1、 西 方 文 化 概 論 第一章 古希臘羅馬文化 第一節(jié) 愛琴文明與希臘神話傳說 一、克里特與邁錫尼 二、希臘神話傳說的源流 三、赫希俄德的神譜 四、荷馬史詩與“系統(tǒng)敘事詩”1二、希臘神話傳說的源與流呈現(xiàn)于后世人們面前的那個美麗而明晰的希臘神話傳說是歷史融合的結果，在它之中，即包含著東方神話的神秘主義色彩，也包含著愛琴海世界的古樸特色，同時又融入了北方印歐語入侵者的粗獷勇武風格。古希臘神話以形態(tài)優(yōu)美、譜系分明而著稱，它是經(jīng)歷不同民族和地區(qū)的神話傳說相互融合，并通過人為的系統(tǒng)化整理而最終形成的。這種系統(tǒng)化整理的工作，很大程度上要歸功于“黑暗時代”末期的游吟詩人，如荷馬和赫希俄德等人。2克里特的古

2、老神話：MinotaurIn Greek mythology, the Minotaur ( Latin: Minotaurus,), as the Greeks imagined him, was a creature with the head of a bull on the body of a man or, as described by Ovid, “part man and part bull”. He dwelt at the center of the Cretan Labyrinth（迷宮）, which was an elaborate maze-like constru

3、ction built for King Minos of Crete and designed by the architect Daedalus（代達羅斯） and his son Icarus（伊卡羅斯） who were ordered to build it to hold the Minotaur. The Minotaur was eventually killed by the Athenian hero Theseus（忒修斯）.The term Minotaur derives from the Greek , etymologically compounding the

4、name (Minos) and the noun bull, translating as (the) Bull of Minos. 3Minotauros 米諾陶羅斯MinotaurMinotaur半身像 現(xiàn)藏于雅典國家博物館4Pasiphae and the Minotaur 5The Minotaur in the Labyrinth, engraving of a 16th-century gem in the Medici Collection in the Palazzo Strozzi, Florence 6The contest between Theseus and the

5、 Minotaur 7Panathenaic festival The Panathenaea ( all-Athenian festival) was the most important festival for Athens and one of the grandest in the entire ancient Greek world. Except for slaves, all inhabitants of the polis could take part in it. It was a festival dedicated to the patron goddess of A

6、thens, Athena. 8埃及的斯芬克斯古希臘的斯芬克斯9Sphinx：從埃及到希臘A sphinx is a mythical creature with a lions body and a human head.The sphinx, in Greek tradition, has the haunches（腰） of a lion, the wings of a great bird, and the face and breast of a woman. She is treacherous（奸詐） and merciless（殘忍）: those who cannot ans

7、wer her riddle suffer a fate typical in such mythological stories: they are gobbled up whole and raw, eaten by this ravenous monster. Unlike the Greek sphinx which was a woman, the Egyptian sphinx is typically shown as a man (an androsphinx男性人頭的斯芬克斯). In addition, the Egyptian sphinx was viewed as b

8、enevolent（仁慈的） in contrast to the malevolent（惡毒的） Greek version and was thought of as a guardian often flanking the entrances to temples.10邁錫尼神話傳說奧林匹斯神族中的某些神（如宙斯、赫拉、阿波羅等）和英雄是與印歐語入侵者一同進入希臘地區(qū)的。這些印歐語入侵者就是后來建立邁錫尼文明的阿卡亞人。西方神話學家們根據(jù)考古學和語言學的證據(jù)認定，作為至上神的宙斯是阿卡亞人的杰作，同樣的至上神也存在于其它的印歐語入侵者的神話中。邁錫尼時期，克里特優(yōu)雅精巧和撲朔迷離的神話

9、開始被粗狂勇武的英雄傳說所取代，這些英雄傳說是對阿卡亞入侵者的豐功偉績的一種夸張式的渲染和回憶。11征服者的神話傳說從現(xiàn)實歷史的角度看，不同神族之間的激烈戰(zhàn)斗恰恰揭示著這樣一個正在被淡忘的歷史事實：即印歐語游牧者（阿卡亞人、多利亞人等）對愛琴海世界的血與火的征服活動。神靈之間的戰(zhàn)斗與英雄們的征戰(zhàn)故事（如特洛伊戰(zhàn)爭）交相輝映，均反映了邁錫尼時期粗狂遒勁的時代精神和不同文化相互糅合的特點。荷馬史詩中所歌頌的正是阿卡亞人的那些以征服和宴飲而著稱的神與英雄。與被征服者的神話不同，奧林匹斯神話的主要內(nèi)容不是生產(chǎn)而是戰(zhàn)爭，不是勞作而是享樂，它是征服者的神話。12荷馬：奧德修紀（楊憲益譯）我不喜歡干莊稼活，

