1、文檔供參考，可復制、編制，期待您的好評與關注！ 選修8 Unit 1 單詞及課文詳解California 加利福尼亞（州）Californian 加利福尼亞（州）人illustrate vt. 說明；闡明 illustration 實例 插圖 圖解Be illustrated with 有插圖 - sth. 給書加插圖 闡明By way of -tion 作為說明 in -tion of 作為.例證distinct adj. 清晰的；明顯的；明確的 distinctive 獨特的 有特色的distinction n. 差別；區分cn；卓著 優秀un.Distinguish between an

2、d :distinguish A from B -ed 杰出的 以.著名Make a distinction between and Make no distinction 沒有區別： without distinction with distinction 優異地immigrant n. （從外國移入的）移民live on 繼續存在；繼續生存 - by 以.為生 - through 活過 度過.熬過Live up to 實踐原則 誓言等 做到 - down 改過自新生活忘掉過錯strait n. 海峽=straitsBering 白令海峽Arctic adj. 北極的；北極區的the Arc

3、tic 北極means n. 手段；方法by means of 用辦法；借助 By all means 一定 務必 by no means 絕不By this means 通過這種方式：in this way/ with this method/ in this manner by some means or other 想盡辦法 prehistoric adj. 史前的majority n. 大多數；大半 the - 做主語 謂語動詞單數 各個成員 可用復數The - of + 單數名詞或pl. 謂語動詞與名詞保持一致In a - 占大多數 get a - 獲得多數票 have a - 擁有

4、多數Major minor minority -ity .狀態、性質ministry n. （政府的）部；（全體）牧師；牧師的職責 神職任期 the - of DefenseCatholic adj. 天主教的 n.天主教徒Alaska n. 阿拉斯加（州）San Francisco n. 圣弗朗西斯科（也稱舊金山）adventurer n. 冒險家make a life 習慣于新的生活方式、工作等despite prep. 盡管；不管hardship n. 苦難；困苦elect vt. 選擇；決定做某事；選舉某人federal adj. 聯邦制的；聯邦政府的rail n. 鐵路；扶手；（護欄

5、的）橫條percentage n. 百分比；百分率Los Angeles n. 洛杉磯Italy n. 意大利Italian n. 意大利人；意大利語adj.意大利人的；意大利語的Denmark n. 丹麥（北歐國家）keep up 堅持；維持；沿襲（風俗、傳統等）- away from 不接近 - back 阻止 抑制 -. From 阻止 免受傷害 - off 遠離 - out 使不入內- up with 跟上 -an eye on 注視 - hold of 抓住 - a record of記載 - in touch withHollywood n. 好萊塢；美國電影業boom n. （人

6、口、貿易的）繁榮 （運動 音樂）突然風靡的時期 深沉的響聲V. 轟鳴 激增 處于經濟迅速發展時期-er=baby -er 生育高峰期出生的人 - town 新興都市aircraft n. 飛行器；航空器；飛機Cambodian n. 柬埔寨人；柬埔寨語Korea n. 韓國；朝鮮Korean n. 韓國/朝鮮人；朝鮮/韓語 adj.韓國（人/語）的；朝鮮（人/語）的Pakistan n. 巴基斯坦Pakistani adj. 巴基斯坦（人）的 n.巴基斯坦人immigrate vi. 移入（外國定居）immigration n. 移民；移居入境racial adj. 人種的；種族的crossi

7、ng n. 橫渡；橫越；十字路口；人行橫道vice n. & adj. 代理；副職nephew n. 侄子；外甥pole n. 地極；電極；磁極applicant n. 申請人customs n. 海關；關稅；進口稅socialist n. 社會主義者；社會黨人 adj.社會主義者的socialism n. 社會主義occur vi. 發生；出現 有計劃或無計劃It -s to sb. To do/ that. 某人想到 -rencecattle n. 牛（總稱）Hispanic n. （美）講西班牙語的美國人indicate vt. 指出；指示；表明；暗示back to back 背

