1、古代 文化 常識(shí)紀(jì)年紀(jì)時(shí) 姓名字號(hào) 禮儀制度知識(shí)拓展古代文化常識(shí)天文地理目錄北斗七星十二星座二十八星宿北（玄武 ）西（白虎 ）東（青龍 ）南（朱雀）東：青龍星宿圖角、亢、氐（d）、房、心、尾、箕 北：玄武星宿圖斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁 西：白虎星宿圖奎（ku）、婁、胃、昴（mo）、畢、觜（z）、參（shn）南：朱雀星宿圖井、鬼、柳、星、張、翼、軫（zhn）你知道的北斗星、牛郎星、織女星、天狼星我們知道的蘇軾赤壁賦：“月出于東山之上，徘徊于斗牛之間。” 寫景之句，以景襯月古詩(shī)十九首迢迢牽牛星：“迢迢牽牛星，皎皎河漢女。”牛郎織女離別相思李商隱馬嵬：“此日六軍同駐馬，當(dāng)時(shí)七夕笑牽牛。”回憶美好時(shí)

2、光九州“九州”是中國(guó)的別稱之一九州分別是：冀州、兗州、青州、徐州、揚(yáng)州、荊州、梁州、雍州和豫州五岳：東岳泰山（位于山東省泰安市）五岳南岳衡山位于湖南省衡陽(yáng)市 五岳西岳華山位于陜西省華陰市 五岳北岳恒山（位于山西省渾源縣 ）五岳中岳嵩山（位于河南省登封市）所在地：湖南洞庭湖鄱陽(yáng)湖巢湖太湖所在地：江蘇所在地：江西所在地：安徽五湖洪澤湖八方：四方和四維的合稱。四方：東、南、西、北四維：東南、西南、西北、東北八荒：八方荒遠(yuǎn)的地方。（遠(yuǎn)離中原的地方。）陰陽(yáng)： 陰：山北水南，陽(yáng)光不易照到之處； 陽(yáng)：山南水北。江河： 古代“江”專指長(zhǎng)江，“河”專指黃河。 關(guān)內(nèi)、關(guān)外:漢朝前，“關(guān)”特指函谷關(guān)；明清時(shí)以至現(xiàn)在

3、稱東北三省為“關(guān)外”。 山東、山西:“山”特指崤山，后來(lái)有時(shí)指太行山。 河北、河南: 泛指中原之地，即黃河流域一帶。 江南： 泛指長(zhǎng)江以南。 江左： 即長(zhǎng)江以東。 江表： 長(zhǎng)江以外，指江南。 大都東京、汴京京口金陵、建業(yè)、建康、江寧、石頭城臨安姑蘇 會(huì)稽長(zhǎng)安奉天直沽北京 開封 鎮(zhèn)江 南京杭州 蘇州 紹興 西安 沈陽(yáng) 天津 古今地名（1）河內(nèi)： 河?xùn)|：（2）山東：（3）河西：（4）關(guān)西：（5）江表：（6）淮左：黃河以北。黃河以東。崤山以東。黃河以西。函谷關(guān)以西。長(zhǎng)江下游以南地區(qū)。淮水東面。3、（1）孔子說(shuō)：“（周君）以道德教化來(lái)治理政事，就會(huì)像北極星那樣，自己居于一定的方位，而群星都會(huì)環(huán)繞在它的

4、周圍。” 北辰：以德治國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者。（2）逝者：流逝的時(shí)光。3、（3）知者樂水：智者是聰明人，善于思考，反應(yīng)敏捷，像水一樣靈動(dòng)。 仁者樂山：仁者是仁慈寬厚的，安于義理，不易沖動(dòng)，像山一樣穩(wěn)重。（4）日月之食：日食，月食。犯了錯(cuò)誤，人們都能看到，知錯(cuò)能改，人們都會(huì)敬重他。2、劉禹錫，字夢(mèng)得：“錫”同“賜”，“禹錫”為“大禹所賜”之意，故字為“夢(mèng)得”。李商隱，字義山：商隱，即殷商隱者之意。商朝末年，武王伐紂，天下宗周，伯夷，叔齊義不食周粟，隱于首陽(yáng)山餓死，李商隱字“義山”與名呼應(yīng)。 中國(guó)100大姓氏排名，看你的姓氏排名第幾？01李02王03張04劉05陳06楊07趙08黃09周10吳11徐12孫13

5、胡14朱15高16林17何18郭19馬20羅21梁22宋23鄭24謝25韓26唐27馮28于29董30蕭31程32曹33袁34鄧35許36傅37沈38曾39彭40呂41蘇42盧43蔣44蔡45賈46丁47魏48薛49葉50閻51余52潘53杜54戴55夏56鐘57汪58田59任60姜61范62方63石64姚65譚66廖67鄒68熊69金70陸71郝72孔73白74崔75康76毛77邱78秦79江80史81顧82侯83邵84孟85龍86萬(wàn)87段88曹89錢90湯91尹92黎93易94常95武96喬97賀98賴99龔100文 官 名 古代職官情況異常復(fù)雜，而且各朝都有變化，可以中央、地方兩方面大致

6、掌握。 中央官職：皇帝下有丞相或稱宰相佐理國(guó)政，統(tǒng)領(lǐng)百官。中央一般設(shè)六部分管政務(wù)，即吏部，戶部，禮部、兵部、弄部、工部，部長(zhǎng)官稱尚書，副職為侍郎。 地方官職： 大政區(qū)稱郡、州或稱省，長(zhǎng)官分別稱郡守、太守（或刺史）、巡撫。 基層政權(quán)稱縣，縣官稱縣令或知縣，間乎大政區(qū)和縣之間高州（或府），長(zhǎng)官稱知州（知府）。 九卿三公卿和公都是官職名稱。據(jù)歷史記載，西周時(shí)期周王朝及諸侯都有卿，分上中下三級(jí)。戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期，不少國(guó)家沿用。上卿是當(dāng)時(shí)最高的官職。九卿：九卿之說(shuō)始于秦漢，指的是太常、光祿勛、衛(wèi)尉、廷尉、太仆、大鴻臚、宗正、大司農(nóng)、少府九個(gè)官職。 三公：周時(shí)以司馬、司徒、司空為三公，西漢以丞相（大司徒）、太尉（

7、大司馬）、御使大夫（大司空）為三公。到東漢時(shí)，名稱有所改變，指太尉、司徒、司馬。三公又叫三司，共同負(fù)責(zé)軍政事務(wù)。 科舉鄉(xiāng)試會(huì)試殿試 錄取者稱為“舉人”，第一名稱為“解元”。 錄取者稱為“貢生”，第一名稱為“會(huì)元”。 錄取者稱為“進(jìn)士”，第一名稱為“狀元” 第二名為“榜眼”第三名為“探花” 拜：授給官職。 除：免去舊職任新職。 出：出任。 升：提升官職。 遷：調(diào)動(dòng)官職升官。 革：革除官職。 罷：罷免、停職。 免：免除官職。 黜：廢黜、貶退。 謫：降職遠(yuǎn)調(diào)。 削：革職罷官。 廢：罷免或廢黜。 斥：屏棄不用。 去：去職，被調(diào)離。 授：封給官職。 擢：提拔、選拔。 左遷：降低官職調(diào)動(dòng)。 退：撤銷或降低

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