1、簡單句(Simple sentence)及句子成分(Members of the sentence)（一）簡單句一、定義：由一個主語部分和一個謂語部分組成。eg. He often goes to schoolby bike. He gave me a dictionary yesterday. He has finished the work already. He always makes me . He is doing (his) homework. He did a (good) job. He is a student.注： 表主語, 表謂語, 表賓語, ( )表定語, 表狀語,

2、表補語, 表表語。二、簡單句的五種基本句型： 1. 主語+謂語(不及物動詞) S + Vi eg. The children are playing happily. 孩子們正在高興地玩。 (Such) things often happen. 這種事情經常發生。(The new) term begins in September. 新學年從九月份開始。注：不及物動詞后不帶賓語，若其后需帶賓語，須搭配一介詞to/at/on/for等。eg. He arrived in Beijing yesterday. He was listening to the music. 2. 主語+謂語(及物動詞

3、)+賓語 S+Vt+O eg. The Greens enjoy living in China. 格林一家喜歡住在中國。I missed the train. 我錯過了火車。注：及物動詞其后一般必須帶賓語。常用跟單賓語的動詞有：enjoy, forget, remember, guess, love, hate, supply, use 等3. 主語+謂語+表語 S+V+P 該句型謂語動詞為連系動詞。常見的系動詞有：be(是), get(變得), become(成為), turn(變得), look(看起來), feel(感到), smell(聞起來), taste(嘗起來), sound(

4、聽起來), seem(似乎), keep(保持),stay(保持) 等。如： He became a (famous) doctor. 他成為了一名著名的醫生。 The apple pie tastes really delicious. 蘋果派吃起來真是好吃。Trees turn green in spring. 樹在春天變綠。 4. 主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語（雙賓語） S+V+InO+DO 這種句型中的及物動詞后跟雙賓語(即指人的間接賓語和指物的直接賓語)。也可以把間接賓 語放在直接賓語之后，但要加介詞for或to等。如： My aunt bought me a computer.

5、= My aunt bought a computer for me. I passed him the salt. = I passed the salt to him. 我把鹽遞給他。 注：直接賓語是指給誰的或為誰的；而間接賓語是指接受的對象或行為施予的對象。常見的跟雙賓語的動詞有：bring, give, hand, pass, pay, return, sell, show, teach等。5. 主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語（復合賓語） S+V+O+OC eg. We must keep (our) school . 我們必須保持我們的學校清潔。（形容詞作賓補） We found it

6、 to learn English well. 我們發現學好英語很難。（形容詞作賓補） I want you at once. 我想讓你馬上去做這項工作。（不定式短語作賓補） I made him . 我讓他去澆花。（省的不定式作賓語補足語）注: 常跟賓語補足語且省去to的動詞有 let, make, notice, listen to, hear, look at, see, watch, have, feel等。另外，notice, listen to, hear, look at, see, watch, feel 這些表感官的動詞除可跟省to的不定式外，還可跟現在分詞V-ing，不過強

7、調重點稍有不同，試比較：eg. I saw her yesterday. （強調動作過程） I saw her when I walked by her room yesterday.(強調動作的正在進行，一般有標志性的時間狀語，如at nine yesterday等）(二)句子的成分： 1. 主語：是一個句子的主題，是句子所述說的主體。它的位置一般在一句之首。常可作主語的有：名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式（短語）、動名詞、介詞短語、從句乃至句子等。 eg. My father is a doctor.（名詞作主語） He told me a joke.（代詞主格作主語） Three is enou

8、gh.（數詞作主語） To learn English well is difficult.（不定式短語作主語） Smoking is bad for you health.（動名詞作主語）From Beijing to Shanghai is not a (long) way.（介詞短語作主語） Whenever you are ready will be fine.（從句作主語） “How do you do?” is a greeting.（句子作主語） 2. 謂語：由實意動詞,系動詞或動詞短語(助動詞/情態動詞+實意動詞)構成，一般在主語之后。eg. He works hard all

9、 day. (實意動詞) He is a (good) engineer.（系動詞） He didnt finish (his) homework.（助動詞+實意動詞） He can speak Japanese. （情態動詞+實意動詞） He always looks after (his) (little) sister carefully. （動詞短語）注：動詞短語相當于一個實意動詞，不可以拆開來使用，否則其意會改變。3.表語：其功能是表述主語的特征、狀態、身份等。它可以說是一種主語補語。它位于系動詞之后，與之構成所謂的系表結構。在系表結構中，系動詞只是形式上的謂語，而真正起謂語作用的是

