1、 u結構u特點u用法u注意事項獨立主格結構獨立主格結構中的非謂語動詞三種主要的形式其中的不定式通常表示尚未發生或即將要發生的動作A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我們必須節省每一分錢。名詞名詞/ /代詞代詞+ +不定式不定式其中的現在分詞通常表示動作正在進行（或當時正在進行）She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.她向我跑來，秀發在風中飄揚著。名詞名詞/ /代詞代詞+ +現在分詞現在分詞其中的過去分詞通常表示被動意義。All our savings gone, we

2、started looking for jobs.積蓄全部用完了，我們就開始找工作。名詞名詞/ /代詞代詞+ +過去分詞過去分詞獨立主格結構中的其他形式三種主要的形式 The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面濘泥，我們應該小心。4.4.名詞 / 代詞 + 形容詞。 The class over, we all went out to play. 下課后，我們都出去玩。5.5.名詞 / 代詞 + 副詞。如： Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿著眼鏡，他問他的眼鏡哪去了。6.

3、6.名詞 / 代詞 + 介詞短語。獨立主格結構的特點獨立主格結構的特點獨立主格結構是一個名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語），加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點：(1) 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。(2) 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關系。(3) 獨立主格結構一般用逗號與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。獨立主格結構的用法1.1.用作時間狀語用作時間狀語The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我們

4、就回家了。2.2.用作條件狀語用作條件狀語Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。3.3.用作原因狀語用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因為明天要發表

5、一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4.4.用作伴隨狀語用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。5.5.表示補充說明表示補充說明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold).一個獵人走了進來，他的臉凍得通紅。We redoubled our efforts, each man w

6、orking like two.我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。注：注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。獨立主格結構的注意事項(1) 當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下課后，學生很快離開了課室。(2) 在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結

7、構中的being（或having been）不能省略：a.獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：It being Sunday, we went to church. 因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。b.在There being名詞的結構中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。(3) 在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走進了課室，手里拿著一本書

8、。(比較with的復合結構：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. )(5) 獨立主格結構作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發生在謂語之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。WITH復合結構做獨立主格with+with+賓語賓語

9、+ +賓語補足語，構成賓語補足語，構成withwith復合結構，賓語可以復合結構，賓語可以是名詞或是代詞，賓語補足語可以是介詞短語、過去分詞、是名詞或是代詞，賓語補足語可以是介詞短語、過去分詞、現在分詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、副詞。且現在分詞、形容詞、動詞不定式、副詞。且withwith后面的賓后面的賓語與其后的賓語補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系。語與其后的賓語補足語有邏輯上的主謂關系。 1）With+賓語+介詞短語He was asleep with his head on his arms.2）with+賓語+過去分詞（賓語與賓補之間是被動關系）All the afternoon he worke

10、d with the door locked.He lay in bed with his head covered.3）with+賓語+現在分詞（賓語與賓補之間是主動關系）With winter coming on，its time to buy warm clothes.4）with+賓語+to do（不定式做賓補有“將來”的含義）I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.5）with+賓語+形容詞/副詞With John away，weve got more room.Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.WITH 符合結構在句子中的作用with復合結構在句子中作狀語，表示原因、時間、條件、伴隨、方式等。請閱讀下面的句子。1）We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall.（作伴隨狀語）2）She could not leave with her painful duty unfulfilled.（作原因狀語）3）He lay in bed with his head covered.（作方式狀語）4）Jack soo