8、靠背luggage n. 行李（<美>baggage）shave vt. & vi. (shaved; shaved, shaven) 刮；剃cable n. 纜繩；繩索；電纜cable car 纜車；（美）有軌纜車Andrew Hallidie 安德魯海利迪tram n. （有軌）電車apparent adj. 顯而易見的；顯然的；表面上的apparently adv. 顯然地；顯而易見地It is - to sb. That. 在某人看來 顯然.brake n. 閘；剎車；制動器 Vi. & vt. 剎（車）；用制動器減速conductor n. （公車）售票員

9、；列車員；（樂隊）指揮slip vi. 滑動；滑行；滑跤 n.滑動；滑倒 小錯誤- off 迅速脫去衣服：- out of -on 迅速穿上 -out 被無意中說出 - away 消失 消亡 - up 犯錯誤 疏忽wharf n. 碼頭bakery n. 面包房；面包廠ferry n. 渡船；渡口 vt.擺渡；渡運Angel Island 天使島team up with 與合作或一起工作hire vt. & n. 租用；雇用- sth. To .租給 - . From.向.租借 租設備用hire 租房子：let/rentfascinating adj. 迷人的；吸引人的mark out

10、 劃線；標出界線 選定 表明- down 記下 減價 給低分 - off 劃出界限 -up 標高價格 - with 以.為標記- for life 留下終生的傷痕seagull n. 海鷗take in 包括；吸收 理解 欺騙 - apart 拆開 -away 拿走 - back 收回- to 喜歡 習慣 - on承擔 呈現 雇傭 - over 接管-up 占據 繼續 -up with 和 交往angle n. 角；角度a great/good many 許多；很多Many/many a/an / a great/good many/ more than one/ a good/large n

11、umber of +pl.Much/ a good/great deal of/ a large amount of /amounts of+unA lot of/lots of/ a quantity of/ quantities of/ plenty of/ a supply of/supplied of+pl./unAmounts of/ quantities of+un. 謂語動詞用復數Many a(more than one)+單數 謂語動詞用單數apply for 申請；請示得到Apply 申請 敷 產生作用 使努力- to do 申請做 - .to.將.涂抹于- oneself

12、to 專心從事 applicant application appliednowhere adv. 無處；到處都無miserable adj. 痛苦的；悲慘的punishment n. 處罰；懲罰justice n. 公正；公平mourn vt. & vi. 哀悼；悼念；表示悲痛 -er哀悼者 -ful 憂傷的 -ing n, 哀悼civil adj. 公民的；國內的；民間的authority n. 權威；權力 (pl)當局；官方reform vt. & vi. 改革；革新 n.改革；改造；改良grasp vt. & n. 抓住；抓緊；掌握；領會thoughtful a

13、dj. 關切的；體貼的；深思的thankful adj. 感激的；感謝的insert vt. 插入；嵌入 n. 插面廣告 挿入物 -ion 放入選修八Unit1 CALIFORNIA加利福尼亞California is the third largest state in the USA but has the largest population（grow/fall; large/small）. 加州是美國第三大洲, 而且是人口最多的州。 It also has the distinction of （有與眾不同之處）being the most multicultural（多元文化的，mu

14、lti-多方面 多方向 multicolored multimedia multiparty） state in the USA, having attracted people from all over the world. 加州與眾不同之處在于它也是美國最具多元文化的一個州。它吸引了來自世界各地的人們。 The customs and languages of the immigrants live on in their new home. 這些移民的風俗習慣以及語言在他們的新家都得以延續。 This diversity of culture is not surprising whe

15、n you know the history of California.當你了解了加利福尼亞的歷史，你就不會對其文化的多樣性感到驚奇了。NATIVE AMERCANS美洲土著人Exactly when the first people arrived in what we now know as California, no one really knows. 最早一批人具體是什么時候來到我們現在了解的加利福尼亞地區的, 誰也說不清楚。 However, it is likely （可能的，=probable , it is likely that/sb is likely to do mo

16、re than likely 很可能 likeable 可愛的 likewise同樣的 likelihood可能性）that Native Americans were living in California at least fifteen thousand years ago. 然而，可能至少在一15,000年以前美洲土著人就住在加利福尼亞了。Scientists believe that these settlers crossed the Bering Strait in the Arctic to America by means of a land bridge which ex

