1、第六講 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)和主謂一致0102動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)|普通過去時(shí)|普通未來(lái)時(shí)|過去未來(lái)時(shí)|現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)|過去完畢時(shí)|現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)|現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)|過去進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成 |被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)基本使用辦法|積極形式表示被動(dòng)意義I. 單句語(yǔ)法填空 | II. 單句改錯(cuò) | III. 翻譯句子 | IV. 語(yǔ)法填空 | V. 短文改錯(cuò)主謂一致語(yǔ)法一致原則 | 意義一致原則 | 就近一致原則06針對(duì)訓(xùn)練03第1頁(yè)第1頁(yè) 動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)第2頁(yè)第2頁(yè)一、 普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)構(gòu)成。普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)主要由動(dòng)詞原形表示，當(dāng)主語(yǔ)是第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)普通由動(dòng)詞原形后加s或es構(gòu)成。其改變規(guī)則下列：1第3頁(yè)第3頁(yè)一、 普通現(xiàn)

2、在時(shí)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)構(gòu)成。1情況改變規(guī)則例詞普通情況直接加-scomecomesplayplays結(jié)尾為s，x，sh，ch或o在詞尾加espass-passeswash-washes fix-fixesgo-goes結(jié)尾為“輔音字母y”變y為i再加escarry-carries cry-criesstudy-studies worry-worries第4頁(yè)第4頁(yè)一、 普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)使用辦法。表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，句中慣用 often，usually，sometimes，every day 等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。2He goes to school by bicycle every day.他天天騎自行

3、車去上學(xué)。第5頁(yè)第5頁(yè)一、 普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)使用辦法。表示現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)、特性、事實(shí)或客觀真理。2The story sounds very interesting.這個(gè)故事聽起來(lái)很有趣。第6頁(yè)第6頁(yè)一、 普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)使用辦法。表示現(xiàn)在狀態(tài)、特性、事實(shí)或客觀真理。2The story sounds very interesting.這個(gè)故事聽起來(lái)很有趣。As we all know，objects fall to the ground because of gravity.眾所周知，由于重力物體下落。第7頁(yè)第7頁(yè)一、 普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)使用辦法。在時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，用普通現(xiàn)

4、在時(shí)表示未來(lái)。2When I graduate，Ill go to the countryside.畢業(yè)后我要去鄉(xiāng)下。第8頁(yè)第8頁(yè)一、 普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)普通現(xiàn)在時(shí)使用辦法。表示按計(jì)劃、要求將要發(fā)生動(dòng)作，但限于少數(shù)動(dòng)詞，如：begin，come，leave，go，arrive，start，stop，return，open，close，take off等。2The meeting begins at seven.會(huì)議將于七點(diǎn)開始。The plane takes off at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.飛機(jī)將在明天早上6點(diǎn)鐘起飛。第9頁(yè)第9頁(yè)二、 普通過去時(shí) 普通過去時(shí)構(gòu)成。1情

5、況改變規(guī)則例詞普通情況在動(dòng)詞后加edstaystayed expectexpected 以e結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞后加dhopehoped以“輔音字母y”結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞變y為i再加-edstudystudiedcarrycarried重讀閉音節(jié)中，詞尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母時(shí)雙寫詞尾輔音字母再加-edplanplannedpreferpreferred普通過去時(shí)由動(dòng)詞過去式表示，規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式普通由動(dòng)詞原形加ed構(gòu)成，其改變規(guī)則下列：第10頁(yè)第10頁(yè)二、 普通過去時(shí) 普通過去時(shí)使用辦法。2表示在擬定過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生動(dòng)作或存在狀態(tài)。時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：yesterday，last week，an hour ago，the oth

