1、 u結(jié)構(gòu)u特點(diǎn)u用法u注意事項(xiàng)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的非謂語動(dòng)詞三種主要的形式其中的不定式通常表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作A house to be built, we must save every cent. 由于要建一座房子，我們必須節(jié)省每一分錢。名詞名詞/ /代詞代詞+ +不定式不定式其中的現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行（或當(dāng)時(shí)正在進(jìn)行）She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind.她向我跑來，秀發(fā)在風(fēng)中飄揚(yáng)著。名詞名詞/ /代詞代詞+ +現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞其中的過去分詞通常表示被動(dòng)意義。All our savings gone, we

2、started looking for jobs.積蓄全部用完了，我們就開始找工作。名詞名詞/ /代詞代詞+ +過去分詞過去分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的其他形式三種主要的形式 The ground muddy, we should be careful. 地面濘泥，我們應(yīng)該小心。4.4.名詞 / 代詞 + 形容詞。 The class over, we all went out to play. 下課后，我們都出去玩。5.5.名詞 / 代詞 + 副詞。如： Glasses in his hand, he asked where his glasses were. 手里拿著眼鏡，他問他的眼鏡哪去了。6.

3、6.名詞 / 代詞 + 介詞短語。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是一個(gè)名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語），加上一個(gè)形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：(1) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨(dú)立存在。(2) 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。(3) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般用逗號(hào)與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法1.1.用作時(shí)間狀語用作時(shí)間狀語The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我們

4、就回家了。2.2.用作條件狀語用作條件狀語Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。3.3.用作原因狀語用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表

5、一個(gè)重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4.4.用作伴隨狀語用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。5.5.表示補(bǔ)充說明表示補(bǔ)充說明A hunter came in, his face red with cold (=and his face was red with cold).一個(gè)獵人走了進(jìn)來，他的臉凍得通紅。We redoubled our efforts, each man w

6、orking like two.我們加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。注：注：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說明時(shí)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句，通常放于句末。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的注意事項(xiàng)(1) 當(dāng)狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí)，可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over (=Class being over/Class over) , the students soon left the classroom. 下課后，學(xué)生很快離開了課室。(2) 在下列兩種情況下，獨(dú)立主格結(jié)

7、構(gòu)中的being（或having been）不能省略：a.獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時(shí)。如：It being Sunday, we went to church. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谔欤覀內(nèi)チ俗龆Y拜。b.在There being名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。(3) 在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand. 史密斯先生走進(jìn)了課室，手里拿著一本書

8、。(比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand. )(5) 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作時(shí)間或原因狀語時(shí)，可用完成時(shí)，表示該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如：The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began. 聽眾坐好后，音樂會(huì)開始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed. 由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。WITH復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)做獨(dú)立主格with+with+賓語賓語

9、+ +賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成賓語補(bǔ)足語，構(gòu)成withwith復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語可以復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語可以是名詞或是代詞，賓語補(bǔ)足語可以是介詞短語、過去分詞、是名詞或是代詞，賓語補(bǔ)足語可以是介詞短語、過去分詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、副詞。且現(xiàn)在分詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、副詞。且withwith后面的賓后面的賓語與其后的賓語補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。語與其后的賓語補(bǔ)足語有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。 1）With+賓語+介詞短語He was asleep with his head on his arms.2）with+賓語+過去分詞（賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系）All the afternoon he worke

10、d with the door locked.He lay in bed with his head covered.3）with+賓語+現(xiàn)在分詞（賓語與賓補(bǔ)之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系）With winter coming on，its time to buy warm clothes.4）with+賓語+to do（不定式做賓補(bǔ)有“將來”的含義）I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.5）with+賓語+形容詞/副詞With John away，weve got more room.Anderson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.WITH 符合結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中的作用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句子中作狀語，表示原因、時(shí)間、條件、伴隨、方式等。請(qǐng)閱讀下面的句子。1）We sat on the dry grass with our backs to the wall.（作伴隨狀語）2）She could not leave with her painful duty unfulfilled.（作原因狀語）3）He lay in bed with his head covered.（作方式狀語）4）Jack soo