1、名詞&代詞u Mary and Lindas book Marys and Lindas books.u 人名+s=某人的店鋪，家庭，學校等地點。I usually buy some meat at the Johnsons.They took part in the birthday party at Toms.u of 所有格名詞詞組第二次出現時，用that/those 代替。 The population of New York is greater than that of Chicago. It seems that the students of USA are more

2、active than those of China.用磚頭建的房子比用木頭建的結實。真題回顧1. I respect Oprahs opinion, but I would also like her to respect_. A. my own B. mines C. mine D. me2. _ is a great pity that there are some disagreements in the school board meeting. A. That B. This C. It D. There3. We like our English teacher because

3、she often tells _ funny stories in class. A. us B. our C. we D. ours4. There are 40 teachers in this school , ten of whom are _. A. man teachers B. men teacherC. man teacher D. men teachers練習1、 I dont know _ standing over there.A. the girls name B. the names girlC. the name of the girl D. the names

4、of girl2. Todays libraries differ great from _.A. the past B. those of the past C. that are past D. those past3. The police investigate the _ about the bank robbery.A. stander-by B. standers-by C. stander-bys D.standers-bys主謂一致兩個或兩個以上做主語的單數名詞用and連接，謂語用復數Tom and Dick _are_ (be) good friends.但若表示一個集合體

5、時則用單數。A singer and dancer _was_ (be) present at the party.The worker and writer _is_ (be) talking to the students.2用 and 連接的兩個名詞若被 no, each, every, many a 修飾，則謂語動詞用單數。No bird and no beast _is _ (be) seen in the bare island.Many a boy and many a girl _has_ (have) made such a funny experiment.At Chris

6、tmas each boy and each girl _is _(be) given a present.3. 兩個主語由not onlybut also, or, eitheror, neithernor等連接時，謂語動詞與第二個主語保持一致Either he or I _am_ (be) to go there._Are_ (be) either you or he going to attend the meeting?4. 主語后有as well as, like, with, together with, but, except, besides,等，謂語應于前面主語保持一致A p

7、rofessor, together with some students, _was_ (be) sent to help in the work.No one but the teachers _is_ (be) allowed to use the room.5一些集合名詞做主語，如果看作一個整體，謂語動詞用單數；如果指其中的成員，謂語用復數如audience, committee，class, crew, family, government, public等.但people, police等只能用復數My family _ is _ (be) a big family.My fami

8、ly _are_ (be) listening to the radio.The police _ are _ (be) trying to catch the thief.6表示時間、重量、長度等名詞，盡管是復數形式，但作為一個整體看，謂語還是用單數。Five minutes _ is _ (be) enough.One dollar and seventy eight cents _ is _ (be) what she has. 7. all 作為主語，代表人物時，一般用作復數；代表整個事件或情況時，一般看作單數。All that I want _ is _ (be) a good di

9、ctionary.All _were/are_ (be) silent. 人人都緘口無言。萬籟俱寂。All _ were/are _ (be) out of danger.8 形容詞加定冠詞 the 表示一類人時，謂語動詞用復數。 What a life the poor _ were _ (be) living! The young _ are _ (be) happy to give their seats to the old.9who, which, that 作定語從句的主語時，其謂語取決于先行詞。l Those who wantto go should sign your name

10、s here.l He is one of the students whohavepassed the exam.l He is the only one of the students whohaspassed the exam.10. 以-ics結尾的學科名稱通常作單數.physics(物理學)、mathematics(數學)、mechanics(機械學)、politics(政治學)、statistics(統計學)、economics(經濟學)等11.還有一些以-s接的單、復數同形的名詞，如: headquarters(總部), means(方法、手段), series(系列), spe

11、cies(種類), works(工廠)等，隨后動詞的單、復數形式取決于這些名稱是作單數，還是用作復數。A headquarters was set up to direct the operation (指揮作戰). The only means to achieve success is to appeal to arms (訴諸武力).12.如果作主語的名詞詞組由“分數(或百分數)+of-詞組”構成，其動詞形式依of-詞組中名詞類別而定。Over sixty percent of the city _was_ (be) destroyed in the war.Thirty-five pe

12、rcent of the doctors _were_ (be) women.13.如果主語是all of .,some of .,none of .,half of .,most of .等表示非確定數量的名詞詞組，其后的動詞形式依of-詞組中的名詞類別而定。例如：Most of the money _ was _ recovered by Deputy Player.Most of the members _ were_ there.All of the cargo _ was _ lost.All of the crew _ were_ saved.14.如果主語是由“a kind/so