6、er day，in 1982等。He finished writing his novel last month.他上個(gè)月寫完了一部小說(shuō)。I felt very tired when I got home，and I went straight to bed.我到家時(shí)候感到非常累，就直接上床睡覺了。第11頁(yè)第11頁(yè)二、 普通過去時(shí) 普通過去時(shí)使用辦法。2表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)，經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。When I was a child，I often played football in the street.我是個(gè)孩子時(shí)候，常在馬路上踢足球。 第12頁(yè)第12頁(yè)二、 普通過去時(shí) 普通過去時(shí)使用辦法

7、。2有些動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)間沒有詳細(xì)表明，但事實(shí)上是“剛剛，剛剛”發(fā)生，應(yīng)使用普通過去時(shí)。Your phone number again？I didnt quite catch it.你再說(shuō)一遍您電話號(hào)碼，我剛剛沒有聽清。第13頁(yè)第13頁(yè)二、 普通過去時(shí) 普通過去時(shí)使用辦法。2有表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)完畢動(dòng)作。Mr. White lived in Paris for seven years，and he lives in Beijing now.懷特先生在巴黎住過七年，他現(xiàn)在住在北京。第14頁(yè)第14頁(yè)三、普通未來(lái)時(shí)will/shall動(dòng)詞原形。1表示客觀未來(lái)，常與表示未來(lái)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。shall普通用于第

8、一人稱，will可用于各種人稱。My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old.我生日就要到了。我將要18歲了。普通未來(lái)時(shí)表示從現(xiàn)在看來(lái)將要發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。第15頁(yè)第15頁(yè)三、普通未來(lái)時(shí)will/shall動(dòng)詞原形。1will還可表示說(shuō)話時(shí)暫時(shí)做出決定。What time is it?I have no idea. But just a minute，I will check it for you.幾點(diǎn)了？我不知道。稍等，我?guī)湍憧匆幌隆Ｆ胀ㄎ磥?lái)時(shí)表示從現(xiàn)在看來(lái)將要發(fā)生動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。第16頁(yè)第16頁(yè)三、普通未來(lái)時(shí)be going to動(dòng)詞原形。2“be

9、 going to動(dòng)詞原形”表示按計(jì)劃、打算要做某事或依據(jù)某種跡象預(yù)示著要發(fā)生某事。I am going to buy some books with my sister this afternoon.我打算下午和姐姐去買些書。Look at the clouds. It is going to rain.看那些烏云。天要下雨了。第17頁(yè)第17頁(yè)三、普通未來(lái)時(shí)be to 動(dòng)詞原形， 表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行動(dòng)作或征求對(duì)方意見。3The boy is to go to school tomorrow.男孩明天要去上學(xué)。Are we to go on with this work?我們要繼續(xù)這項(xiàng)工作嗎？ 名

10、師指津be to do和be going to do區(qū)別be to do表示客觀安排或受人批示而做某事，be going to do表示主觀打算或計(jì)劃。 I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。(客觀安排) Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。(主觀想法)第18頁(yè)第18頁(yè)四、過去未來(lái)時(shí)過去未來(lái)時(shí)慣用表示法：would/should動(dòng)詞原形。1表示對(duì)過去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)而言將要發(fā)生動(dòng)作或存在狀態(tài)。I hoped that we would meet again som

11、eday.我希望未來(lái)有一天我們能再會(huì)面。第19頁(yè)第19頁(yè)四、過去未來(lái)時(shí)過去未來(lái)時(shí)慣用表示法：would/should動(dòng)詞原形。1表示過去某種習(xí)慣行為。I would swim in the small river after school when I was a child.我小時(shí)候放學(xué)后總是在這條小河里游泳。第20頁(yè)第20頁(yè)四、過去未來(lái)時(shí)過去未來(lái)時(shí)其它表示法2was/were going to do表示過去打算和意圖。He was going to start work the following week.他打算接下來(lái)那個(gè)星期開始工作。第21頁(yè)第21頁(yè)四、過去未來(lái)時(shí)過去未來(lái)時(shí)其它表示法2

