題的解題正確率,我們要在平時注意積累英語詞匯的詞根知識。例The stories we share with one another are important.They show wisdom and provide inspiration.They are important to our development.But sometimes people choose not to tell.Consider th

20、e negative effects of not sharing a story in the news:People are wondering if public health officials are holding back too much information about the recent outbreak of Ebola.There is a danger in holding back stories that ought to be told.Bobette Buster said it like this,“The fact is,history has sho

21、wn us that stories not told can become like a dangerous genie(妖怪)left in a bottle.When they are finally uncorked,their power to destroy is set free.”Which is close in meaning to the underlined word“uncorked”in Paragraph 3?A.Freed.B.Broken.C.Unfolded.D.Untouched.分析本文為議論文。文章論述了人們彼此分享自身經歷的重要性。這里將被封鎖的消息

22、比作裝在瓶子里的妖怪,一旦將瓶子打開,它們的破壞力就會被釋放出來。本題可以根據構詞法來確定畫線詞的詞義。cork的意思是“軟木塞”“用軟木塞封(瓶)”。該詞在前面加上否定前綴,那么就是把塞子打開,和選項中的A(freed)語義相近。當然,猜詞可以通過多種方法。如此題,還可以根據后面的句意,尤其是“set free”來猜測詞義。五、利用定義語來猜測詞義畫線詞一般都是高中學生不太熟知的單詞。此時,文章中可能會給出該詞的定義或解釋。通過閱讀定義或解釋部分,讀者便可理解該詞的基本含義。線索詞有 that,which,is 等。六、利用同位語來猜測詞義根據同位關系解題是猜詞題解題的重要方法。同位語經常并

23、列出現,解題時可以根據同位單詞的性質和意義來進行合理的判斷。 例Not every historic mansion, church, battle site, theatre and other public halls can be preserved.What does the underlined word “mansion” mean probably?A.eventB.missionC.storyD.building 分析本句中,畫線單詞和后面的church, battle site, theatre是同位關系,因此應該是建筑類的名詞,所以選D。七、利用文章中的舉例來猜測詞義在閱讀

24、理解中,考生可以根據文章所舉的例子,從具體到一般,推斷出該生詞的意思。例Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsor

25、y education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.Which of the following best explains “dominant” underlined in this paragraph?A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.分析畫線詞上句的意思是“這一切都造成了很多語言的消失”,畫線單詞后面列舉英語、西班牙語、漢語,這些都是“重要的,有影響力的”的語言。所以選C。 八、利用對比或比較的詞語來猜測詞義當作者強調的事物之間有區別或對立時,往往會運用對比的手法,即會用到對比的詞語,例如反義詞,也可以暗示出生詞的含義。能體現對比關系的詞匯很多,主要有 but,yet,however,while,instead,on the other h