13、rt/type of ,this kind/sort/type of +名詞”構成，動詞用單數。This kind of man annoys me.但若在kind/sort/type之前的限定詞是these/those,同時，of-詞組中的名詞又是復數，則動詞用復數：These kinds of menannoyme.Those types/sorts of machinesareup to date (最新的，最近的，現代的). 15. 1)由who, why, how, whether等wh-詞引導的名詞性分句作主語，其后的動詞通常用單數。Who will be chosen to th

14、e Beijingisnot decided. 2).兩個由and連接的并列名詞性分句作主語，如果主語表示兩件事情，動詞用復數。例如：What caused the accident and who was responsible for itremaina mystery to us.真題回顧1. The educator and scholar from Shanghai. （2003年真題）A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming2. Many a _ realized that this doesnt make any sense. （20

15、03年真題）A. persons has B. persons have C. person has D. person have3. What they said _ us much to think about. （2004年真題）A. have left B. has left C. is left D. are left4. A doctor, along with a group of young nurses, _ going to demonstrate the heart operation process. （2005年真題）A. is B. are C. will D. s

16、hall5. Neither of the employees nor the boss _satisfied with the profits. （2006年真題）A. wereB. was C. beD. been6. The computer, working very fast, _ data at the speed of light. （2007年真題）A. handles B. handling C. Handled D. has handled7. In the fall the cattle from the high country back down to the far

17、m. （2008年真題）A. is driven B. are driven C. drives D. drive8. When and where to hold the meeting _ not decided yet. （2010年真題）A. is B. are C. has D. have9. After careful investigation we find that one of the statements _ to be untrue. A. is turned out B. have been turned outC. has turned out D. have tu

18、rned out 10. How close parents are to their children _ a strong influence on the character of their children. （2012年真題）A. have B. has C. having D. had冠詞1. the +adj.the unemployedthe poor/richthe questionedthe struggledthe disadvantagedthe injuredThe injured were taken to hospital for treatment. the

19、oldthe youngThe disadvantaged, including the disabled and the elderly need more care and support from the society.2. 零冠詞的使用· 專有名詞： Tiananmen Square· 節假日: New Years Day, May day, Christmas, April Fools Day (中秋，端午例外)· 雜志： News Week, Times, Readers Digest· 一年四季: spring, summer, fall

20、/autumn, winter3. 固定搭配與與冠詞有關的表達· 使用定冠詞的表達by the wayin the endin the face ofin the futurein the world 究竟，到底in the least 絲毫，一點I dont think you need to worry in the least.我認為你一點都不用擔心。on the averageon the contraryon the one hand, on the other handon the spot 當場，在現場on the whole 總的來說· the day be

21、fore yesterday· for the time being· at the cost of 以。為代價· More and more countries are developing their industries at the cost of environment.· to the extent of 到。程度· tell the truthl 使用不定冠詞的表達 as a matter of fact, as a rule, have a chance, have a good time, have a say, have a

22、 try, keep an eye on, on a large scale, in a hurry, take a walk, take an interest inl 不使用冠詞的表達 at noon/night/dawn, in front of, at bottom, in order, in public/private/danger/trouble/advance/sight/ in fashion, in fact, at hand, at last, at present, day and night, on top of, take part in, take place 真

23、題回顧1、The mother asked the boys to put _ everything in _ order before they left the room.(10)A. the, a B. an, the C. /,a D./,/連詞一、連詞屬于虛詞之一，它不能在句子里獨立地擔任句子成分，而只能起連接作用連接詞與詞、短語與短語、句子與句子。例如：Would you like some tea or coffee ? （連接詞與詞）您是喝茶，還是喝咖啡 ？Do we have our meeting in the morning or in the afternoon ? （

24、連接短語與短語）我們是上午開會，還是下午開會？Do it carefully, or youll make some mistake.（連接句子與句子）認真地干，不然會出差錯的。一、連詞屬于虛詞之一，它不能在句子里獨立地擔任句子成分，而只能起連接作用連接詞與詞、短語與短語、句子與句子。例如：Would you like some tea or coffee ? （連接詞與詞）您是喝茶，還是喝咖啡 ？Do we have our meeting in the morning or in the afternoon ? （連接短語與短語）我們是上午開會，還是下午開會？Do it carefully

25、, or youll make some mistake.（連接句子與句子）認真地干，不然會出差錯的。二、連詞主要可分成兩類：并列連詞: 用來連接平行對等（即互不從屬）的詞、詞組、或分句。按其表示的不同意思有下面幾種：1）表示轉折意思but , yet , however , nevertheless 2）表示因果關系for , so , therefore , hence3）表示并列關系and , or , eitheror , neithernor , not onlybut (also) , bothand , as well as 從屬連詞: 是用來引起從句的，它在主句和從句中間起連接