12、was/were to動(dòng)詞原形。這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常指過去計(jì)劃、安排或注定要發(fā)生事情。假如計(jì)劃動(dòng)作沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)，要用動(dòng)詞完畢式。He said he was to meet his friend at the station at 4 pm.他說(shuō)他下午四點(diǎn)去車站接他朋友。(計(jì)劃安排)第22頁(yè)第22頁(yè)四、過去未來(lái)時(shí)過去未來(lái)時(shí)其它表示法2was/were about to動(dòng)詞原形。這種結(jié)構(gòu)表示過去即將發(fā)生事，常與when連用。I was about to go out when someone called me.我正要出門，這時(shí)有些人給我打電話。第23頁(yè)第23頁(yè)五、現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)表示到現(xiàn)在為止已發(fā)生或完畢動(dòng)作，

13、其結(jié)果影響現(xiàn)在仍然存在。有時(shí)與just，already，yet，recently，before，twice，three times等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，常與非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用。1I dont want to go to the cinema with you，because I have seen the film already.我不想和你一起去看電影，由于我已經(jīng)看過那部電影了。現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成：have(has) 過去分詞。第24頁(yè)第24頁(yè)五、現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)表示從過去某一時(shí)刻開始始終連續(xù)到現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，常與“since時(shí)間點(diǎn)”、“for時(shí)間段”及 so far，up to now，till now

14、，in the last/past few years等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。2The film Wolf Warrior has received good reviews since it came out last month.電影戰(zhàn)狼自上個(gè)月上映以來(lái)取得了許多好評(píng)。第25頁(yè)第25頁(yè)五、現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)慣用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)句型3It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.這是自從我到這個(gè)學(xué)校以來(lái)所參與過最有教育意義講座。在“It (This) is the best (worst，mo

15、st interesting等)名詞從句”中，從句中謂語(yǔ)用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)。第26頁(yè)第26頁(yè)五、現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)慣用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)句型3It is the third time that you have been late for work this week，isnt it?這已經(jīng)是本周你第三次上班遲到了，不是嗎？在“It (This) is (will be) the first/second/third.timethat從句”中，that從句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在完畢時(shí)。第27頁(yè)第27頁(yè)六、過去完畢時(shí)過去完畢時(shí)構(gòu)成為haddone。表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間之前已經(jīng)完畢動(dòng)作，即“過去過去”，句中有明顯表示過去參考動(dòng)作

16、或時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。1By the time Jack returned home from England，his son had graduated from college.杰克從英國(guó)回到家時(shí)，他兒子已經(jīng)大學(xué)畢業(yè)了。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.湯姆失望了，由于他到達(dá)晚會(huì)時(shí)，大部分客人已經(jīng)走了。 第28頁(yè)第28頁(yè)六、過去完畢時(shí)動(dòng)詞hope，expect，think，intend，mean，want，suppose，plan用過去完畢時(shí)，表示未實(shí)現(xiàn)愿望、打算和意圖

17、。2We had hoped that you would come，but you didnt.那時(shí)我們希望你能來(lái)，但是你沒有來(lái)。第29頁(yè)第29頁(yè)六、過去完畢時(shí)慣用過去完畢時(shí)句型3Hardly had the speaker finished his speech when the audience kept asking him questions.演講者一結(jié)束他發(fā)言，觀眾就不斷地向他提問。“hardly (scarcely).when.，no sooner.than.”句型結(jié)構(gòu)中，主句用過去完畢時(shí)，從句用普通過去時(shí)，意思為“剛就”。第30頁(yè)第30頁(yè)六、過去完畢時(shí)慣用過去完畢時(shí)句型3Tha

18、t was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.這是她第二次看見她祖父了。表示“第幾次做某事”，主句用過去時(shí)，從句用過去完畢時(shí)。 名師指津兩個(gè)動(dòng)作如按順序發(fā)生，又不強(qiáng)調(diào)先后，或用then，and，but 等連接時(shí)，多用普通過去時(shí)。When she saw the mouse，she screamed.她看到老鼠，就叫了起來(lái)。 My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it.姑媽給了我一頂帽子，我把它丟了。第31頁(yè)第31頁(yè)七、現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)構(gòu)成為have/hasbeendoing。表示過去動(dòng)作連

