1、LOGOEnglish for Academic Purposes for Doctoral StudentsClass 3 Introduction; CitationsOnline English Dictionaries在線詞典在線詞典釋釋義較義較簡單簡單搭搭配配同同義義/反反義詞義詞（thesaurus）詞義詞義辨析辨析語料庫語料庫例句例句網網 址址Cambridge/Longmanhttp:/ Macmillanhttp:/ chance to convince readers of the importance of yo

2、ur work. uGood News: easier to write than you may realize!uFollows a fairly standard formatuTypically 3 paragraphs long in SCI writingnRecommended range: 2 to 5uNot an exhaustive review of general topicnintroduce the main scientific publications on which your work is basednfocus on your specific hyp

3、othesis /aimOverall Shape of a Research PaperWHYHOWWHATSO WHATIntroductions: Three Movesestablish the territorystate a gapstate the purposeMoves in Research Paper IntroductionsuMove 1: Establishing a research territoryna. by showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting,

4、problematic, or relevant in some way (optional)nb. by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area (obligatory)Moves in Research Paper IntroductionsuMove 2: Establishing a niche*nby indicating a gap in the previous research or by extending previous knowledge in some way (obligato

5、ry)* a job or activity that you are good at and that is very suitable for you 適合自己的位置（一隅，一席生存空間，商機）Moves in Research Paper IntroductionsuMove 3: Occupying the nichena. by outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research (obligatory)nb. by listing research questions or hypotheses (PIS

6、F*)nc. by announcing principal findings (PISF)nd. by stating the value of the present research (PISF)nE. by indicating the structure of the RP (PISF)* PISF = probable in some fields, but rare in othersIntroductions: Three Movesestablish the territorystate a gapstate the purposeRecurring Phrases for

7、Move 1u has been extensively studied u there has been growing interest in uRecent studies have focused on u has become a major issue u remains a serious problem u there has been increasing concern u has been investigated by many researchers.u has become an import aspect of argue, demonstrate, indica

8、teuindicate & demonstrate: fact that cannot be argueduargue: ones standpointue.g., Mary Wollstonecraft _ that women should have equal access to education.nindicated: pointing out a clear fact, no emotion involvedndemonstrated: showing reasons (implication: reasons more important than her view)na

9、rgued: her viewargue, demonstrate, indicateuEinstein _ that at certain times, light behaves as individual particles.nindicated (?) nNo: not pointing out an obvious factndemonstrated (?) nNo: theoretical researchnargued (?) nYesargue, demonstrate, indicateu“argue”: may prevent readers from having dou

10、bts about research findingsumay indicate / may suggest /may demonstrate argue: 陳述陳述與讀者與讀者共共享享的的觀點或詮釋觀點或詮釋nThe results may indicate that climatic change caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. 讀者可能會對此感到半信半疑nWe argue that climatic change caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. 顯得更加明確有力mentionuDo NOT u

11、se this word.nmention: to write or speak about (something/ somebody), without giving much informationnNot about something importantWords and phrases for Move 216To the best of our knowledge, Options for Move 2uA. counter-claiming (something is wrong)uB. indicating a gap (something is missing)uC. rai

12、sing a question or making an inference (something is unclear)uD. continuing a tradition (something can be added)StrongWeakOptions for Move 2uA. counter-claimingnlikely only in contested areas such as Philosophy and LawuB. indicating a gapnwidely used in many fieldsuC. raising a question or making an

13、 inferenceuD. continuing a traditionntypically chosen by research groups in sciences and engineeringnrefinements and extensions of previous work: “adding another brick to the wall of knowledge”Swales & Feak (2012), p. 349, Task 12Variants for Move 3uTo make an offer to fill the gap (or extend th

14、e tradition) that has been created in Move 2nby indicating the main purpose(s); ornby describing the main feature of the researchuSwales & Feak (2004), pp. 262-263, Task 12Now lets take a look at a sample introduction, with 2 paragraphs.Introduction, Example 1 (Para. 1)uExposures to secondhand t

