1、 Lesson Four Die as You Choose The need for laws on euthanasia cannot be dodged for much longer. Dodge vt.（1）to move quickly and suddenly to one side in order to avoid being hit, caught, or seen 閃身躲開He dodged the falling rock and escaped unhurt. 他向左躲去，沒被他的拳頭打中。He dodged to left and didnt hit by his

2、fist.（2） If you dodge something, you deliberately avoid thinking about it or dealing with it 躲避，逃避to dodge tax 所有問題都會變小,如果你不是逃避而是勇敢面對. All problems become smaller if you dont dodge them but confront them. It is easy to _a spear in the daylight, but it is difficult to avoid an arrow in the dark. 全國20

3、13年1月高等教育自學考試高級英語試題 A.dodge B. evade C. escape D. invade evade：avoid or try to avoid fulfilling, answering, or performing (duties, responsibilities or questions）規避，回避 invade：attack by force In one of the worlds smaller countries, mercy-killing is accepted by the medical establishment and openly prac

4、ticed a few thousand times each year. In one of the worlds biggest countries, euthanasia is condemned by the medical establishment, secretly practiced many times more often, and almost never comes to light. Which of these countries has a mercy-killing doctor now languishing in its jails? It is the s

5、mall one, Holland, which has rules for euthanasia and so can police it effectively. The Dutch doctor broke his countrys rules. There is a moral here for all the countries, and not just for the big death-forbidding country, America. Right now it is going over the arguments about euthanasia once again

6、. questions: 1. what do one of the worlds smaller countries and one of the worlds biggest countries refer to？ 2.what is the attitude of each country toward euthanasia？and what is the practice in each country？ condemn kndem （1）say strongly sb. or sth. is wrong 責備，譴責 sb/sth 我們一致譴責虐待動物。 We all condemn

7、abuse of animals. 人人都責備他的野蠻行為。 Everyone condemned his savege behavior. （2）give judgment against sb (to sth/ to do sth.) The judge condemned him to spend six years in prison. The judge condemned him to sixyear imprisonment. es to light be revealed or disclosed Truth will come to light. 真相將會大白。 It has

8、 come to light that he was lying.languish vi. (1) If someone languishes somewhere, they are forced to remain and suffer in an unpleasant situation.（被迫）受苦，受折磨 Pollard continues to languish in prison. 波拉德繼續受牢獄之苦。 (2) lack or lose vitality, lose health and strength 失去活力，變得衰弱無力 Without the founders driv

9、e and direction, the company gradually languished. 沒有了創始人的斗志與指引，公司逐漸走向沒落。 The children soon began to languish in the heat. 天氣炎熱，孩子們很快變得沒精打采。 moral n. The moral of a story or event is what you learn from it about how you should or should not behave.(由故事、事件引出的)道德訓誡，寓意 In January the Journal of the Ame

10、rican Medical Association published a bizarre letter, in which an anonymous doctor claimed to have killed a 20-year-old cancer patient at her own request. This started a debate that will rumble on into the autumn, when Californians may vote on a proposed law legalizing euthanasia. The letter was pro

11、bably written for polemical impact. It is scarcely credible. Its author claims that he (or she) met the cancer patient for the first time, heard five words from her“Lets get this over with”then killed her. Even the most extreme proponents of euthanasia do not support such an action in those circumst

12、arre bzr adj. very odd and strange bizarre dress 奇裝異服 anonymous nnms a. having no known name or identity 匿名的;無名的;不知名的 anonymous phone callslegalize vt. If something is legalized, a law is passed that makes it legal. Should same - sex marriage be legalized? Should euthanasia be legalized? le

13、gal illegal legalisation n. The letter was probably written for polemical impact. The purpose of the letter was to result in argument. 這封信可能是為了造成爭論性影響而寫的。credible kredbl adj. incredible able to be trusted or believed credibility n. syn. convincing believable trustworthy proponent n. prponnt If you a

14、re a proponent of a particular idea or course of action, you actively support it. supporter Yet medical monstrosities that are hardly any better undoubtedly continue, almost as a matter of macabre routine, in America, Britain and many other countries. It is disturbingly easy to find doctors who will

15、 say, in private, that they sometimes kill patients on purpose. Most say they know somebody else who does. But because they can rarely discuss euthanasia openly with patients even when those patients beg them for it doctors tend to kill only when the dying are too far gone to consent. Thus, because

16、voluntary euthanasia is taboo, a doctor makes the decision himself and the patient is killed involuntarily in the night with a syringe. That is one price of keeping euthanasia secret. What are the two kinds of euthanasia mentioned in this paragraph?consent formal word vi. (to sth) to agree to sth or

17、 give your permission for sth He reluctantly consented to his daughters marriage. 他勉強同意了女兒的婚事。 n. U (to sth) permission to do sth, especially given by sb in authority 準許；允許 agree：普通用詞，側重指對某事同其他人有相同的意見或想法。 consent：指同意、應允別人的請求、建議或滿足他人的愿望，常和to連用。 approve：側重對認為正確或滿意的事表示贊同或批準。作不及物動詞用時，常與of連用。taboo n. ban

18、 or prohibition on sth. that is regarded for religious or other reasons as not to be done, used, etc. 忌諱，禁忌 Among Hindus there is a taboo against killing cows. 印度教徒有禁止殺牛的戒律。 Theres a taboo on smoking in this office. 辦公室里禁止吸煙。 If all forms of mercy-killing are wrong, they should remain taboo. But are

19、 they? Because many people accept that it is sad, undignified and gruesome to prolong the throes of death with all the might of medical technology, passive euthanasia letting patients die is widely accepted. Most American states have “living will” legislation that protects doctors from prosecution i

