1、淺析中英語(yǔ)言禁忌開展起來(lái)的一種社交工具，其功能就是溝通信息，但在特定的語(yǔ)言行為中，卻被賦予了它自身所沒(méi)有的超人的感覺(jué)和超人的力量。社會(huì)成員竟認(rèn)為語(yǔ)言本身能給人類帶來(lái)某種桔祥或不幸，人為地設(shè)置了種種語(yǔ)言禁區(qū)。他們相信誰(shuí)要是違犯這些語(yǔ)言禁忌，誰(shuí)就會(huì)受到應(yīng)有的懲罰。反之，誰(shuí)要是忠實(shí)遵循了語(yǔ)言禁忌的約束，誰(shuí)就會(huì)得到相應(yīng)的庇護(hù)和保佑。語(yǔ)言禁忌會(huì)隨著社會(huì)的開展而變化。本論文首先闡述了語(yǔ)言禁忌的演變，接著提出語(yǔ)言禁忌存在于人們生活的各個(gè)方面，是一種普遍存在的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象。在漢英兩種語(yǔ)言中，有些忌諱是一致的。文中分析了中英語(yǔ)言禁忌在語(yǔ)音層面、詞匯方面的相似性。但是由于漢英民族文化背景、意識(shí)形態(tài)、價(jià)值觀念等的不同，

2、中英語(yǔ)言禁忌的內(nèi)容和形式也有一些差異，因此本論文還討論了中英語(yǔ)言禁忌在私人話題、數(shù)字和命名稱謂方面的互異性。這些異同和開展演進(jìn)往往會(huì)給跨文化交際帶來(lái)一些障礙，為此，有效防止使用禁忌語(yǔ)的方法主要是使用委婉語(yǔ)代替禁忌詞，并充分理解異國(guó)的文化背景。希望本論文的研究能幫助英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者加深英漢兩種語(yǔ)言和文化的理解，進(jìn)步跨文化交際才能，防止交際失敗，到達(dá)理想的交際效果。【關(guān)鍵詞】語(yǔ)言禁忌;演變;相似點(diǎn);不同點(diǎn)1.Intrdutin“Itisanifestedinlanguage:persns,thingsandativitiesthataretabshuldntbetalkedabutrshuldbeent

3、inedinarundabutayinlanguage.rdsandexpressinsrelatedtthesesialtabsarelinguistitabs.1TheabvedefinitinshsthatLinguistitab,asanintegralpartflanguage,isntnlyalinguistiphenennbutalsasialphenenn.Liketherpartsflanguage,theriginflinguistitabisdeeplyrtedinthepriitivesialandulturalbakgrundanditshangeisgreatlyi

4、nfluenedbythedevelpentfhuansietyinrdertsatisfyhuanbeingsneedsfrsthuniatins.iththeadvaneentfsieneandtehnlgy,anypuzzlesabuttheuniverseareslved,andiththeinreasefaterialealth,huandeandsfrspiritualivilizatinarealsbeinghigher.Evidently,linguistitabsarearefletinfthesesialdevelpentandthevalueneptsandbeliefs

5、ftheultureinhihtheyarebrn.Itexistsineveryaspetfpepleslife.,“tapuand“kapusaredand“nserated,andnthether,“unanny,“dangerusand“unleanrerlessanrefletthestratifiedusagefrdshihhavethesaeeaninginthisperid.5Inhina,duringthefeudalties,enusuallyplayadinantrleinfaily.eanseeitfrthehineseexpressins“三從四德,“三綱五常et.I

6、nrdertstrengthentheirpsitinandtpreventtheirsubjetsfrvilatingthe,theryalsandkingsputfrarddifferentkindsfprhibitinsandbans.Frinstane,tshtheirauthrityandajesty,thenaeftheeperrandhisanestrsshuldntbeentined.Atthesaetie,peplealaysavidedspeakinguttheirparentsnaesreventheharatersintheirparentsnaes.Theldsayi

7、ng“古人聞父名而泣fr“garbagelletrisagdexaplefrthis.sundsthesaeas“喪urningand“柳illsundsthesaeas“綹.Theyayindiatethatthereillbeafuneralandsethingillbestlen.6Gablersntsay“書(bk),beausethehinese“shu/書(bk)sundthesaeith“shu/輸(defeat).hinesepepleillntpresentalkasagiftineddingsrthererenies,beause“l(fā)kprnunes“zhng(鐘),hih

8、hasthesaeprnuniatinas“zhng/終(end)r“hen/沉(sink)andanytherrdsithsiilarsunds.Seevenhangetheirsurnae“hen/陳hihsundsthesaeas“hen/沉.ItissaidthatthehpstikspepleintheEastusehenhavingealsereriginallyalled“zhu/箸inanienthina.Sineithadthesaesundas“zhu/住stp,itasreplaedlaterby“kuaizi/筷子sine“kuai/筷sundslike“kuai/快q

