1、雅思預備雅思預備 -語法語法 But on any given day, what Schaefer can offer is typical for todays drugs rep（藥品推銷員）a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets（器械）, a budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescri

2、be（開藥） her new product to the next six patients who fit the drugs profile.But on any given day, (what Schaefer can offer)typical for todays drugs repa car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a budget (that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country), hundreds of free drug samples and

3、 the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients (who fit the drugs profile).但是，隨便哪一天，對于今天的藥品推銷員來說，但是，隨便哪一天，對于今天的藥品推銷員來說，謝弗能謝弗能提供的東西提供的東西都非常具有代表性都非常具有代表性汽車后備箱里滿載的促銷汽車后備箱里滿載的促銷禮品和小器械，禮品和小器械，能夠為一個小國家的午餐和晚餐買單的預能夠為一個小國家的午餐和晚餐買單的預算，算，成千上萬的免費藥品樣本以及可以提供給一位醫生成千上萬的免

4、費藥品樣本以及可以提供給一位醫生200美元的自由權美元的自由權如果該醫生在開藥的時候，指定將接如果該醫生在開藥的時候，指定將接下來的六名下來的六名與該藥品吻合的患者與該藥品吻合的患者使用她的新產品使用她的新產品。 名詞性從句名詞性從句 在功能上相當于在功能上相當于名詞名詞. 名詞性從句名詞性從句, 在在主語從句、表語從句主語從句、表語從句 、賓語從句、賓語從句和同位語從句和同位語從句中能擔任中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位主語、賓語、表語、同位語語等。等。名詞性從句名詞性從句賓語從句賓語從句同位語從句同位語從句主語從句主語從句表語從句表語從句主語主語 My dream is that Profe

5、ssor Du and I will tie the knot.What I desire is talking nonsense.表語表語Becoming a curve wrecker is my dream.This is what I think every day. 賓語賓語We should lend a helping hand.I dont like what he does every day.同位語同位語I dont know about the woman, Rachel.I dont know about the fact that she is a women.引導名

6、詞性從句的關聯詞引導名詞性從句的關聯詞what, who, whom, whose, which, wh+everthat, whether, ifwhen, where, how, whyWho will win the game is still unknown. I want to know what he has told you. The fact is that Hannah and Jay have tied the knot. The news that Jay Chou has married is resounding. 主語從句主語從句賓語從句賓語從句表語從句表語從句同位

7、語從句同位語從句賓語從句賓語從句 I know him . 2. I know who he is . 主語主語謂語謂語賓語賓語（簡單句）（簡單句）主語主語謂語謂語賓賓 語語 從從 句句連詞連詞 從句主語從句主語 從句謂語從句謂語 主主 句句（復合句）（復合句）句子做賓語就是賓語從句句子做賓語就是賓語從句賓語從句的種類賓語從句的種類 1. that引導的賓語從句 2. 2.由if或whether引導的賓語從句 3. 由連接代詞由連接代詞who, whom, whose, what, which和和 連接副詞連接副詞when, where, why, how引導的賓語從句。引導的賓語從句。一、一

8、、賓語從句的種類 1. that引導的賓語從句 that在口語或非正式文體中在口語或非正式文體中常省略。常省略。vJohn feels (that) his team is better than others. 很多人說自己在夏天感覺更舒服。很多人說自己在夏天感覺更舒服。Many people claim (that) they feel better in summer. Show timeShow time【練練1/41/4】 該表清楚地表明了歐洲國家之間存在該表清楚地表明了歐洲國家之間存在顯著的消費習慣差異。顯著的消費習慣差異。 （劍（劍3,T2,W3,T2,W）(之間之間) )存在著

9、存在著(方面的方面的)()()差距差距/ /差異。差異。1)1)主干主干：There are differences.There are differences.2)2)之間之間: : between and ; between and ; within ; within ; ( (位于主干之后位于主干之后) )3)3)方面的方面的: : in; about; ( in; about; (位于主干之后位于主干之后) )4) adj. 4) adj. 明顯的：明顯的：obvious; obvious; 巨大的：巨大的：significant, large; significant, large;

10、 輕微的：輕微的：slightslight This chart clearly This chart clearly there are there are some significant differences some significant differences in spending in spending habitshabits within European countries.within European countries.Show me the answerShow me the answer【練練1/41/4】 該表清楚地表明了歐洲國家之間存在顯著的消該表清楚地表