17、isted in prehistoric times. 科學家們認為這些遷居者通過一條史前時期曾經存在的大陸橋穿越北極地區的白令海峽到達美洲。 In the 16th century, after the arrival of the Europeans, the native people suffer（+痛苦 損失； suffer from+ 戰爭 自然災害帶來的苦難-ance 經勉強同意 ）ed greatly. 歐洲人在16世紀到來這里之后，土著人遭受了極大的苦難。 Thousands were killed or forced into slavery. 成千上萬人被殺或被迫成為奴隸

18、。In addition, many died from （外因 die of 內因 - by 自殺 吊死 被刀劍殺死 - down 漸漸消失 -off 相繼死去 -away 逐漸消失 - out 絕種 pass away sleep the final sleep be no more breathe ones last）the diseases brought by the Europeans. 另外, 歐洲人帶來的疾病，使許多人染病而死。 However, some survived （比.活的長 - from 從.幸存下來 -on靠.維生 survival survivor）these

19、 terrible times, and today there are more Native Americans living in California than in any other state. 不過，還是有一些人經歷了這些恐怖時期而活下來了。今天住在加利福尼亞的美洲土著人比任何其他州的都要多。 THE SPANISH西班牙人In the 18th century California was ruled by Spain. 在18世紀的時候，加利福尼亞是被西班牙統治的。 Spanish soldiers first arrived in South America in the

20、 early 16th century, when they fought（打架 打仗 爭辯 - against 為反對.而斗爭 - for 為爭取 而斗爭 - with并肩戰斗；=- against ; - back 奮力抵抗 -off 擊退 -sth. Back 忍住 抑制住 - to the death 戰斗到底） against the native people and took their land. 西班牙士兵最早是在16世紀初期來到南美洲的，他們同土著人打仗，奪去了他們的土地。Two centuries later, the Spanish had settled in mos

21、t parts of South America and along the northwest coast of what we now call the United States. 兩個世紀以后, 西班牙人在南美洲大部分地區定居下來，而且還在我們現在稱之為美國的西北沿海地區住下來。Of the first Spanish to go to California, the majority were religious men, whose ministry was to teach the Catholic religion to the natives. 在首批移居加利福尼亞州的西班牙

22、人中，大部分是宗教人士，他們的職責是向原住居民傳授天主教。In 1821, the people of Mexico gained their independence （win/gain/have -from, be independent form/of independent school=private school）from Spain. 1821年,墨西哥人從西班牙獲得了獨立。 California then became part of Mexico.加利福尼亞于是成了墨西哥的一部分。In 1846 the United States declared （+n./that./sb

23、./sth. To be/as. - war on宣戰 - against 聲明反對 -on 宣布.要發生 -for 宣布支持 -off宣布取消 -ration -d 公開宣布的 公開 正式 announce 第一次宣布 預告性質）war on Mexico, and after the war won by the USA, Mexico had to give California to the USA. 1846年美國向墨西哥宣戰，美國贏得戰爭勝利后，墨西哥被迫把加利福尼亞割讓給美國。However, there is still a strong Spanish influence （

24、exert /have - on/upon.）in the state. 但是,這個州至今仍然保留著很強的西班牙文化的影響。That is why today over 40 of Californians speak Spanish as a first or second language. 這就是為什么今天還有40%的加利福尼亞人仍然把西班牙語作為第一或第二語言的緣故。It/that/this is why.The reason why.is that.RUSSIANS俄羅斯人In the early 1800s, Russian hunters, who had originally

25、gone to Alaska, began settling in California. 在19世紀初期，一批最初到阿拉斯加的俄羅斯獵人開始在加利福尼亞定居下來。 Today there are about 25,000 Russian-Americans living in and around San Francisco. 今天，住在舊金山及其周邊地區的美籍俄羅斯人大約25，000人。GOLD MINERS金礦工In 1848, not long after the American-Mexican war, gold was discovered in California. 1848