19、續(xù)到現(xiàn)在剛剛結(jié)束或有也許延續(xù)下去，常和for，since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。1Tom looks tired because he has been cleaning the house since 9 am.湯姆看上去很累，由于他從早晨九點(diǎn)到現(xiàn)在始終在打掃房間了。第32頁(yè)第32頁(yè)七、現(xiàn)在完畢進(jìn)行時(shí)表示重復(fù)發(fā)生動(dòng)作。2You have been saying you can succeed for five years.五年來(lái)你始終在說(shuō)你能成功。表示某種感情色彩。3Too much has been happening today.今天真是一個(gè)多事日子。第33頁(yè)第33頁(yè)八、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)構(gòu)

20、成。1情況改變規(guī)則例詞普通情況在詞尾直接加-ingworkworkingstudystudying以不發(fā)音e結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞去e再加-inghavehavingtaketaking以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，且末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母雙寫該輔音字母再加ingcutcutting beginbeginning以ie結(jié)尾動(dòng)詞變ie為y再加-inglielying diedying現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)構(gòu)成形式為：am/is/arev.ing。v.ing形式改變規(guī)則下列：第34頁(yè)第34頁(yè)八、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)使用辦法2We are waiting for you at the airport.我們正在機(jī)場(chǎng)等你。 表示現(xiàn)在(指說(shuō)話人

21、說(shuō)話時(shí))正在發(fā)生事情。Mr. Green is writing another novel these days.這些天格林先生在寫另一部小說(shuō)。(說(shuō)話時(shí)也許并未在寫) 表示當(dāng)前一段時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行動(dòng)作，說(shuō)話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。第35頁(yè)第35頁(yè)八、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)使用辦法2Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越來(lái)越暖和了。表示逐步改變動(dòng)作，這樣動(dòng)詞有：get，grow，become，turn，run，go，begin等。You are always changing your mind.你老是改變主意。 與always，constantly，forever 等詞連用，

22、表示重復(fù)發(fā)生動(dòng)作或連續(xù)存在狀態(tài)，往往帶有說(shuō)話人主觀感情色彩。第36頁(yè)第36頁(yè)八、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)使用辦法2 名師指津不用進(jìn)行時(shí)動(dòng)詞 (1)表示事實(shí)狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞和心理狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如 belong，possess，owe，exist，include，contain，continue，know，realize，believe，suppose，imagine，agree，recognize，prefer，understand等。This house belongs to my sister.這房子是我姐。 (2)系動(dòng)詞，如seem，remain，lie，see，hear，smell，feel，taste

23、，get，become，turn等。You seem a little tired.你看上去有點(diǎn)累。第37頁(yè)第37頁(yè)九、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)正在進(jìn)行動(dòng)作或存在狀態(tài)。 慣用時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有：at six this morning，the whole morning，all day yesterday，from nine to ten last evening等。I was making a modal plane at nine yesterday evening.我昨天晚上九點(diǎn)正在制作模型飛機(jī)。1第38頁(yè)第38頁(yè)九、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)另一個(gè)主要使用辦法是描述一件事發(fā)生背景；一個(gè)長(zhǎng)動(dòng)作延

24、續(xù)時(shí)候，另一個(gè)短動(dòng)作發(fā)生，慣用于when和 while引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我哥哥騎車時(shí)摔了下來(lái)，受了傷。2第39頁(yè)第39頁(yè) 動(dòng)詞語(yǔ)態(tài)第40頁(yè)第40頁(yè)一、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)由“助動(dòng)詞be及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞”構(gòu)成，be動(dòng)詞有些人稱、數(shù)和時(shí)態(tài)改變。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)常見時(shí)態(tài)改變(以動(dòng)詞build為例)列表下列： 狀態(tài) 時(shí)間普通進(jìn)行完畢現(xiàn)在am/is/are builtam/is/are being builthas/ have been built過去was/ were builtw