11、明了歐洲國家之間存在顯著的消費習慣差異。費習慣差異。 （劍（劍3,T2,W3,T2,W） This chart clearly This chart clearly there are there are some significant differences some significant differences in spending in spending habitshabits within European countries.within European countries.【練練2/42/4】該數據顯示該數據顯示發展中國家和發達國家之間發展中國家和發達國家之間在在教育和科

12、技上教育和科技上存在著極大地差別。（劍存在著極大地差別。（劍3,T33,T3，WW）This data This data there are very large there are very large inconsistencies inconsistencies in education and sciencein education and science between developing and developed countries.between developing and developed countries.【練練3/43/4】我同意在醫療衛生，教育和貿易等方面的我

13、同意在醫療衛生，教育和貿易等方面的改善對較貧困國家的發展來說是必不可少的。（劍改善對較貧困國家的發展來說是必不可少的。（劍3 3，T4T4，WW）I I improvements in health, education improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations.poorer nations.【練練4/44/4】那些反對那些反對男女同校男女同校的人認為這

14、樣會導致的人認為這樣會導致早戀早戀，對他們的學習對他們的學習有害有害。 ( (教育話題）教育話題）co-education / mixed sex schoolco-education / mixed sex schoolpuppy lovepuppy loveHarmful/detrimental Harmful/detrimental Those Those against co-educationagainst co-education hold hold thatthat the the environment will probably lead children to enviro

15、nment will probably lead children to puppy lovepuppy love which will then which will then serve as an serve as an obstacle toobstacle to their academic achievement. their academic achievement.(1). Lets see_ we can find some food.(2).She asked me- she could borrow these books .注意注意 whether和和if的使用區別的使

16、用區別 a.當有當有or not時就一定用時就一定用whether. I dont know whether or not I should move on. b.介詞介詞后面的賓語從句一定用后面的賓語從句一定用whether. I worry about whether I discourage your confidence.2.由if或whether引導的賓語從句if /whetherif /whetherShow timeShow time【練練1/31/3】我們想知道人類是否是宇宙中唯一存在的生命。(劍橋9 test 1)【練練2/32/3】他來不來無關緊要。【練練3/33/3】 許

17、多專家懷疑英語是否應該作為全球許多專家懷疑英語是否應該作為全球唯一的官方語言。唯一的官方語言。 We want to know whether we are alone in the universe. Whether he comes or not makes no difference.Many experts doubt whether English should be used as the only official language 3.由由who, whom, whose, what, which和和when, where, why, how引導的賓語從句。引導的賓語從句。vD

18、o you know - he said just now ?v I dont remember- we arrived .vDo you know - time the plane leaves ?whatwhenwhatShow timeShow time1.During the course of this morning, we hope to give you a clear idea of what we offer in our training programs. 2.Psychologists have also studied how being cold affects

19、performance.1. 今天上午這段時間里，我們希望讓你們清楚地了今天上午這段時間里，我們希望讓你們清楚地了解我們的培訓項目所開設的課程。解我們的培訓項目所開設的課程。 (劍劍2，T1，L)2. 心理學家也研究了天氣寒冷如何影響人們的表現心理學家也研究了天氣寒冷如何影響人們的表現。(劍劍3，T3，R)二、二、賓語從句的語序語序-陳述語序。陳述語序。1. When will he go to the library? 1 His brother asks when he will go to the library . 2 His brother asks when will he go

20、to the library . 2. What does he want to buy ? 1 I dont know what he wants to buy . 2 I dont know what does he want to buy .賓語從句注意：注意： 用賓語從句 表述觀點：insist, maintain, hold, suggest, argue, favor, propose, support, agree, advocate, (be for, be in favor of)object, oppose , (be against) Some people are fu

21、lly convinced thatSome people assert that Some people deem thatSome people argue thatSome people claim that【練練1/41/4】有些人認為旅游業的發有些人認為旅游業的發展會對傳統文化產生一些負面的展會對傳統文化產生一些負面的影響影響。Some people hold that the development of tourism exerts some adverse impact on traditional culture. 【練練2/42/4】說到教育，大部分人認說到教育，大部分人認

22、為其是終生的學習。為其是終生的學習。When it comes toThe majority of 大部分人大部分人When it comes to education, the majority of people think that it is a life-time study.【練練3/43/4】大部分學生相信業余工作使他大部分學生相信業余工作使他們有更多的機會發展人際交往能力，而這們有更多的機會發展人際交往能力，而這對他們未來找工作是非常有好處的。對他們未來找工作是非常有好處的。interpersonal skillsThe majority of students believe

