1、8 THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS宏觀經濟數據Measuring a Nations Income一國收入的衡量Chapter 23The Economys Income and Expenditure經濟的收入與支出For an economy as a whole, income must equal expenditure because: 對一個整體經濟而言，收入必定等于支出，因為：Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. 每一次交易都有買者和賣者。Every dollar of spending by some bu

2、yer is a dollar of income for some seller. 某個買者的1美元支出就是某個賣者的1美元收入The Measurement of GDPGDP的衡量GDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP 是在某一既定時期一個國家內生產的所有最終物品與勞務的市場價值。GDP的衡量“GDP 是市場價值 . . .”產出按市場價格來評價?！? . . 所有的 . . .”GDP只包括最終物品的價值

3、，而不包括中間品的價值（價值只能計算一次）。“. . . 物品與勞務 . . . “它既包括有形的物品（食物、衣服、汽車），也包括無形的勞務（理發、打掃房屋、醫生出診）。 GDP的衡量“. . . 生產的 . . .”它包括現期生產的物品與勞務，并不包括涉及過去生產的東西的交易?！?. . . 一個國家之內 . . .”它衡量的生產價值是在一個國家的地理范圍之內。The Measurement of Gross Domestic Product國內生產總值的衡量“. . . In a Given Period of Time.” “在某一既定時期內”It measures the value

4、of production that takes place within a specific interval of time, usually a year or a quarter (three months). 它衡量某一既定時期內進行的生產的價值，通常這個時期是一年和一個季度（三個月）。國民總收入國民總收入 (GNP) 是一國永久居民（稱為國民）所賺到的總收入。GNP 與GDP不同之處在于包括本國公民在國外賺到的收入，而不包括外國人在本國賺到的收入。THE COMPONENTS OF GDPGDP的組成部分GDP includes all items produced in the

5、 economy and sold legally in markets. GDP包括一個經濟體生產并在市場上合法銷售的所有物品與勞務。THE COMPONENTS OF GDP What Is Not Counted in GDP?GDP excludes most items that are produced and consumed at home and that never enter the marketplace.It excludes items produced and sold illicitly, such as illegal drugs.GDP的組成部分什么未計算在

6、GDP之內？GDP不包括在家里生產和消費而沒有進入市場的大多數商品和服務。GDP不包括非法生產和銷售的項目，如毒品。The Components of GDPGDP的組成部分GDP (Y ) is the sum of the following:GDP (Y) 是以下項目之和： Consumption (C) 消費（C） Investment (I) 投資（I） Government Purchases (G) 政府購買（G） Net Exports (NX) 凈出口（NX）Y = C + I + G + NXThe Components of GDPGDP的組成部分Consumption消

7、費 (C): The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. 家庭除了購買新住房以外用于物品與勞務的支出。Investment投資 (I):The spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including new housing. 用于資本設備、存貨和建筑物的支出，其中包括家庭用于購買新住房的支出。The Components of GDPGovernment Pur

8、chases (G):The spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments.Does not include transfer payments .Net Exports (NX):Exports minus imports.GDP的組成部分政府購買 (G):地方、州和聯邦政府用于物品與勞務的支出。政府購買不包括轉移支付。凈出口(NX):出口減進口Table 1 GDP and Its ComponentsCopyright2004 South-Western中國GDP的結構？GDP and It

9、s Components (2001)Consumption 69%Government Purchases18%Net Exports -3 %Investment16%Real versus Nominal GDP 實際GDP與名義GDPNominal GDP values the production of goods and services at current prices. 名義GDP按現期價格計算的物品與勞務產出的價值量。Real GDP values the production of goods and services at constant prices. 實際GDP按

10、不變的基年價格計算的物品與勞務產出的價值量。Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 實際與名義GDPCopyright2004 South-Western 年熱狗的價格熱狗的數量漢堡的價格漢堡的數量2001$1100$2502002$2150$31002003$3200$4150Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 實際與名義GDPCopyright2004 South-Western計算名義GDP:2001($1/個熱狗 X 100個）+（$2/個漢堡 X 50個）￥2002002($2/個熱狗 X 100個）+（$3/個漢堡 X 50個）￥600200