26、作用。具體地說，從屬連詞主要引起名詞從句（主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句、同位語從句）和狀語從句，不會引起定語從句。1. 引起名詞從句的連詞：that , whether , if2. 引起狀語從句的連詞：1）時間狀語從句：when , whenever , as , while, before , after, until, till, since, ever since, once, as soon as, every time, the moment, instantly, directly2）地點狀語從句：where , wherever 3）原因狀語從句：as, because, si

27、nce, seeing (that) , considering (that) , now that , not thatbut that 4）目的狀語從句：that , so that , in order that , lest , for fear that , in case 5）結果狀語從句：that , so that , such that6）條件狀語從句：if , unless , so/as long as, so far as, on condition (that ) ,provided ( that )7）讓步狀語從句：though , although , no ma

28、tter , even if , even though , however , whatever8）比較狀語從句：than , as9）方式狀語從句：as , as if , as though 真題回顧1、We stored up some food and water _ things got worse. A.even though B. what if C. now that D. in case2. We should learn from this lesson and consider the long-term influence of dams _ the short-te

29、rm benefits.A、rather than B. owing to C. because of D. or else3. Her hair was golden when she was a child, but it went darker _ she grew up. A. If B. as C. since D. even4. Call the university operator, _ you will find the phone number of Professor Smith. A. So B. and C. when D. before5. _ its good p

30、erformance, the machine is too expensive. A. Besides B. Except for C. In spite of D. Apart from6. You may write an to me or just phone me. _ will do.A. Each B. Either C. Neither D. None7. -Do you like pop music or country music? -_. I only like sports.A. Each B. Either C. Neither D. Both8. It was al

31、ready ten oclock in the evening _ we arrived at the hotel.A. since B. while C. that D. when9. _ a change of weather, please take the coat with you.A. Because of B. In spite of C. In case of D. But for寫作寫作中常用的過渡詞可以分為以下幾類：（1）表并列關系的過渡詞： and, also， as well, as well as， or, too, not onlybut also, bo

32、th and, either or, neithernor等。 （2）表遞進關系的過渡詞： besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，而且), whats more， whats worse等。 （3）表轉折對比的過渡詞： but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, not onlybut also, the f

33、ormerthe latter, the first whereas the second, on the one hand on the other hand, someothers等。（4）表原因的過渡詞： because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to, for this reason, owing to,  considering that, seeing that等。（5）表結果的過渡詞：so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then,

34、 hence, sothat, suchthat, accordingly等。（6）表條件的過渡詞： if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as等。（7）表時間的過渡詞： when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, e

35、arly this morning / year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment等。 （8）表特定的順序關系的過渡詞： first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the en

36、d, at last, afterwards（后來）, meanwhile（幾乎同時）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（終于）等。（9）表換一種方式表達的過渡詞： in other words, that is to say, to put it another way等。（10）表進行舉例說明的過渡詞： for instance, for example, take as an example, namely, such as, like, in other words, that is to say, that

37、is等。（11）表述事實的過渡詞： in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth等。 （12）表強調的過渡詞： certainly, indeed, above all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, of course, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, primarily, in particular, undoubt

38、edly, absolutely等。（13）表比較、對比的過渡詞：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, be similar to, on the contrary, by contrast, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise 等。（14）表目的的過渡詞： for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to等。（15）表總結的過渡詞： in a word(總之，簡言之), in general, in

39、 short(總之), generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusionin summary, on the whole等。（16）表增補的過渡詞：in addition, furthermore, besides, moreover, whats more等。數詞一、基數詞與其主要用法：表示數目的詞稱基數詞。15 fifteen 242two hundred and forty-two，5058 five thousand and fifty-eight，9,600,000 nine million six hundred thous

40、and1.基數詞可以用于數字的計算。· 6+8=14 Six plus eight is fourteen.· 9-7=2 Nine minus seven is two.· 7X5= 35 Seven times five is thirty-five.· 8÷4=2 Eight divided by four is two.2基數詞可以表示人的大致年齡和年代。· He died in his fifties.· This took place in 1990s/1990's.· The professo

41、r became successful in his thirties.3基數詞可以用來表達年份、時間、。· 1700 · seventeen hundred· 1814 · eighteen fourteen· 9:20 · nine twenty· 11:30 · eleven thirty/ half past eleven· 5:45 · five forty-five/ a quarter to six4基數詞可以用于編號。· Number six, line 4, page

42、 19, Bus (No.) 332, Platform (No.) 5, Room 1015基數詞可以和其他詞一起構成合成形容詞，在句子中作定語。· A one-month-old baby can recognize its mother by smell.· This eleven-month-old baby can speak a few words.· (The baby is eleven months old.)· The teacher asked us to write a four-thousand-word essay as ou

43、r homework.· (There are four thousand words in the essay.)· This four-paragraph essay is too difficult for me to understand.· (There are four paragraphs in this essay. )二、序數詞與其主要用法表示順序的詞稱為序數詞。如first, second, third, fourth, ninth, twenty-first, forty-fifth等。序數詞可以用來表示日期和世紀。May the first