15、obacco smoke, road vehicle traffic, and diet are some of the most prevalent modifiable risk factors for asthma in children. The effect of parental smoking on wheezing illness and diagnosed asthma in children is well established (1, 2), but evidence that these outcomes are more common in children liv

16、ing close to a main road (35) has not been confirmed in all studies (6, 7). Several dietary factors have been linked to asthma (8), and one of the most consistent observations is of an inverse association with fruit intake (913). Introduction, Example 1 (Para. 1)uExposures to secondhand tobacco smok

17、e, road vehicle traffic, and diet are some of the most prevalent modifiable risk factors for asthma in children. The effect of parental smoking on wheezing illness and diagnosed asthma in children is well established (1, 2), but evidence that these outcomes are more common in children living close t

18、o a main road (35) has not been confirmed in all studies (6, 7). Several dietary factors have been linked to asthma (8), and one of the most consistent observations is of an inverse association with fruit intake (913). 1: What is knownIntroduction, Example 1 (Para. 1)uExposures to secondhand tobacco

19、 smoke, road vehicle traffic, and diet are some of the most prevalent modifiable risk factors for asthma in children. The effect of parental smoking on wheezing illness and diagnosed asthma in children is well established (1, 2), but evidence that these outcomes are more common in children living cl

20、ose to a main road (35) has not been confirmed in all studies (6, 7). Several dietary factors have been linked to asthma (8), and one of the most consistent observations is of an inverse association with fruit intake (913). 2: What is unknownIntroduction, Example 1 (Para. 1)uExposures to secondhand

21、tobacco smoke, road vehicle traffic, and diet are some of the most prevalent modifiable risk factors for asthma in children. The effect of parental smoking on wheezing illness and diagnosed asthma in children is well established (1, 2), but evidence that these outcomes are more common in children li

22、ving close to a main road (35) has not been confirmed in all studies (6, 7). Several dietary factors have been linked to asthma (8), and one of the most consistent observations is of an inverse association with fruit intake (913). 1: What is knownIntroduction, Example 1 (Para. 1)uExposures to second

23、hand tobacco smoke, road vehicle traffic, and diet are some of the most prevalent modifiable risk factors for asthma in children. The effect of parental smoking on wheezing illness and diagnosed asthma in children is well established (1, 2), but evidence that these outcomes are more common in childr

24、en living close to a main road (35) has not been confirmed in all studies (6, 7). Several dietary factors have been linked to asthma (8), and one of the most consistent observations is of an inverse association with fruit intake (913). Nice topic sentenceIntroduction, Example 1 (Para. 2)uThe Nationa

25、l Schools Fruit Scheme is a government initiative that aims to provide each child aged 46 years with free fruit in school every day by winter 2004. As part of an evaluation of the health benefits of this scheme, we have taken the opportunity to investigate the relative importance of fruit intake, ex

26、posure to secondhand smoke, and road vehicle traffic in determining the prevalence of asthma in over 11,000 children.Introduction, Example 1 (Para. 2)uThe National Schools Fruit Scheme is a government initiative that aims to provide each child aged 46 years with free fruit in school every day by win

27、ter 2004. As part of an evaluation of the health benefits of this scheme, we have taken the opportunity to investigate the relative importance of fruit intake, exposure to secondhand smoke, and road vehicle traffic in determining the prevalence of asthma in over 11,000 children.3: Our question / aim

28、Introduction, Example 1uWhat might a reader also like to know?nHow is this study going to do better than previous studies? Lets look at another sample introduction.Introduction, Example 2uRoad traffic collisions are an important cause of death and disability worldwide. Every year around the world 1.

29、2 million people are killed and up to 50 million are injured or disabled as a result of road traffic collisions.1 Morbidity from road traffic collisions is expected to increase in future years, and it is estimated that road traffic collisions will move from ninth to third place in the global burden

30、of disease ranking, as measured in disability adjusted life years.2 3uMeasures to reduce traffic speed are considered essential to reducing casualties on the road.1 4 5 Speed cameras are increasingly used to help to reduce traffic speeds in the belief that this will reduce road traffic collisions an

31、d casualties, and an expansion in the use of speed cameras is under way in many countries, most notably the United Kingdom.61: Research area & What is knownNice topic sentenceIntroduction, Example 2uThe use of speed cameras is controversial, however. Vociferous opponents, including some motoring