20、f they do not try to save someone who has said he does not want life prolonged. Active euthanasia killing remains controversial. How long can the distinction between killing and letting die hold out? prolong vt. make sth. longer, esp. in time; extend 使延長，使延伸他們把訪問時間延長了幾天。They prolonged their visit a

21、few days. 精心護理可能會延長病人的生命。 Good care may prolong a patients life. prosecution prskjun Prosecution is the action of charging someone with a crime and putting them on trial. 起訴；檢舉 Tony has brought a prosecution against them. 湯尼已對他們提出起訴. prosecute prskjut vt. If the authorities prosecute someone, they c

22、harge them with a crime and put them on trial. The police have decided not to prosecute because the evidence is not strong enough. 由于證據不足，警方已決定不起訴。 He is being prosecuted for two criminal offences. 他因兩項刑事罪名受到起訴。controversial kntrv:l causing a lot of angry public discussion and disagreement 引起爭論的；有爭議

23、的 a highly controversial topic 頗有爭議的話題 The topic is controversial. 這個議題是很有爭議的。 controversy kntrvsi n. (pl. -ies ) (over/about/surrounding sb/sth) 有關新機場地址的激烈爭論 a bitter controversy over/about the site of the new airport hold out last, remain 維持，保持 我希望這好天氣能再持續一個星期。I hope this good weather will hold ou

24、t for another week. Just as there can be culpable omissions, so too can there be blameless acts. Suppose to take an example from the moral philosophy books that a man stands to gain from the death of a certain child. The child strikes his head in the bath and falls unconscious. The man sits down and

25、 watches him drown. The fact that the man has performed no action does not excuse him. Similarly, suppose that a doctor does no wrong by withholding some treatment in order that death should come sooner rather than later. Is he then necessarily wrong if he administers enough painkillers to kill? Doe

26、s the fact that the doctor performed an action, rather than an omission, condemn him?culpable (formal) responsible and deserving blame for having done sth wrong 應受責備的；難辭其咎的 Their decision to do nothing makes them culpable. 他們不采取任何行動的決定使他們難辭其咎。 omission n. something that has not been included or has

27、not been done, either deliberately or accidentally omit vt. leave undone or leave out Dont omit locking to lock the door. Just as there can be culpable omissions, so too can there be blameless acts. Just as sometimes a person can be blamed for not doing something, it is also possible not to blame hi

28、m for something he has done. 正如有人由于未做某事而可能受到譴責，那么也有可能由于做了某事而不受責備。withhold vt. withheld withheld refuse to give sth 拒絕給予;扣留 Does your company withhold wage payment of workers? 公司有沒有拖欠過工資? He tried to withhold us knowing the truth. 他試圖不讓我們知道真相. administer dmnst(r) (1) If a doctor or a nurse administer

29、s a drug, they give it to a patient. 給予（病人藥物） (2)治理，管理（國家等）；施行，實施（法律、考核等） If someone administers something such as a country, the law, or a test, they take responsibility for organizing and supervising it. 指官方的或正式的對事務的管理。 法院執行法律。 The courts administer the law. Many doctors working on the battlefield

30、 of terminal suffering think that only squeamishness demands a firm difference between passive and active euthanasia on request. Their argument for killing goes like this: one of a doctors duties is to prevent suffering; sometimes that is all there is left for him to do, and killing is the only way

31、to do it. There is nothing new in this view. When Hippocrates formulated his oath for doctors, which explicitly rules out active killing, most other Greek doctors and thinkers disagreed with his ban.Hippocrates (460 BC - 370 BC) was an ancient Greek physicia. The Father of Medicine 希波克拉底The Oath of

32、MedicineI will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessaryto cause an abortion.formulate f:mjulet vt. If you formulate something such as a plan or proposal, you invent it, thinking about the details carefully.規劃;策劃;構想

33、 規劃并執行計劃 formulate a plan and carry it out formulator n. formulation n. oath: solemn promise to do sth 誓言，宣誓 take an oath/ swear an oathexplicitly ksplst implicit precisely and clearly expressed 明確的;清晰的;毫不隱諱的 rules out exclude as irrelevant, ineligible 排除 He was ruled out as a possible candidate. 他已

34、經沒有可能成為候選人。 ban N-COUNT an official ruling that something must not be done, shown, or used 禁令 a ban on sth. vt. to state officially that sth. must not be done, shown, or used 加油站禁止吸煙。 Gas stations ban on smoking. Let the past be a guide. Some people believe that the time of death is appointed by God

35、 and that no man should put the clock back on another. Yet if a patients philosophical views embrace euthanasia, it is not clear why the religious objections of others should intrude on his death. Another worry is that a legal framework for euthanasia, permitting a doctor to comply with a dying mans

36、 request in a prescribed set of circumstances, might pose dangers for society by setting a precedent for killing. That depends on the society. Holland, arguably, is ready for it. It is probably no coincidence that it was Dutch doctors who most heroically resisted pressure to join in the Nazi medical

37、 atrocities that have given euthanasia its worst name. The same tenacious respect for individual liberty that stopped them killing healthy people, who did not want to die, now lets them help dying people who do. no man should put the clock back on another. No man should shorten the natural life of a

38、nother person. 任何人都不應縮短他人的壽命。 embrace imbreis vt. (1) hug (2) accept and start supporting it or believing in it欣然接受，支持（變革、政治體制、觀點等） intrude come in when not wanted 打攪，侵擾 I dont wish to intrude, but could I talk to you for a moment? 我無意打攪你，不過我可以跟你談一會兒嗎？comply complied complied complies do as one is required, commanded; obey 按要求做；聽從