10、也不喜歡管理家務，養(yǎng)兒育女；我只喜歡搖槳的船艦，戰(zhàn)爭和銳矛利劍，那些使人害怕的武器；天神使得我愛好這些東西；不同的人總有不同愛好。13 威爾杜蘭：世界文明史在荷馬的著作里，關于以上諸神（指愛琴海地區(qū)的古老神祇）的資料何以很少，而對于奧林匹斯山諸神的資料卻那樣豐富呢？可能因為奧林匹斯山諸神隨阿卡亞人和多利亞人同來，遮掩了邁錫尼和居住地下的諸神，也就是說，先前的神和崇祀他們的人，都被后來的神和后來的人征服了被擊敗的神并沒有被消滅，而是退居于臣屬地位，他們慘痛地退隱地下，仍被一般人民所崇拜，而獲得勝利的奧林匹斯山諸神，則高居山頂，接受貴族的崇拜。世界文明史：二十世紀的史記人類文明的離騷 14三、赫西

11、俄德的神譜與東方一些民族的神話相比，希臘神話的一個顯著特點就是譜系分明，這一點當然主要應歸功于“黑暗時代”末期（約公元前9-前8世紀）的游吟詩人（oral poet）赫西俄德。他在神譜這首長詩中把民間流傳的紛繁凌亂的原始神話綴集為具有內(nèi)在一致性和連貫性的體系神話，將一幅清晰明白的神族血緣譜系和人間英雄根源呈現(xiàn)于后世人們的眼前。1516Hesiod17古希臘神話的五個世紀黃金時代 白銀時代 青銅時代 英雄時代 黑鐵時代 赫希俄德 Hesiod18Theogony ,HesiodMyths of origin or creation myths represent an attempt to re

12、nder the universe comprehensible in human terms and explain the origin of the world. The most widely accepted version at the time, although a philosophical account of the beginning of things, is reported by Hesiod, in his Theogony. He begins with Chaos, a yawning nothingness. Out of the void emerged

13、 Eurynome,G or Gaia (the Earth) and some other primary divine beings: Eros (Love), the Abyss (the Tartarus), and the Erebus. Without male assistance, Gaia gave birth to Oranos (the Sky) who then fertilized her. From that union were born first the Titanssix males: Coeus, Crius, Cronus, Hyperion, Iape

14、tus, and Oceanus; and six females: Mnemosyne, Phoebe, Rhea, Theia, Themis, and Tethys. After Cronus was born, Gaia and Oranos decreed no more Titans were to be born. They were followed by the one-eyed Cyclopes and the Hecatonchires or Hundred-Handed Ones. Cronus (the wily, youngest and most terrible

15、 of Gaias children ) castrated his father and became the ruler of the gods with his sister-wife Rhea as his consort, and the other Titans became his court. 19chaos20Amor Vincit Omnia (Love Conquers All), a depiction of the god of love, Eros. By Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, circa 1601160221Moth

16、er Earth Gaia 該亞22Oranos was the first god of the sky, before Cronus took over. He was also known as Father Sky. Somehow, Gaea, the first living creature on Earth, with the exception of Chaos, who didnt do much of anything, had a son without a husband. This son was named Oranos. She then married thi

17、s son and Mother Earth and Father Sky joined. 天空之神 烏洛諾斯23one-eyed Cyclopes 24Hecatonchires 25Cronus 克洛諾斯他是天空之神烏拉諾斯和大地之神蓋婭的兒子。他推翻了他父親烏拉諾斯的殘暴統(tǒng)治并且領導了希臘神話中的黃金時代直到他被他自己的兒子宙斯推翻。其他的第一代泰坦神大多被關在地底的塔耳塔羅斯之中，而他自己卻逃走了。 26Rhea 瑞亞27Twelve Olympians 28ZeusZeus was the king of the gods. He had affairs with 8 goddess