26、年,美墨戰爭后不久,在加利福尼亞發現了金礦。 The dream of becoming rich quickly attracted people from all over the world. 發財夢很快就吸引了來自世界各地的人。The nearest, and therefore the first to arrive, were South Americans and people from the United States. 距離最近因而來的最早的是南美洲人和美國人， Then adventurers from Europe and Asia soon followed. 隨后跟

27、著來的有歐洲和亞洲的探險家。 In fact, few achieved their dream of becoming rich. 事實上, 很少有人圓了發財夢。Some died or returned home, but most remained （-+n./a./done/doing/介詞短語；+to do/to be done; that. -der 剩余物 -s 殘余物 -ing 剩下的）in California to make a life （開始新生活 習慣新的生活方式）for themselves despite great hardship. They settled

28、in the new towns or on farms. 許多人死了或回家了，但是盡管條件十分艱苦，大多數人仍然留在了加利福尼亞勞作謀生，在新的城鎮或農場里定居下來。 By the time California elected to become the thirty-first federal state of the USA in 1850, it was already a multicultural society.到1850年加利福尼亞成為美國第31個州的時候, 它已經是一個有著多元文化的社會了。LATER A RRIVALS后來的移民Although Chinese immig

29、rants began to arrive during the Gold Rush Period, it was the building of the rail network from the west to the east coast that brought even larger numbers to California in the 1860s. 雖然中國移民在淘金熱期間就開始來到（美國），但是更大批量的中國移民卻是在十九世紀六十年代為了修建貫穿美國東西海岸的鐵路而來的。Today, Chinese-Americans live in all parts of Califor

30、nia, although a large percentage （術語，百分百 不能用數詞修飾 high/low what提問 數詞+percent there is no percentage in.做沒有好處）have chosen to stay in the "Chinatowns" of Los Angeles and San Francisco. 今天,加利福尼亞州各地都有美藉華人居住,盡管有很大比例的華人還是選擇住在洛杉磯和舊金山的“中國城”里。Other immigrants such as Italians, mainly fishermen but a

31、lso wine makers, arrived in California in the late 19th century. 十九世紀后期，其他國家的移民，比如意大利人來到加利福尼亞，他們主要是漁民，也有些釀酒工人。 In 1911 immigrants from Denmark established a town of their own（屬于某人自己的 后置定語 表語; 前置定語：ones own sth.）, which today still keeps up their Danish culture. 1911年丹麥移民建立了他們自己的城鎮，至今仍保留著丹麥文化。 By the

32、 1920s the film industry was well established （it is -ed that 據證實. - oneself in 定居 ）in Hollywood, California. 到了二十世紀二十年代，電影產業在加利福尼亞州的好萊塢建立了起來。 The industry boom attracted Europeans including many Jewish people. 這個行業吸引了許多歐洲人包括許多猶太人。Today California has the second largest Jewish population in the Unit

33、ed States. 今天，加利福尼亞的猶太人口在美國占第二位。Japanese farmers began arriving in California at the beginning of the 20th century, and since the 1980s a lot more have settled there. 日本的農民是在20世紀初期開始到加利福尼亞來的,而從20世紀80年代以來就有更多的日本人在加利福尼亞定居了。 People from Africa have been living in California since the 1800s, when they m

34、oved north from Mexico. 非洲人從19世紀就在加利福尼亞住下來，他們是從墨西哥向北遷來的。However, even more arrived between 1942 and 1945 to work in the ship and aircraft industries. 然而更多的非洲人在1942年到1945年之間來到加利福尼亞的，當時他們是到船廠和飛機廠工作的。MOST RECENT ARRIVALS最近期的移民In more recent decades, California has become home （be/feel at home 舒適 自在； be

35、/feel at home with sb.與某人相處無拘束 with sth.愉快從事某事 make oneself at home 請隨意 make sb. Feel at home 賓至如歸 the home for/of 。發源地 the home to 動植物的棲息地）to more people from Asia, including Koreans, Cambodians, Vietnamese and Laotians. 在最近幾十年里,加利福尼亞成了亞洲人的家,包括柬埔寨人、朝鮮人、越南人和老撾人。 Since its beginning in the 1970s, the