25、as/ were being builthad been built未來(lái)shall/will be builtshall/will have been built過去未來(lái)should/would be built第41頁(yè)第41頁(yè)一、部分倒裝The window is dirty. It hasnt been cleaned for weeks.窗戶臟了。已經(jīng)好幾周沒擦了。All the employees are encouraged to work online at home.所有雇員都被勉勵(lì)在家網(wǎng)上辦公。The number of deaths from heart disease wi

26、ll be reduced greatly if people eat healthily.假如人們能健康地飲食，那么死于心臟病人數(shù)將大大減少。 名師指津含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be過去分詞The boxes must be moved into the house before it rains.這些箱子必須在下雨前搬到房間里去。第42頁(yè)第42頁(yè)二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)基本使用辦法不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者，或者沒有必要指出誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者。This jacket is made of cotton. 這件上衣是棉料。1為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出動(dòng)作承受者或事件本身。Visitors are requested

27、not to touch the exhibits.要求參觀者不可觸摸展品。2第43頁(yè)第43頁(yè)二、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)基本使用辦法用在科技文獻(xiàn)或新聞報(bào)道中。Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s.這種小汽車是二十世紀(jì)80年代制造。3 名師指津get過去分詞能夠表示被動(dòng)，此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語(yǔ)化。The patient got treated once a week.那位病人一周得到一次治療。第44頁(yè)第44頁(yè)三、積極形式表示被動(dòng)意義系動(dòng)詞(look, feel, taste, sound, smell, prove, seem, appear等)形容詞或名詞。The dis

28、h tastes good. 這菜味道不錯(cuò)。1表示開始、結(jié)束、運(yùn)動(dòng)動(dòng)詞(begin, finish, close, open, start, stop, shut，move, run等)。The store closes at 6：00 pm. every day.商店天天下午六點(diǎn)關(guān)門。2第45頁(yè)第45頁(yè)三、積極形式表示被動(dòng)意義表示主語(yǔ)特點(diǎn)或特性動(dòng)詞(read, write, sell，wash, wear, cut, lock, act, draw, drive, drink, eat, clean等)。Books of this kind sell well.這類書很暢銷。 The pen

29、 writes smoothly.這支鋼筆寫起來(lái)很流暢。3第46頁(yè)第46頁(yè) 主謂一致第47頁(yè)第47頁(yè)主謂一致主謂一致是指謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上和主語(yǔ)一致，普通遵循三個(gè)原則，即語(yǔ)法一致原則、意義一致原則和就近一致原則。做題時(shí)還要注意時(shí)態(tài)及其它語(yǔ)法及詞義正確性。第48頁(yè)第48頁(yè)一、語(yǔ)法一致原則動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、不定代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞慣用單數(shù)。1Listening to music makes me relaxed after a busy day.聽音樂使我在一天忙碌之后得到了放松。To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in the

30、 world.愛人和被人愛是這個(gè)世界上最大幸福。Everything is in a complete mess, which drives people crazy.所有事情都毫無(wú)頭緒，讓人發(fā)瘋。第49頁(yè)第49頁(yè)一、語(yǔ)法一致原則主語(yǔ)后跟有with，together with，as well as，like，but，except，along with，rather than，including，in addition to等引起短語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞數(shù)要與前面主語(yǔ)保持一致。2Mr. Smith，together with his wife and daughters，is going to visi

31、t Beijing this summer.史密斯先生和他妻子、女兒們今年夏天將要一起參觀北京。I think Tom，rather than you is to blame for the accident.我認(rèn)為是湯姆而不是你該為此事故負(fù)責(zé)任。第50頁(yè)第50頁(yè)一、語(yǔ)法一致原則由“kind，type，sort，a quantity of，quantities of”等修飾主語(yǔ)，其謂語(yǔ)形式常取決于這些詞單復(fù)數(shù)。3This new type of buses is now on show.這種新型公共汽車現(xiàn)在正在展出。With more and more forests being destro