9、uik.Inesternuntries,therearealsanysuhkindsfexaples.henardsundsthesaeasatabrd,itneedshangingintantherexpressin.Frinstane,“inearlier18thentury,thefealeinEnglishandAerianuntriesalaystriedtavidusingtherdarse(thebttpartfthebdynesitsn),hihasnsideredinelegant.Speplealledtheanialassasdnkey.7Anthertypialexap

10、leisthat“fuk(asail),“fekr“fak(fat)areseldusedrevengutfuse,beausetheyprnunethesaeas“fuk.“Neaanadeanlusinthatthereasnhyserdsdisappearedererelatedtthefatthattheirprnuniatinarethesaeassetabrds.83.2Invabulary“Rughlyspeaking,tabrdsinEnglishfallintthreetypes,naelybsenities,prfanitiesandvulgaritiesInAeria,t

11、heSexualRevlutinin1960sand70sadepeplerepentardsex,butnrdssuhas“akinglveand“havingsexr“不正當(dāng)關(guān)系tshtheiralrelatinshipbeteenaanandaan.Aseallkn,pregnanyisanralphysilgialphenenn,butindailylife,peplentsayitdiretly,asitisrelatedtsex.Ifseneispregnant,Englishpepleillsay,“sheisexpetingababyr“sheisinafailyay.Siil

12、areupheissanbefundinhinese“有喜了,“行動(dòng)不便了.10Therdssuhas“Gd,“Jesus,“danand“hell“Jeepersreepers,“dashand“hek.Sepeplealsavidreferringtthedevil,hihisnsidereddisrespetful.Stheyuse“thedeue,“thedikens,“l(fā)dNiktsubstitute“thedevil.eanfindsiilarexaplesinhinese.Inreligin,pepleuseseplientaryaddresstrefertaesegds,e.g

13、.“大帝,“大圣,“佛陀(Buddha).Antherexapleisthat,tigerisregardedasthedivineanialnearthehangbaiuntainsituatedintheNrtheastfuruntry.Therefre,thereastheustf“tigeristhegdinanientties.Pepleavidedallingthe“tigerdiretlyandgavethetigeranthernae,“山君r“山佛爺11Searrdsfredbyeplyingseftheanialsnaesarevulgaritiest.Theyarever

14、yiprperexpressinsinstnversatins,espeiallyhentherearealeandfealeatthesaetie,suhas“bith,“,“sine,“piget.“TheBritishParliaenthasnepublishedardlist.Therdsnthelistareabusiveandereunparliaentaryexpressins,suhasad,heeky,liar,prevariating,fasistet.12Ingeneralsituatin,evenindailyuniatins,thesevulgarrdsarensid

15、eredtabrds.Inhinese,therearealsanysiilarsayings,suhas“小兔崽子,“羊巴羔子,“狗娘養(yǎng)的,“小王八InbthEnglishandhinese,deathisvieedas“departing.InEnglish,eanfindanyeupheissfrdeath,suhas“g,“depart,“departfrthisrld,“gtabetterrld,“gtheaysfallflesh,“passaayet.Inhinese,ealsanfindsiilareupheiss:“去了,“分開了我們,“辭世,“去見馬克思了,“歸西,“升天,“

16、上路et.InbthEnglishandhinese,deathisparedt“sleeping,“sleepinEnglishrrespndt“正寢，“長(zhǎng)眠，r“永眠insteadf“veneraldisease;use“big,“l(fā)ngdisease,rterinalillnesstreplae“aner.Abbreviatinsareftenusedtalleviatetheshkingeffet.Frinstane,SARSisusedtsubstitutetheterriblenae“SevereAuteRespiratrySyndres.Inhinese,henetalktapa

17、tient,eaysay“你今天不舒適，別上班了.Here,euse“不舒適insteadf“脖.Asasldier,eaysay“掛彩了insteadf“傷.entalillnessesarethughtnttbeentineddiretly.Frexaple,henreferringtaentalillness,ejustsay“alittleeentrir“alittlenfused.Eitherinhineserestern,peplehavesypathyfrnesphysialdisability.Ifsenelksugly,eillsayshe/helksplain/rdinar

18、yandentusetherd“fattdesribeaan.enlyuse“heavilysetr“ntheheavyside.Ifagirlisthin,entuseskinny.ejustsayslender,andhenerefertarippled,eillsay,“physiallyhandiapped.Inhinese,ifneisdeaf,eillsay“耳朵背,“耳朵有點(diǎn)不好,“說(shuō)話得近點(diǎn).InEnglish,itisalled“hardfhearing,“restr,“bathr,“frtstatin.Iftheyanttgtlavatry,theyillsay:“gtth

