1、內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng) Endocrine System 主講人: 袁 媧Department of Histology and Embryology Gannan Medical University雙語(yǔ)教學(xué)Bilingual teachingLearning Objectives The structure and function of thyroid gland甲狀腺, parathyroid gland 甲狀旁腺, adrenal gland 腎上腺 and hypophysis 垂體. The composition of endocrine system and the common fea

2、tures of endocrine tissuse. Two types of endocrine cells. Relationship between hypophysis 垂體 and hypothalamus 下丘腦. General description 概述 Components Endocrine glands 內(nèi)分泌腺 Endocrine tissues （ Pancreas islet 胰島） 內(nèi)分泌組織 Endocrine cells 內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞 FunctionEndocrine systemproduceHormonestarget organsAct ontarg

3、et cellsHormones are molecules that function in the body as chemical signals.What is hormone？Endocrine glandsThyroid glandAdrenal glandsPituitary gland Hormones secretionSpecial secreting formsAutocrine （自分泌） Paracrine （旁分泌）遠(yuǎn)距分泌：激素進(jìn)入血液 Two types of endocrine cellsNitrogenous-hormone secreting cellSt

4、eroid-hormone secreting cell含氮激素分泌細(xì)胞粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、高爾基復(fù)合體、膜包分泌顆粒類固醇激素分泌細(xì)胞滑面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、線粒體、脂滴、無(wú)分泌顆粒一、甲狀腺 Thyroid gland甲狀腺位于甲狀軟骨下緊貼在氣管第三，四軟骨環(huán)前面。甲狀腺形如“H”，分左右兩個(gè)側(cè)葉，中間以峽部相連。 甲狀腺可隨吞咽動(dòng)作而向上移動(dòng)。 Thyroid glandGeneral structure- capsule 被摸 : L.C.T forming septa - parenchyma 實(shí)質(zhì): lobules 小葉 follicles 濾泡 interstitium間質(zhì): CTConstitu

5、tion: Follicle: Colloid is surrounded by a single layer epithelium.Epithelium 上皮: Simple squamous (hypoactive功能減退), cuboidal or columnar (hyperactive功能活躍), depending upon the functional status. Thyroid gland follicles 甲狀腺濾泡2. Colloid 膠質(zhì): Homogeneous secretion of epithelium. Acidophilic. Contains iod

6、inated thyroglobulin 碘化的甲狀腺球蛋白. Thyroid gland follicles Follicular epithelial cells EM: microvilli RER, Golgi apparatus secretory granules lysosome, mitochondria endocytotic vesiclesFunction: synthesize and release thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) triiodothyronine (T3)According to the structures of f

7、ollicular epithelial cells, can you illustrate their functions?四碘甲狀腺原氨酸 （多）三碘甲狀腺原氨酸 （少）Formation of T3 & T4:a. AA RER thyroglobulin (Gogi, glycosylated (G, secreting granules) colloid 膠質(zhì).b. Iodide 碘 (iodide pump) iodide oxidation in cytoplasm colloid bound to tyrosine 酪氨酸residues of thyroglobulin io

8、dated thyroglobulin.c. iodated thyroglobulin (TSH, microvilli) endocytic vesicles LYS T3 & T4. Function of T3, T4:a. elevate the basal metabolic rate. b. influence the body growth and nervous system development during fetal life.Modulation of T3, T4 secretion: hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis下丘腦-

9、垂體-甲狀腺軸Pathological state在出生時(shí)甲狀腺功能減退：精神發(fā)育遲滯 ；身材矮小；粗糙的五官 ；突出的舌頭；臍疝呆小癥單純性甲狀腺腫大Parafollicular cell-single between follicular cells-in small groups in interstitial tissueAlso called calcitonin cell / C cell LM: ovoid, polygonal larger pale-stained: eosinophilic argyrophilic granules 嗜銀Function: synthesi

10、ze and release calcitonin, make blood calcium 濾泡旁細(xì)胞鍍銀染色HE染色 二、甲狀旁腺 Parathyroid （一） 一般結(jié)構(gòu) 兩對(duì)，每個(gè)為扁橢圓形。表面有被膜，少量間質(zhì)內(nèi)含有孔毛細(xì)血管，實(shí)質(zhì)由腺細(xì)胞排列成索狀或團(tuán)狀。 腺細(xì)胞由主細(xì)胞和嗜酸性細(xì)胞組成。 甲狀旁腺一、主細(xì)胞:數(shù)量多,染色淺 功能：分泌甲狀旁腺素 升高血鈣二、嗜酸性細(xì)胞:單個(gè)或成群存在,染色深， 含嗜酸性顆粒三、 腎 上 腺 Adrenal gland 左側(cè)呈半月形，右側(cè)呈扁平三角形。（一 ）一般結(jié)構(gòu) 表面有被膜； 間質(zhì)少，含血管和神經(jīng)； 實(shí)質(zhì)由皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)兩部分構(gòu)成。重點(diǎn)掌握皮質(zhì)和髓