32、yed，a large quantity of good earth is being washed away each year.With more and more forests being destroyed，quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.伴隨越來(lái)越多森林被砍伐，每年有大量沃土被沖走。第51頁(yè)第51頁(yè)一、語(yǔ)法一致原則“more than one/many a單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；each，every，no所修飾名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，即使有and連接，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍用單數(shù)。4More than

33、one person is involved in this.與此事有牽連不止一個(gè)人。Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the party to be held on Sunday.每個(gè)男生和女生都希望參與周日即將舉辦聚會(huì)。第52頁(yè)第52頁(yè)二、意義一致原則集體名詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，若被看作一個(gè)整體，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；若被看作是構(gòu)成集體一個(gè)個(gè)組員，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。常見集體名詞有：family，class，team，group，public，committee，government，audience等。1意義一致原則指無(wú)論主語(yǔ)形式是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)，主語(yǔ)

34、意義決定了謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)。The class consists of 25 boys and 20 girls.這個(gè)班由25個(gè)男生和20個(gè)女生構(gòu)成。The class are doing experiments.全班學(xué)生都在做試驗(yàn)。第53頁(yè)第53頁(yè)二、意義一致原則the rest of.，the remaining/part.主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)依據(jù)句子所表示單復(fù)數(shù)意義而定。2The factory used three fifths of the raw materials，the rest of which were saved for other purposes.工廠用了這種原材料五分之三

35、，剩余部分節(jié)約出來(lái)作為他用。第54頁(yè)第54頁(yè)二、意義一致原則分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)指代或修飾名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于它們所表示意義。3About 50% of the land is suitable to grow plants.大約50%土地適合種植物。About 80% of the people in the city object to the price of running water going up.這個(gè)都市中大約80%人反對(duì)自來(lái)水價(jià)格上調(diào)。第55頁(yè)第55頁(yè)二、意義一致原則單復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞作主語(yǔ)情況。單復(fù)數(shù)同形名詞，如means，works，sheep，deer，crossroads

36、，series等作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)依據(jù)詳細(xì)情況而定。4There are various means of communicating with a stranger.同陌生人交流有很多不同方法。第56頁(yè)第56頁(yè)二、意義一致原則從句作主語(yǔ)情況。從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞普通用單數(shù)形式，但what引導(dǎo)從句作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞要依據(jù)從句意義決定。5That Jack has gone abroad makes us all surprised.杰克出國(guó)了，這使我們都很驚訝。What he says and acts do not agree.他言行不一致。(指他說(shuō)話和他做事，是復(fù)數(shù)概念)第57頁(yè)第

37、57頁(yè)三、就近一致原則由or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.等連接并列主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常與最近主語(yǔ)在單復(fù)數(shù)上保持一致。1Either you or one of your students is to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.要么是你或者你一名學(xué)生應(yīng)當(dāng)出席明天會(huì)議。第58頁(yè)第58頁(yè)三、就近一致原則由there，here引起主語(yǔ)不止一個(gè)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞數(shù)通常和最鄰近主語(yǔ)保持一致。2There is a dog and two cats at the door.門口有一條狗和兩只貓。第59頁(yè)第5

38、9頁(yè)三、就近一致原則分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)指代或修飾名詞時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞單復(fù)數(shù)取決于它們所表示意義。3The factory used three fifths of the raw materials，the rest of which were saved for other purposes.工廠用了這種原材料五分之三，剩余部分節(jié)約出來(lái)作為他用。第60頁(yè)第60頁(yè)第61頁(yè)第61頁(yè). 單句語(yǔ)法填空1Later, engineers _ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as