18、es other than his wife, Hera. He also had affairs with countless mortals and nymphs. There fore, he is the cause of many myths. Zeus was also the god of the sky. His weapon was the thunderbolt.29Hera30Hades with Cerberus (Heraklion Archaeological Museum) 31Poseidon 海王波塞冬32智慧女神 雅典娜(Athene) 33狩獵女神與月神阿

19、爾忒彌斯(Artemis)34(Aphrodite)愛與美之神 阿弗羅狄忒35(Apollo)太陽神阿波羅36Delphi 德爾菲神廟遺址神諭 oracle37戰(zhàn)神阿瑞斯(Ares) 38（Hermes） 神使赫爾墨斯39火神與工匠神赫淮斯托斯(Hephaestus) 40（Demeter）農(nóng)神德墨忒爾41狄俄尼索斯（Dionysus） 42灶神赫斯提亞Hestia43Twelve Olympians ?The classical scheme of the Twelve Olympians (the Canonical Twelve of art and poetry) comprises

20、the following gods:Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Dionysus, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus and HermesHades (Roman: Pluto) was not generally included in this list. He did not have a seat in the pantheon because he spent almost all of his time in the underworld. The respective Ro

21、man scheme as given by Ennius gives the Roman equivalents of these Greek gods, but replaces Bacchus (Dionysus) with Vesta (Hestia) so as to list six gods and six goddesses. The difference in the list is explained by the story that when Dionysus was offered a seat among the Olympians, the total numbe

22、r of Olympians became thirteen. Believing this would create a fight amongst the gods, Hestia stepped down.44Muse 文藝女神Muse reading a scroll Hesiod and the Muse 45繆斯在文學中的作用The Muses typically are invoked at or near the beginning of an ancient epic（史詩） poem or classical Greek hymn（贊美詩）. They have serve

23、d as aids to an author of prose, too, sometimes represented as the true speaker, for whom an author is merely a mouthpiece（代言人）. 以下為兩篇經(jīng)典的例子：1、荷馬奧德賽第一卷：告訴我，繆斯，那位聰穎敏睿的凡人的經(jīng)歷，在攻破神圣的特洛伊城堡后，浪跡四方。 （陳中梅譯）2、但丁神曲地獄第二首：啊！詩神繆斯啊！或者崇高的才華啊！現(xiàn)在請來幫助我；要么則是我的腦海啊！請寫下我目睹的一切，這樣，大家將會看出你的高貴品德。 （黃文捷譯）46正義女神 （Justice，古羅馬代表公平正

24、義的女神）是作為法律基礎的公正道德的象征。文藝復興以來Justice（正義女神）通常被描述為一名裸露胸膛的婦女，手持劍與天平，有時戴有眼罩。47Moirae 命運三女神The Moirae, in Greek mythology, were the white-robed personifications of destiny , Their number became fixed at three. They controlled the metaphorical thread of life of every mortal from birth to death. Even the god

25、s feared the Moirae. Zeus also was subject to their power. 48美惠三女神 The Three Graces By Sandro Botticelli By Raffael 49Horae 時序女神In Greek mythology the Horae or Hours were the goddesses of the seasons and the natural portions of time. They were originally the personifications of nature in its differe

26、nt seasonal aspects, but in later times they were regarded as goddessess of order in general and natural justice. 50英雄Hercules 赫拉克勒斯Statue of Heracles, one of the most famous depictions of him originally by Lysippos (Marble, Roman copy called Hercules Farnese, 216 CE) 51塔耳塔羅斯 Tartaros52Typhon 提豐Typh

27、on is the final son of Gaia, fathered by Tartarus, and is the most deadly monster of Greek mythology. Typhon was known as the Father of all monsters; his wife Echidna was likewise the Mother of All Monsters.”Typhon was described as one of the largest and most fearsome of all creatures. His human upp

28、er half reached as high as the stars. His hands reached east and west and had a hundred dragon heads on each. He was feared even by the mighty gods. His bottom half was gigantic viper coils that could reach the top of his head when stretched out and made a hissing noise. His whole body was covered in wings, and fire flashed from his eyes. 53EchidnaIn Greek mythology, Echidna w