11、質(zhì)的激素Adrenal gland cortexZona glomerulosaZona fasciculataZona reticularisZona glomerulosaZona fasciculataZona reticularis球狀帶束狀帶網(wǎng)狀帶Zona glomerulosa15% of cortex volume-Structure: LM cells: small, low columnar or polygonal be arranged into nests or clusters nuclei: deep stained, round cytoplasm: light

12、basophilic-Function: secrete mineralocorticoid ( eg. aldosterone) 鹽皮質(zhì)激素 醛固酮regulate electrolyte and water balanceZona reticularis7% of cortex volume-Structure:LMcells: small; be arranged in irregular anastomosing cords 吻合成網(wǎng)cytoplasm: acidophilic-Function:secret androgen(testosterone) andsmall amount

13、 of oestrogen 雌激素Adrenal medulla-Structure: medullary cell ( chromaffin cell ) : LM:cells: polyhedral 多邊形, be arranged in short cordscytoplasm: weakly basophilic,brownish granules- when fixed bybichromate-containing fixative.central veinganglial cells: multipolar neuronslarge, 23 in groupsAdrenal me

14、dullaEMelectron-dense granules adrenaline cell: 80% 腎上腺素細(xì)胞noradrenaline cell: 20% 去甲腎上腺細(xì)胞Adr. cellNoradr. cell-Function: secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline secrete some polypeptides 多肽 (galanin甘丙肽, neuropeptide Y神經(jīng)肽, enkephalin腦啡肽)i. heart rateii. dilate blood vessel i. blood pressure ii. the flow

15、 speed of blood Pathological stateExcessive adrenal secretion of glucocorticoid hormonesCushings syndrome 庫(kù)欣綜合征滿月臉、多血質(zhì)外貌、向心性肥胖、紫紋等 四、垂體垂體腺垂體（前葉）神經(jīng)垂體（后葉）遠(yuǎn)側(cè)部結(jié)節(jié)部中間部神經(jīng)部漏斗正中隆起漏斗柄 重點(diǎn)掌握腺垂體遠(yuǎn)側(cè)部結(jié)構(gòu)與分泌的激素；掌握神經(jīng)垂體的結(jié)構(gòu)；掌握垂體門脈系統(tǒng)、赫令體的概念。Pituitary glandPars distalisPars intermediaPars nervosaInfundibular Pas distalis

16、遠(yuǎn)側(cè)部Glandular cells are arranged in cords Rich in capillaries around the cellsClassification:ChromophobesChromophils Acidophils Basophils A - Acidophilround or oval , eosinophilic stainningB - Basophilless, large cell, ovoid or polygonalbasophilic granulesC - Chromophobemore, small, pale, no clear bo

17、undary Tropic hormones of pas distalis cell type secreting hormone acidophil basophilsomatotrophgrowth hormone(GH)生長(zhǎng)激素mammotroph prolactin(PRL)催乳激素thyrotropegonadotrope adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) 促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素corticotrope follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)卵泡刺激素 luteinizing hormone(LH) 黃體生成素 thyroid

18、 stimulating hormone(TSH) 促甲狀腺激素生長(zhǎng)激素細(xì)胞催乳激素細(xì)胞促甲狀腺激素細(xì)胞促性腺激素細(xì)胞促腎上腺皮質(zhì)激素細(xì)胞 Gigantism 巨人癥 Dwarfism 侏儒癥Pathological stategrowth hormone in kidstoo muchdeficientAcromegaly 肢端肥大癥Pathological stateToo much growth hormone occurs in adultsProtruding jaw 下顎突出Broaden lower faceEnlarged handsPas intermedia 中間部Stru

19、cture:chromophobe cellsbasophilsbe arranged into cords/follicles.Function:Secrete melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) 黑素細(xì)胞刺激素Pas tuberalis 結(jié)節(jié)部包圍著神經(jīng)垂體的漏斗，含豐富的毛細(xì)血管.下丘腦、腺垂體的關(guān)系和垂體門脈系統(tǒng)1、垂體門脈系統(tǒng)： 垂體門微靜脈及其兩端的毛細(xì)血管網(wǎng)共同構(gòu)成垂體門脈系統(tǒng)2、意義：下丘腦與腺垂體之間的功能聯(lián)系 下丘腦弓狀核的神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞分泌的釋放激素或釋放抑制激素通過(guò)垂體門脈系統(tǒng)運(yùn)送到腺垂體遠(yuǎn)側(cè)部，調(diào)節(jié)腺垂體細(xì)胞的分泌。Neurohypophysis 神經(jīng)垂體Pars nervosa 神經(jīng)部ComponentsPituicytes ( glial cells) 垂體細(xì)胞Capillaries (fenestrated) 有孔毛細(xì)血管Unmyelinated nerve fibers 無(wú)髓神經(jīng)纖維 Function: Store and release oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)催產(chǎn)素抗利尿激素Neurohypophysis 神經(jīng)垂體 Herring bodies 赫令體: Neurosecretory granules accumula