44、 / the first of May(5.1), August the eighth / the eighth of August(8.8), the twentieth century, the twenty-first century序數詞在句子中前面一般加the· The first of October is our National Day.· She was the third to arrive.序數詞在句子中前面加不定冠詞，表示"再一""又一"。· They'll have to do it a s

45、econd time.· Shall I ask him a third time?· When he sat down , a fourth man rose to ask.三、分數詞的構成分數的分子用基數詞表示，分母用序數詞表示；若分子大于1，分母需用復數。· two-thirds· (2/3),· one-third· (1/3), · nine-tenths (9/10),· (5/12)· five-twelfths特殊表達法有：one half (1/2),a quarter (1/4), t

46、hree quarters (3/4) 。考試重點: 數詞部分需特別注意dozen, hundred, million, billion 表示具體數字時，這些詞用單數形式；表示不具體的數字時，須用dozens of, hundreds of 這類的結構。· I want three dozen eggs/ of these.· He has been there dozens of times.例： It is reported that _ people in this area were saved in the storm. A. hundred B. hundred

47、 of C. hundreds of D. some hundreds當數詞與名詞構成合成形容詞時，合成形容詞中間若用連字符，則其中的名詞須用單數形式。· The homework for the next period is to write a two-hundred-word composition about your hometown.· Mary is a eleven-year-old girl.· (Mary is eleven years old.)1. It is _ from my school to the railway station.

48、A. two-hours walk B. two-hours walkC. two-hour walk D. a two-hour walk虛擬語氣例句：1.表示與現在事實相反If I had enough money now ， I would lend it to you.If I were you ， I would go to tell him the real feeling upon him.2.表示與過去事實相反If he had taken your advice ， he wouldn't have made such a bad mistake.She would

49、have come to enjoy the party if she hadn't been very busy.3.表示與將來事實相反I would go shopping with you if it were to be Sunday tomorrow.If he were to be given another chance to do it again， he could certainly achieve more.考試可能會涉與：虛擬條件句的倒裝為了強調語氣，虛擬條件句可用倒裝結構。 虛擬條件句的倒裝是通過去掉if，把條件從句謂語中的助動詞、情態動詞或系動詞放在句首實現

50、的。例如：If I had been in that situation， I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money. Had I been in that situation， I would not have let the thief escape away with so much money.Should there be a drought， what should we do at that time ？ If there should be a drought， what should we do

51、 at that time ？虛擬條件句 中的一些含蓄表達有時假設的情況并不以條件從句的形式表現出來，而是通過某個介詞或介詞短語（如：otherwise， without， but for）、上下文或其它方式表現出來。 這種句子稱為含蓄條件句。例如：But for the help from you ， I would not have had the chance to go to college.Without many teachers advice, I could not have passed the examination so quickly.虛擬語氣在從句中的運用u 在某些詞

52、或短語后接的從句中要使用虛擬語氣，表示愿望、建議或命令等。u 根據虛擬語氣的形式不同，可以分為“should類”和“過去時態類”。一、should類這一類的虛擬語氣是通過從句中的謂語動詞使用“should +動詞原形”體現出來的，should可以省略。其具體運用體現在：1.在suggest ， order， demand ， propose， command， request， desire，insist等表示建議、命令、要求、意見的動詞后接的賓語從句中要使用虛擬語氣。如：ü Mike suggests that Curie should leave the house at onc

53、e.ü The leader ordered that the task（should） be finished as soon as possible.ü Jack proposed that we （should） deal with the problem by the view of development.2.與suggest ， order， demand ， propose， command， request， desire，insist等動詞相對應的名詞suggestion， order， demand ， proposal 等后的表語從句或同位語從句中要使

54、用虛擬語氣。 如：ü The general sent the order that the battle（should） be held on until the complete failure of the enemy.ü My proposal is that we（should） set a deadline for handing in the plan.3.在It is/was suggested （ordered ， demanded ， proposed ， etc. ） 結構以與necessary ， essential， important， stra

55、nge， natural等形容詞后的主語從句中要使用虛擬語氣。 如：It's requested that we （should） keep the stability of the society for the people's peaceful life. It is necessary that the badly wounded man（should） be treated immediately.虛擬語氣在從句中的運用二、過去時態類 英語中，還有一些詞或短語后接的從句或句子，也要使用虛擬語氣，虛擬語氣是通過句中的謂語使用過去的某種時態（如：一般過去時、過去完成時等）來體現的。 1. wish ， would rather 后的賓語從句。He wished he had never been involved in such affairs. Vivian wishes she could get the job soon. I would rather you could teach me again.2. It is（about/high） time that句型It is time we went out for a walk.It was high time they had begun to prepare the experim