11、3($3/個熱狗 X 100個）+（$4/個漢堡 X 50個）￥1200Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 實際與名義GDPCopyright2004 South-Western計算實際GDP（基年為2001年）:2001($1/個熱狗 X 100個）+（$2/個漢堡 X 50個）￥2002002($1/個熱狗 X 100個）+（$2/個漢堡 X 50個）￥3502003($1/個熱狗 X 100個）+（$2/個漢堡 X 50個）￥500GDP Deflator GDP平減指數The GDP deflator measures the current level of p

12、rices relative to the level of prices in the base year. GDP平減指數衡量相對于基年價格的現期物價水平。It tells us the rise in nominal GDP that is attributable to a rise in prices rather than a rise in the quantities produced. GDP平減指數說明在名義GDP增長中，多少歸因于價格的上升而不是產量的增加。Converting Nominal GDP to Real GDP將名義GDP轉換成實際GDPNominal GD

13、P is converted to real GDP as follows:轉換如下： GDP Deflator GDP平減指數The GDP deflator is calculated as follows:GDP平減指數計算如下：Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP 實際與名義GDPCopyright2004 South-Western計算GDP平減指數：2001（$200/$200) X 100 = 1002002（$600/$350) X 100 = 1712003（$1200/$500) X 100 = 240Figure 2 Real GDP in the U

14、nited StatesBillions of1996 Dollars$10,0009,0008,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0001970197519801985199020001995GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和經濟福利GDP is the best single measure of the economic well-being of a society. GDP是社會經濟福利一個最好的衡量指標。GDP per person tells us the income and expenditure of the average pe

15、rson in the economy. 人均GDP告訴我們經濟中每個人的平均收入與支出。 GDP and Economic Well-BeingGDP和經濟福利Higher GDP per person indicates a higher standard of living. 較高的人均GDP說明較高的生活水平。GDP is not a perfect measure of the happiness or quality of life, however. 但是，GDP并不是幸?；蛏钯|量的完美衡量指標。GDP and Economic Well-BeingSome things th

16、at contribute to well-being are not included in GDP.The value of leisure.The value of a clean environment.The value of almost all activity that takes place outside of markets, such as the value of the time parents spend with their children and the value of volunteer work.GDP和經濟福利對美好生活作出貢獻的某些東西并沒有包括在

17、GDP中。閑暇的價值。清潔環境的價值。幾乎所有在市場之外進行的活動的價值，如父母在家照顧孩子的時間的價值和義務工作的價值。Table 3 GDP, Life Expectancy, and LiteracyCopyright2004 South-Western中國經濟的減速根據歷史經驗，減速往往發生在如下時刻：人均GDP達到16740美元；人均收入達到最領先國家的58%；制造業就業率達到23%。2007年，中國人均GDP達到8511美元，人均GDP占美國人均GDP的19.8%，如果中國保持以每年9.3%的速度增長，到2015年，中國人均GDP達到17335美元，正好剛剛超出減速的臨界點。如果中

18、國保持以較溫和的7%的速度增長，那么人均GDP將在2017年達到臨界。SummaryBecause every transaction has a buyer and a seller, the total expenditure in the economy must equal the total income in the economy.Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures an economys total expenditure on newly produced goods and services and the total income

19、earned from the production of these goods and services.小結由于每一次交易都有買者與賣者，所以，經濟中的總支出必定等于經濟中的總收入。國內生產總值 (GDP) 衡量經濟用于新生產的物品與勞務的總支出，以及生產這些物品與勞務所賺到的總收入。SummaryGDP is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.GDP is divided among four components of expenditure: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports.小結GDP是一個國家之內在某一既定時期生產的所有最終物品與勞務的市場價值。GDP分為四個組成部分：消費、投資、政府購買和凈出口。SummaryNominal GDP uses curre