23、 that part-time jobs provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them into favorable position in the future job markets.【練練4/44/4】越來越多的專家認為農民工對城市越來越多的專家認為農民工對城市的建設起到積極作用，然而，越來越多的城的建設起到積極作用，然而，越來越多的城市居民卻懷疑這種說法，他們抱怨農民工給市居民卻懷疑這種說法，他們抱怨農民工給城市帶來了許多嚴重的問題，例如犯罪。

24、城市帶來了許多嚴重的問題，例如犯罪。An increasing number of expertsFarmer laborers【練練4/44/4】越來越多的專家認為農民工對城市越來越多的專家認為農民工對城市的建設起到積極作用，然而，越來越多的城的建設起到積極作用，然而，越來越多的城市居民卻懷疑這種說法，他們抱怨農民工給市居民卻懷疑這種說法，他們抱怨農民工給城市帶來了許多嚴重的問題，例如犯罪。城市帶來了許多嚴重的問題，例如犯罪。An increasing number of experts believe that farmer laborers will exert positive eff

25、ects on city construction.However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that farmer laborers have brought many serious peoblems like crime.主語從句主語從句一. that和what引導的主語從句二. whether引導的主語從句三. who, which, when, where, why, how 引導的主語從句主語從句的種類主語從句的種類一一. that和what

26、引導的主語從句-thatthat引導作用，不充當成分，不能省略引導作用，不充當成分，不能省略。What What 連接作用，在名詞性從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。連接作用，在名詞性從句中充當主語、賓語或表語。1. is certain.（我們將遲到了）（我們將遲到了）2. _ is known to all. (地球是圓的地球是圓的)That the earth is roundThat we shall be late3) _is more practice.(我們所需要的）我們所需要的）What we needwhat 在從句中作主語。在從句中作主語。二二. whether引導的主語從句 是

27、否，表不確定的事情是否，表不確定的事情.注意點：注意點： “if” 不能引導主語從句不能引導主語從句_ is hard to say(他是否會來這）他是否會來這）Whether he will come here三三. who, which, when, where, why, how . who, which, when, where, why, how 引導的主語從句引導的主語從句-is under discussion.When we will begin the meetingWhen 在從句中作狀語在從句中作狀語-is still unknown. Who will ultimate

28、ly win the game1. 我們什么時候開始開會還在討論中。我們什么時候開始開會還在討論中。2. 誰會最終贏得比賽仍是個未知數。誰會最終贏得比賽仍是個未知數。這是一種大規模的滅絕，我們能否挽回這種局面現這是一種大規模的滅絕，我們能否挽回這種局面現在很難知道。在很難知道。(劍劍4，T2，R)a mass extinction大規模的滅絕大規模的滅絕rebound from挽回挽回Its a mass extinction, and whether we will ever rebound from the loss is difficult to know.Show timeShow t

29、ime1. That we shall be late is certain.2. That the earth is round is known to all.- 3. That you missed the chance is a pity.- It is a pity that you missed the chance.Its known to all that the earth is round.- Its certain that we shall be late.構成了下面一些常用句型構成了下面一些常用句型: It is +adj/n that(strange/a pity)

30、It is + v ed that.(said/reported.【練練1/21/2】很多雇主可能喜歡利用兒童的服務，這是很多雇主可能喜歡利用兒童的服務，這是一個不幸的事實。一個不幸的事實。（劍（劍3 3，T3T3，WW）ItIt is an unfortunate fact is an unfortunate fact that that many many employers may prefer to use the services employers may prefer to use the services of children.of children.Show timeSho

31、w timeWho will do it Who will do it _been decided(been decided(have /hashave /has) )What he needs What he needs _ that book. that book.What he needs _What he needs _ _ some books. some books.isareWhat引導的主語從句，可根據引導的主語從句，可根據表語表語決定決定what引導名詞性從句時在從句中引導名詞性從句時在從句中充當句子成分充當句子成分,如主語如主語,賓賓語語,表語表語, that在句子中在句子

32、中不充當成分，不充當成分，只起連接作用只起連接作用. C：What 與與 that 引導主語從句引導主語從句(1) _you said yesterday is right.(2) _she is still young is amazing.WhatThat【練練1/21/2】使語言瀕臨滅絕的不僅是語言使用人數，還有使用者的年紀。(劍4，T2，R)Endangered 瀕臨滅絕的What makes a language endangered is not just the number of speakers, but how old they are. Show timeShow tim

33、e _ he made an important speech at the meeting was true. A. That B. Why C. What D. How 2. _well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather . A If B Whether C That D Where 3._ is known to us all is that America is a developed country_the First World. Which; belong to b. As, belonged to c. What; belon