19、ebathr,“dtheirbusiness,“ansernaturesall.Inhinese,“廁所isalaysavidedinpubliasin,neaysay:“去一號(hào)r“去方便一下,“頭發(fā)長(zhǎng)見識(shí)短,“男子漢不和婦人一般見識(shí),“長(zhǎng)舌婦,et,refletthepejrativeattitudetarden.Andtherearealsanydergatrytitlesfren,suhas“賤人,“潑婦,“母老虎,“母夜叉,“娘兒們，“悍婦et.,rhiratherthan“sher“her.Apersnhpresidesaeetingisthe“hairan,evenifsheisa

20、an.Thereareanytherexaplesabutit.“eans“(a)anhhasanyhildren,“uttneans“(a)disslutean,“heneans“(a)anhlikesgssip,“ateans“(a)aliiusan,“rneeans“(an)uglyitheredldan14Frexaple,theyhangetherd“hairanint“hairpersn,“gentleanint“gentlepersn.henreferringthuanbeings,peplebegintuse“huankindr“thehuanraeinsteadf“anr“a

21、nkind.“Raisisthebeliefthatertainhuanraesareinherentlyinferirtthersandraistlanguageisthathihshsabiasedattitudetardsertainraialrethigrups.15InEnglish,natterintentinallyrnt,thefllingrdsareagainstblakpepleandannyingtheunsatisfied.Frexaple,“hiteeans“pure,“l(fā)ean,“benevlent,hihhavepsitiveeaning.hile“blakisr

22、elatedt“evil,“rngding,and“dirtysuhas“blakguard,“blaklist,“blakarket.Besides,“niggerand“by,frablakadultan,ftenhaveffensiveeaning.Inhinese,thereisalsraistlanguage.Frexaple,“using“蒙古大夫franinpetentdtrs;using“小鬼子frJapanese.“洋鬼子,“大鼻子fresterners.17hinesepepleftenliketgreetttherslike“Haveyuhadaeal?Thisngree

23、tingindiatesebeginurnversatinithuraquaintane,justasfreignersask“Hnietheeather!Butthehinesegreetingillakethefreignerssuspetthatyuanttinvitehitjinthedinner.Setieshenegettgetherandtalknaturallyabutthesequestins:“Habutyursalary?“Areyuarried?,“hatdyurife/husbandd?,“Huhisyurskirt?Inthisay,eexpressurarefru

24、rfriends.Generallyspeaking,eneverfeelebarrassedabutthesenversatins,butheneasktheesternersthesaequestins,theyillthinkeayinvlveintheirprivay.Annyingly,inesternuntries,itisalsiprpertaskabuttherpeplesreligiusbeliefs.“Areyureligius?“hatisyurreligin?“Areyuathli?etarequestinsthatightbeffensivetstEnglishspe

25、akers.Pepledntlike,espeiallyfeale,therstaskthe“Hldareyu?,beausetheyareverysensitivettheirage.“Evennabirthdayallneayfindthefllingngratulatin:Yuayntliketbereindedthatyuareayearldertday,butthatuldntkeepefrsayinghappybirthday!.18Butinntrast,thereasnsuhneptfprivayinhinesepeplesind.4.2InnubersInhina,thenu

26、ber“4andtherd“死(death)alstsundthesae.Pepledntlikethenuber“4,beauseitreindsthef“death.Angldpeple,theythink“73and“84.19Antherstrikingntrastisthathinesepeplelikeevennubers.Frexaple,theysay“好事成雙，“成雙成對(duì)。hinesepepleespeiallyliketheevennuber“6and“8.Thesaying“六六大順anprveit.Butinesternuntries,theylikeddnubers.

27、“TheRanpetVirgilsays,Thegddelightsinanddnuber.InShakespearesplayerryivesfindsr,Falstaffsays,GdlukliesinddnubersTheysay,thereisdivinityinddnubers,eitherinnativity,hanerdeath.henritingtheHistrialRerds，(SiaQianhanged“趙談int“趙同and“李談int“李同21)Asaresult,eanntfindsuhahineseharater“談intheHistrialRerds.22ButintheEnglishulture,therearensuhnaetabs.Theyungergeneratinanrefertheeldergeneratinsnaediretly.Itshsthattheyareequal,friendlyandintiate.IntheUnitedStates,anyblakpeplebearthenae“LinlnButtheriinalhiselfrhisrelativesilltellthers:“Sebdyissenttthebighuse.“Atfi