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1、古代 文化 常識(shí)紀(jì)年紀(jì)時(shí) 姓名字號(hào) 禮儀制度知識(shí)拓展古代文化常識(shí)天文地理目錄北斗七星十二星座二十八星宿北(玄武 )西(白虎 )東(青龍 )南(朱雀)東:青龍星宿圖角、亢、氐(d)、房、心、尾、箕 北:玄武星宿圖斗、牛、女、虛、危、室、壁 西:白虎星宿圖奎(ku)、婁、胃、昴(mo)、畢、觜(z)、參(shn)南:朱雀星宿圖井、鬼、柳、星、張、翼、軫(zhn)你知道的北斗星、牛郎星、織女星、天狼星我們知道的蘇軾赤壁賦:“月出于東山之上,徘徊于斗牛之間。” 寫景之句,以景襯月古詩(shī)十九首迢迢牽牛星:“迢迢牽牛星,皎皎河漢女。”牛郎織女離別相思李商隱馬嵬:“此日六軍同駐馬,當(dāng)時(shí)七夕笑牽牛。”回憶美好時(shí)

2、光九州“九州”是中國(guó)的別稱之一九州分別是:冀州、兗州、青州、徐州、揚(yáng)州、荊州、梁州、雍州和豫州五岳:東岳泰山(位于山東省泰安市)五岳南岳衡山位于湖南省衡陽(yáng)市 五岳西岳華山位于陜西省華陰市 五岳北岳恒山(位于山西省渾源縣 )五岳中岳嵩山(位于河南省登封市)所在地:湖南洞庭湖鄱陽(yáng)湖巢湖太湖所在地:江蘇所在地:江西所在地:安徽五湖洪澤湖八方:四方和四維的合稱。四方:東、南、西、北四維:東南、西南、西北、東北八荒:八方荒遠(yuǎn)的地方。(遠(yuǎn)離中原的地方。)陰陽(yáng): 陰:山北水南,陽(yáng)光不易照到之處; 陽(yáng):山南水北。江河: 古代“江”專指長(zhǎng)江,“河”專指黃河。 關(guān)內(nèi)、關(guān)外:漢朝前,“關(guān)”特指函谷關(guān);明清時(shí)以至現(xiàn)在

3、稱東北三省為“關(guān)外”。 山東、山西:“山”特指崤山,后來(lái)有時(shí)指太行山。 河北、河南: 泛指中原之地,即黃河流域一帶。 江南: 泛指長(zhǎng)江以南。 江左: 即長(zhǎng)江以東。 江表: 長(zhǎng)江以外,指江南。 大都東京、汴京京口金陵、建業(yè)、建康、江寧、石頭城臨安姑蘇 會(huì)稽長(zhǎng)安奉天直沽北京 開封 鎮(zhèn)江 南京杭州 蘇州 紹興 西安 沈陽(yáng) 天津 古今地名(1)河內(nèi): 河?xùn)|:(2)山東:(3)河西:(4)關(guān)西:(5)江表:(6)淮左:黃河以北。黃河以東。崤山以東。黃河以西。函谷關(guān)以西。長(zhǎng)江下游以南地區(qū)。淮水東面。3、(1)孔子說(shuō):“(周君)以道德教化來(lái)治理政事,就會(huì)像北極星那樣,自己居于一定的方位,而群星都會(huì)環(huán)繞在它的

4、周圍。” 北辰:以德治國(guó)的統(tǒng)治者。(2)逝者:流逝的時(shí)光。3、(3)知者樂水:智者是聰明人,善于思考,反應(yīng)敏捷,像水一樣靈動(dòng)。 仁者樂山:仁者是仁慈寬厚的,安于義理,不易沖動(dòng),像山一樣穩(wěn)重。(4)日月之食:日食,月食。犯了錯(cuò)誤,人們都能看到,知錯(cuò)能改,人們都會(huì)敬重他。2、劉禹錫,字夢(mèng)得:“錫”同“賜”,“禹錫”為“大禹所賜”之意,故字為“夢(mèng)得”。李商隱,字義山:商隱,即殷商隱者之意。商朝末年,武王伐紂,天下宗周,伯夷,叔齊義不食周粟,隱于首陽(yáng)山餓死,李商隱字“義山”與名呼應(yīng)。 中國(guó)100大姓氏排名,看你的姓氏排名第幾?01李02王03張04劉05陳06楊07趙08黃09周10吳11徐12孫13

5、胡14朱15高16林17何18郭19馬20羅21梁22宋23鄭24謝25韓26唐27馮28于29董30蕭31程32曹33袁34鄧35許36傅37沈38曾39彭40呂41蘇42盧43蔣44蔡45賈46丁47魏48薛49葉50閻51余52潘53杜54戴55夏56鐘57汪58田59任60姜61范62方63石64姚65譚66廖67鄒68熊69金70陸71郝72孔73白74崔75康76毛77邱78秦79江80史81顧82侯83邵84孟85龍86萬(wàn)87段88曹89錢90湯91尹92黎93易94常95武96喬97賀98賴99龔100文 官 名 古代職官情況異常復(fù)雜,而且各朝都有變化,可以中央、地方兩方面大致

6、掌握。 中央官職:皇帝下有丞相或稱宰相佐理國(guó)政,統(tǒng)領(lǐng)百官。中央一般設(shè)六部分管政務(wù),即吏部,戶部,禮部、兵部、弄部、工部,部長(zhǎng)官稱尚書,副職為侍郎。 地方官職: 大政區(qū)稱郡、州或稱省,長(zhǎng)官分別稱郡守、太守(或刺史)、巡撫。 基層政權(quán)稱縣,縣官稱縣令或知縣,間乎大政區(qū)和縣之間高州(或府),長(zhǎng)官稱知州(知府)。 九卿三公卿和公都是官職名稱。據(jù)歷史記載,西周時(shí)期周王朝及諸侯都有卿,分上中下三級(jí)。戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期,不少國(guó)家沿用。上卿是當(dāng)時(shí)最高的官職。九卿:九卿之說(shuō)始于秦漢,指的是太常、光祿勛、衛(wèi)尉、廷尉、太仆、大鴻臚、宗正、大司農(nóng)、少府九個(gè)官職。 三公:周時(shí)以司馬、司徒、司空為三公,西漢以丞相(大司徒)、太尉(

7、大司馬)、御使大夫(大司空)為三公。到東漢時(shí),名稱有所改變,指太尉、司徒、司馬。三公又叫三司,共同負(fù)責(zé)軍政事務(wù)。 科舉鄉(xiāng)試會(huì)試殿試 錄取者稱為“舉人”,第一名稱為“解元”。 錄取者稱為“貢生”,第一名稱為“會(huì)元”。 錄取者稱為“進(jìn)士”,第一名稱為“狀元” 第二名為“榜眼”第三名為“探花” 拜:授給官職。 除:免去舊職任新職。 出:出任。 升:提升官職。 遷:調(diào)動(dòng)官職升官。 革:革除官職。 罷:罷免、停職。 免:免除官職。 黜:廢黜、貶退。 謫:降職遠(yuǎn)調(diào)。 削:革職罷官。 廢:罷免或廢黜。 斥:屏棄不用。 去:去職,被調(diào)離。 授:封給官職。 擢:提拔、選拔。 左遷:降低官職調(diào)動(dòng)。 退:撤銷或降低

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