36、 computer industry has attracted Indians and Pakistanis to California. 從20世紀70年代開始發展計算機工業以來，加利福尼亞又吸引了印度人和巴勒斯坦人的到來。 THE FUTURE未來展望People from different parts of the world, attracted by the climate and the lifestyle, still immigrate to California世界各地的人，由于受氣候條件和生活方式的吸引,仍然在繼續遷入加利福尼亞。. It is believed（=pe

37、ople believe that。） that before long the mix of nationalities will be so great that there will be no distinct major racial or cultural groups, but simply a mixture of many races and cultures. 人們認為, 要不了多久，多種國籍的混合將會非常之大，以至于不可能存在一種主要的種族或文化群體，而只是多種族、多文化的混合體。Such an interesting book is is that I cant tea

38、r myself away from it.愛不釋手選修八Unit 1 GEORGES DIARY喬治的日記12TH14TH JUNE Monday 12th, JuneArrived early this morning by bus. Went straight to hotel to drop my luggage, shower and shave. 清晨乘公共汽車抵達，直赴飯店，放下行李，洗澡、刮臉，即去觀光。Then went exploring. First thing was a ride on a cable car. From top of the hill got a s

39、pectacular view of San Francisco Bay and the city. 先是乘纜車，在山頂攬勝，觀看舊金山灣及整個城市。 Built in 1873, the cable car system was invented by Andrew Hallidie, who wanted to find a better form of transport than horse-drawn trams. 纜車系統建立于1873年，是由安德魯·哈利迪發明的，他試圖找到一種比馬拉的軌道車更好的交通方式。 Apparently he'd been shocke

40、d when he saw a terrible accident in which a tram's brakes failed, the conductor could not control the situation and the tram slipped down the hill dragging the horses with it. 他曾經看到過一次可怕的交通事故：一輛馬車剎車失靈，駕車失控，車子和馬一起從山上滑了下去，很明顯這讓他受到了極大的震驚。Had a late lunch at Fisherman's Wharf. 午餐是在漁人碼頭吃的，吃得很晚。

41、This is the district where Italian fishermen first came to San Francisco in the late 19th century and began the fishing industry. 意大利漁民在19世紀末首先來到這個地區，并且在這兒開始捕魚業。 Now it's a tourist area with lots of shops, sea food restaurants and bakeries. 如今這兒是一個旅游區了，很多商店、海鮮館和面包坊。It's also the place to cat

42、ch the ferry to Angel Island and other places in the Bay（to do 作定語）. 這兒也是乘渡船去天使島和海灣其他地方的渡口。Did so much exploring at Fisherman's Wharf. Am exhausted （exhaust exhaustion exhaustive 完全的徹底的）and don't feel like （feel oneself 感到正常 -ones way 摸索前進 - up to 覺得適合）doing anything else. Early bed tonight!

43、在漁人碼頭看了這么多東西，我太累了，什么也不想干了。今晚要早點睡覺!Tuesday 13th, June 6月13日 星期二Teamed up with （與 合作 team up to do）a couple from my hotel (Peter and Terri) and hired a car. 同酒店里的一對夫妻(彼得和泰莉)作伴，一起租了一輛小汽車。Spent all day driving（drive 大道 驅車出行 私家車刀 有計劃的努力） around the city. 一整天驅車游覽城市。There's a fascinating drive marked o

44、ut for tourists. 有一種專門為旅游者選定的駕車游活動。 It has blue and white signs with seagulls on them to show the way to go. 車身上有藍白兩色相間的標記，上面有海鷗以表示要去的路線。It's a 79km round-trip that takes in all the famous tourist spots. 這是一次79公里的旅行，它涵蓋了所有著名的旅游景點。 Stopped many times to admire the view of the city from different

45、angles and take photographs. 途中多次停車，從不同角度欣賞城市風景并攝影。 Now have a really good idea of what the city's like. 現在有對城市的面貌有了一個很好的了解。In evening, went to Chinatown with Peter and Terri. 傍晚，跟彼得和泰莉一起去中國城。 Chinese immigrants settled in this area in the 1850s. 中國移民于19世紀50年代定居在這個地區。 The fronts of the buildings are decorated to look like old buildin