34、ging to d. It; belonging to4. Its known to us all _ a form of energy . A. water is B. that water is C. is water D. that water to 5. It worried her a bit _ her hair was turning gray. A. whether B. that C. what D. when6.What I say and think _ none of your business. A. is B. are C. has D have表語從句表語從句表語

35、從句表語從句表語從句表語從句是在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句是在復合句中作表語的名詞性從句位置：放在位置：放在系動詞系動詞之后之后,結構：結構：“主語主語+系動詞系動詞+表語從句表語從句”。系動詞：系動詞：be,remain, seem，feel, look, smell, taste, turn, appear, keep, get, ExampleExampleIt It seems seems that it is going to rain.that it is going to rain.The question The question remains remains whether

36、 we can win the whether we can win the majority of people.majority of people.One advantage of being an only child One advantage of being an only child is is that that there is less arguing within the family.there is less arguing within the family.注注 意意： 在表語從句中，表在表語從句中，表“是否是否” 時，只能用時，只能用 “whether”不能用

37、不能用“if”。 一般情況下，一般情況下，“that”不能省。不能省。 It is /was because . It is /was why. 3. The reason (why/for)is /was that.u The reason is because /whythat . 在表語從句中，表在表語從句中，表“是否是否” 時，只能用時，只能用 “whether”不能用不能用“if”。The question is _ I want to be with you.A. that B. if C. when D.whether2. 一般情況下，一般情況下，“that”不能省。不能省。Th

38、e reason is_I missed the bus.A. that B. when C. why D. what3. It is /was because . It is /was why. It was because I love you.That was why I am still here .4. The reason (why/for)is /was that. The reason is because /why The reason why he did not come is _.A. because his mother is ill B. because of hi

39、s mothers being illC. that his mother is ill D. for his mother is ill1. The question is _ we will have our sports meet next week.A. that B. if C. when D. whether2The reason why he failed is _he was too careless.A. because B. that C. for D. because of3. The reason is_I miss you so much.A. that B. whe

40、n C. why D. what4. That is _ _ we were late last time. A. that B. when C. why D. what5. The reason why he refuses you is _.A. because you are too beautiful B. because of you are too uglyC. that you are too ugly D. for you are too ugly【練練1/31/3】中國教育的最大變化就是，已經有更多的人可以中國教育的最大變化就是，已經有更多的人可以接受教育。接受教育。 （劍（

41、劍3,T1,S3,T1,S）The biggest change in education in China The biggest change in education in China is is thatthat more and more people can get/receive more and more people can get/receive the education.the education.Show timeShow time【練練2/32/3】早上學的另一個好處是孩子在社交方面發展更早上學的另一個好處是孩子在社交方面發展更快。（劍快。（劍4 4，G,TB,WG

42、,TB,W）Another advantage of going to school at an early Another advantage of going to school at an early age age is thatis that children develop faster socially. children develop faster socially.【練練3/33/3】我的觀點是年輕人應該受到鼓勵，去開闊我的觀點是年輕人應該受到鼓勵，去開闊視野。（劍視野。（劍5 5，T2T2，WW）My view/idea/opinion/point My view/ide

43、a/opinion/point is thatis that young young people should be encouraged to broaden their people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons.horizons.同位語從句同位語從句同位語從句同位語從句 1. 1. 跟在某些名詞后面，對該名詞作進一步解釋說明。跟在某些名詞后面，對該名詞作進一步解釋說明。常用名詞有常用名詞有belief, fact, idea, hope, news, doubt, belief, fact, idea, hope, new

44、s, doubt, result, thought, information, opinionresult, thought, information, opinion等。等。Suggestion, suggest Suggestion, suggest ，order order ，demand demand ，wishwish等等she, an English teacher, likes her students very much.I dont know about the fact that she is a teacher.His plan, building a garden on

45、 the surface of sea, is not practical.e.g. 1. 要出國的這個消息，太讓人震驚了。要出國的這個消息，太讓人震驚了。The news that Tom would go abroad is astounding.2. 多用that 引導，無意義，不可省。3.在在have no idea之后用之后用wh-引導同位語從句引導同位語從句I have no idea where he has gone.I have no idea when he did it.I have no idea what he did.1.Many boys are too heav

46、y./ The fact worries their parents a lot.2.The Queen of England was visiting China./ We heard the news last night. The fact that many boys are too heavy worries their parents a lot.We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was visiting China.3. Chinese students should be given less homework./ The suggestion is welcomed by many people.The suggestion that Chinese students should be given less homework is welcomed by many people.【練練1/31/3】我同意合作比競爭重要這個觀點。我同意合作比競