39、 the Tube.(全國(guó)卷)2When fat and salt _ (remove) from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something.(全國(guó)卷)3Leaving the less important things until tomorrow _ (be) often acceptable.(全國(guó)卷)4Sometimes chopsticks are quite artistic. Truly elegant chopsticks might _ (make)of gold and silver with Chinese c

40、haracters.(全國(guó)卷)5Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and _ (be) too violent for use at the table.(全國(guó)卷) managed are removed is be made were 第62頁(yè)第62頁(yè). 單句語(yǔ)法填空6Mr. Green as well as his children _ (go) to the park every Sunday.7What her father left her _ (be) only some books.8My hobb

41、y is widespread，which _ (include)drawing，collecting stamps and so on.9Now Professor Smith，along with his assistants， _ (be) working on the project day and night to meet the deadline.10Between the two rows of trees _ (stand) the teaching building. goes are includes is stands 第63頁(yè)第63頁(yè). 單句語(yǔ)法填空11I _ (in

42、tend)to call on you，but I had an unexpected visitor.12The students have been working hard on their lessons and their efforts _ (reward) with success in the end.13This is because two thirds of the earths surface _ (be) made up of vast oceans.14Barbara is easy to recognize as shes the only one of the

43、women who _ (wear) evening dress.15Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ (be) tired of having one examination after another. had intended will be rewarded is wears are 第64頁(yè)第64頁(yè). 單句語(yǔ)法填空16We _ (tell) that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week，but for the week after.17If it _ (turn) cold again，they

44、ll dive back down.But they come out again if it is warm.18It is the most instructive lecture that I _ (attend) since I came to this school.19It _ (rain)when they left the station.20In the last few years，China _ (make) great achievements in environmental protection.were told turns have attended was r

45、aining has made 第65頁(yè)第65頁(yè). 單句改錯(cuò)1I had grown not only physically，but also mentally in the past few years.(全國(guó)卷)2About one month after this photo was took, I entered my second year of high school and became a new member of the school music club.(全國(guó)卷)3Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and hig

46、h quality oil are using for cooking.(全國(guó)卷) 4A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.(全國(guó)卷)5Every means have been considered but none is proper.havetakenusedtold has 第66頁(yè)第66頁(yè). 單句改錯(cuò)6Whether the temple should be pulled down have caused a heated discussion. 7Tom as well as two of his

47、 friends were invited to the party yesterday. 8One day I saw an advertisement in a local newspaper. I ring up the company，and I was given the job immediately. 9The answer sheet must cut from the newspaper and sent to China Daily before the deadline. 10In the past two and a half years，our school had

48、organized many activities. has was rang be has 第67頁(yè)第67頁(yè). 翻譯句子1早睡早起是一個(gè)好習(xí)慣。2我到達(dá)山頂時(shí)，陽(yáng)光燦爛。3到當(dāng)前為止，不止一名學(xué)生已經(jīng)被錄用到這家具樂部。4電話鈴響時(shí)我正好要上床睡覺。To go to bed early and to rise early is a good habit.When I got to the top of the mountain，the sun was shining.More than one student has been admitted to the club so far.I wa

49、s about to go to bed when the phone rang.第68頁(yè)第68頁(yè). 翻譯句子5那是他第三次告訴我要注意書寫。6在過去十年里，我們都市里蓋起了許多高樓大廈。7即使明天下雨，我們也不會(huì)改變計(jì)劃。8到現(xiàn)在為止，兩條鐵路建筑工作已完畢。It was the third time that he had told me to pay attention to my handwriting.In the past ten years，many tall buildings have been built in our city. We wont change our pl

50、an even if it rains tomorrow.The construction of the two new railway lines has been completed by now.第69頁(yè)第69頁(yè). 語(yǔ)法填空 Our sense of hearing is one of the most important means of knowing what is going on around us. We 1._ (warn) of danger by sounds. The sounds of music please us. Sound has a waste product，toonoise. Scientists，for several years，have been studying how noise