32、 associated organisations, oppose their use, and cameras are often criticised in the media.7-9 The lack of readily available evidence of the effectiveness of cameras has made it difficult for road safety and health professionals to engage in an informed debate about the effectiveness of speed camera

33、s.Introduction, Example 2uThe use of speed cameras is controversial, however. Vociferous opponents, including some motoring associated organisations, oppose their use, and cameras are often criticised in the media.7-9 The lack of readily available evidence of the effectiveness of cameras has made it

34、 difficult for road safety and health professionals to engage in an informed debate about the effectiveness of speed cameras.2: What is unknown / controversialNice topic sentenceIntroduction, Example 2uA previous small non-systematic review of six studies found a 17% reduction in collisions after in

35、troduction of speed cameras.10 Non-systematic reviews can, however, be limited by bias. We aimed, therefore, to systematically assess the evidence for the effectiveness of speed cameras in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties.Introduction, Example 2uA previous small non-systematic

36、 review of six studies found a 17% reduction in collisions after introduction of speed cameras.10 Non-systematic reviews can, however, be limited by bias. We aimed, therefore, to systematically assess the evidence for the effectiveness of speed cameras in reducing road traffic collisions and related

37、 casualties.1: What is knownIntroduction, Example 2uA previous small non-systematic review of six studies found a 17% reduction in collisions after introduction of speed cameras.10 Non-systematic reviews can, however, be limited by bias. We aimed, therefore, to systematically assess the evidence for

38、 the effectiveness of speed cameras in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties.2: Limitations of previous researchIntroduction, Example 2uA previous small non-systematic review of six studies found a 17% reduction in collisions after introduction of speed cameras.10 Non-systematic re

39、views can, however, be limited by bias. We aimed, therefore, to systematically assess the evidence for the effectiveness of speed cameras in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties.3: What we did to answer this question betterA Bit More PracticeuScan the Introduction of your collecti

40、on of research papers. nThree moves? nTense for each move?Introduction: TenseuBackground (general area)npresent tense, occasionally present perfect uPrevious Studiesnpast tense or present tense (consistent)uGapnpast tense or present tense, occasionally present perfect uPurpose / Aim (own study)npres

41、ent tense or past tensenNOT future tenseTips for Writing an IntroductionuWrite for a general audience nclear, concise, non-technical u Have a clear storylinenKnown Unknown Question/hypothesisnSample structurenPara. 1: Background (why worth studying)nPara. 2-4: Previous research and limitationsnPara.

42、 5: Own purpose / aimuEmphasize how your study fills in the gaps (the unknown) nBut use “novel”, “first time”, or “first ever” only sparingly給老外看的論文確實應該在前面把故事背景介紹的更清晰，我還是太直奔主題了些，這個是我以后寫作的教訓。ContentsIntroduction1Citations2When do you need to use citations?uWhen quoting uWhen paraphrasing someone else

43、s ideasuWhen using a statistic or direct factuWhen you are using someone elses work as a theoretical frameworkuWhen you are relying upon opinions or interpretations articulated by someone elseWhen do you not need to use citations?uWhen stating common knowledge (knowledge that can be found in many so

44、urces OTHER than those in the bibliography)nIf you are not sure that something is common knowledge, it probably is not.uWhen the ideas, opinions, interpretations are your own nbut it strengthens your case if you are able to cite others who would agree with you or whose work leads to similar conclusi

45、ons.Citation Exercises: Do you need a citation at ?uThe Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), passed by the United States Congress in 1998, makes any attempt to bypass software intended to protect copyright on digital files a criminal offense (1). The DMCA is intended to help combat the serious p

46、roblems of intellectual property theft in the international arena, such as the estimated $245 million of lost revenue resulting from pirated software in India in 2001 (2).Citation Exercises: Do you need a citation at ?uAccording to Adam Eisgrau of the American Library Association, the DMCA changed the emphasis from whether people use information in such a way as to violate copyright to prohibitions about how they access information (3). Many legal scholars, such as Cassandra Imfeld, believe the DMCA as w