1、古代 文化 常識紀年紀時 姓名字號 禮儀制度知識拓展古代文化常識天文地理目錄北斗七星十二星座二十八星宿北（玄武 ）西（白虎 ）東（青龍 ）南（朱雀）東：青龍星宿圖角、亢、氐（d）、房、心、尾、箕 北：玄武星宿圖斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁 西：白虎星宿圖奎（ku）、婁、胃、昴（mo）、畢、觜（z）、參（shn）南：朱雀星宿圖井、鬼、柳、星、張、翼、軫（zhn）你知道的北斗星、牛郎星、織女星、天狼星我們知道的蘇軾赤壁賦：“月出于東山之上，徘徊于斗牛之間。” 寫景之句，以景襯月古詩十九首迢迢牽牛星：“迢迢牽牛星，皎皎河漢女。”牛郎織女離別相思李商隱馬嵬：“此日六軍同駐馬，當時七夕笑牽牛。”回憶美好時

2、光九州“九州”是中國的別稱之一九州分別是：冀州、兗州、青州、徐州、揚州、荊州、梁州、雍州和豫州五岳：東岳泰山（位于山東省泰安市）五岳南岳衡山位于湖南省衡陽市 五岳西岳華山位于陜西省華陰市 五岳北岳恒山（位于山西省渾源縣 ）五岳中岳嵩山（位于河南省登封市）所在地：湖南洞庭湖鄱陽湖巢湖太湖所在地：江蘇所在地：江西所在地：安徽五湖洪澤湖八方：四方和四維的合稱。四方：東、南、西、北四維：東南、西南、西北、東北八荒：八方荒遠的地方。（遠離中原的地方。）陰陽： 陰：山北水南，陽光不易照到之處； 陽：山南水北。江河： 古代“江”專指長江，“河”專指黃河。 關內、關外:漢朝前，“關”特指函谷關；明清時以至現在

3、稱東北三省為“關外”。 山東、山西:“山”特指崤山，后來有時指太行山。 河北、河南: 泛指中原之地，即黃河流域一帶。 江南： 泛指長江以南。 江左： 即長江以東。 江表： 長江以外，指江南。 大都東京、汴京京口金陵、建業、建康、江寧、石頭城臨安姑蘇 會稽長安奉天直沽北京 開封 鎮江 南京杭州 蘇州 紹興 西安 沈陽 天津 古今地名（1）河內： 河東：（2）山東：（3）河西：（4）關西：（5）江表：（6）淮左：黃河以北。黃河以東。崤山以東。黃河以西。函谷關以西。長江下游以南地區。淮水東面。3、（1）孔子說：“（周君）以道德教化來治理政事，就會像北極星那樣，自己居于一定的方位，而群星都會環繞在它的

4、周圍。” 北辰：以德治國的統治者。（2）逝者：流逝的時光。3、（3）知者樂水：智者是聰明人，善于思考，反應敏捷，像水一樣靈動。 仁者樂山：仁者是仁慈寬厚的，安于義理，不易沖動，像山一樣穩重。（4）日月之食：日食，月食。犯了錯誤，人們都能看到，知錯能改，人們都會敬重他。2、劉禹錫，字夢得：“錫”同“賜”，“禹錫”為“大禹所賜”之意，故字為“夢得”。李商隱，字義山：商隱，即殷商隱者之意。商朝末年，武王伐紂，天下宗周，伯夷，叔齊義不食周粟，隱于首陽山餓死，李商隱字“義山”與名呼應。 中國100大姓氏排名，看你的姓氏排名第幾？01李02王03張04劉05陳06楊07趙08黃09周10吳11徐12孫13

5、胡14朱15高16林17何18郭19馬20羅21梁22宋23鄭24謝25韓26唐27馮28于29董30蕭31程32曹33袁34鄧35許36傅37沈38曾39彭40呂41蘇42盧43蔣44蔡45賈46丁47魏48薛49葉50閻51余52潘53杜54戴55夏56鐘57汪58田59任60姜61范62方63石64姚65譚66廖67鄒68熊69金70陸71郝72孔73白74崔75康76毛77邱78秦79江80史81顧82侯83邵84孟85龍86萬87段88曹89錢90湯91尹92黎93易94常95武96喬97賀98賴99龔100文 官 名 古代職官情況異常復雜，而且各朝都有變化，可以中央、地方兩方面大致

6、掌握。 中央官職：皇帝下有丞相或稱宰相佐理國政，統領百官。中央一般設六部分管政務，即吏部，戶部，禮部、兵部、弄部、工部，部長官稱尚書，副職為侍郎。 地方官職： 大政區稱郡、州或稱省，長官分別稱郡守、太守（或刺史）、巡撫。 基層政權稱縣，縣官稱縣令或知縣，間乎大政區和縣之間高州（或府），長官稱知州（知府）。 九卿三公卿和公都是官職名稱。據歷史記載，西周時期周王朝及諸侯都有卿，分上中下三級。戰國時期，不少國家沿用。上卿是當時最高的官職。九卿：九卿之說始于秦漢，指的是太常、光祿勛、衛尉、廷尉、太仆、大鴻臚、宗正、大司農、少府九個官職。 三公：周時以司馬、司徒、司空為三公，西漢以丞相（大司徒）、太尉（

7、大司馬）、御使大夫（大司空）為三公。到東漢時，名稱有所改變，指太尉、司徒、司馬。三公又叫三司，共同負責軍政事務。 科舉鄉試會試殿試 錄取者稱為“舉人”，第一名稱為“解元”。 錄取者稱為“貢生”，第一名稱為“會元”。 錄取者稱為“進士”，第一名稱為“狀元” 第二名為“榜眼”第三名為“探花” 拜：授給官職。 除：免去舊職任新職。 出：出任。 升：提升官職。 遷：調動官職升官。 革：革除官職。 罷：罷免、停職。 免：免除官職。 黜：廢黜、貶退。 謫：降職遠調。 削：革職罷官。 廢：罷免或廢黜。 斥：屏棄不用。 去：去職，被調離。 授：封給官職。 擢：提拔、選拔。 左遷：降低官職調動。 退：撤銷或降低

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