10、表語。常用作表語的有：名詞、代詞、數詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、從句（構成表語從句）。eg. His father is a worker.（名詞） This book is hers. （名詞詞性物主代詞）She is eleven. （數詞） Im free today. （形容詞）All( I could do) was to wait.（動詞不定式） Seeing is believing. （動名詞）She is in good health.（介詞短語） This is where I first met her. （從句） 4. 賓語：在句中充當動作的承受者，因此一般皆

11、置于及物動詞之后。常可用作賓語的有：名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、從句(構成賓語從句)等。 eg. He has a car. （名詞） They wont hurt us. （代詞賓格） If you add 5 to 5, youll get 10. （數詞） He wants to go abroad. （不定式） He likes swimming very much. （動名詞） I think you are right. （從句） 5. 補語：是一種補足主語或賓語的句子成分。補足主語意義的句子成分叫做主語補足語(subject complement)，補足賓語意義的句子成分叫

12、做賓語補足語(object complement). 可用作補語的有：名詞、形容詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語等。 eg. He was found . （形容詞主補） He was called . （名詞作主補） We called him .（名詞作賓補） We found it very . （形容詞作賓補） I asked him . （帶 to 的不定式作賓補） I let/made/had him . （不帶 to 的不定式作賓補） We call this . （動名詞短語作賓補） I have guests . （現在分詞作賓補）I had/made the flower

13、s . （過去分詞作賓補） He found everything . （介詞短語作賓補） 6. 定語：是用來說明名詞(代詞)的品質與特征的詞或一組詞。常可用作定語的有：形容詞、名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句(構成定語從句)等。 eg. He is a (good) student. （形容詞作定語） He has a (paper) boat. （名詞作定語） (Your) car is better than mine. （形容詞性物主代詞作定語） I have (two) daughters.（數詞作定語） That is the way (to do it).（

14、不定式作定語）(My) (living) room is too small. （動名詞作定語） He is a (retired) man.（過去分詞作定語） Here is a (sleeping) child.（現在分詞作定語） The students (in china) work hard. （介詞短語作定語） (Her) mother is a doctor (who works in a hospital). （從句作定語） 7. 狀語：是修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句的句子成分。按其用途，可分為：時間、地點、方位、原因、目的、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨等11種。 常用作狀語

15、的有：副詞、分詞、介詞短語、從句（構成狀語從句）等。 eg. He always does (his) homework carefully. （副詞作狀語）Arriving at the station, we learned that the train had already gone.（分詞短語作狀語）He has been in chinafor 3 years. （介詞短語作狀語）I was doing (my) homework when the telephone rang. （從句作狀語） 8. 同位語：當兩個指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時，一個句子成分可被用來說明或解釋

16、另一個句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位語(appositive）。這兩個句子成分多由名詞/代詞承擔。同位語通常皆放在其所說明的名詞/代詞之后。常用作同位語的有：名詞、代詞。eg. We have (two) children, a boy and a girl. （名詞作同位語） We, Chinese people, are determined to build a powerful and prosperous country.（名詞） They all wanted to see him. （代詞作同位語） Lets you and me, Tom. （代詞作同位語） 注：詞類中只有具有

17、實意的詞類，如名詞、代詞、數詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞等，才可用作句子的成分。其他無意義的虛詞，如冠詞、連詞、和介詞，則不可用作句子的成分。強化練習題句子成分練習題( 一 ) (一). 劃出下列句中主語的中心詞（4分， 4分鐘） The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without

18、the teachers help is very difficult.(二) 劃出句中謂語的中心詞（10分， 10分鐘） I dont like the picture on the wall. The days get longer and longer when summer comes. Do you usually go to school by bus? There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? Tom didnt d

19、o his homework yesterday. What I want to tell you is this. We had better send for a doctor. He is interested in music. Whom did you give my book to?(三) 劃出下列句中的賓語（10分，10分鐘） My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation.

20、How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it useful after you le

21、ave school. They didnt know who Father Christmas really is.(四) 劃出下列句中的表語（5分， 5分鐘） The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 劃出下列句中的定語（6分，6分鐘） They use Mr., Mr

22、s. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(六) 劃出下列句中的賓語補足語（6分， 6分鐘） She likes the children to read newspapers and

23、books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus. Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?(七) 劃出下列句中的狀語（8分， 8分鐘） There was a big smile on her face. Every ni

24、ght he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The studen

25、ts followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.(八) 劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語（5分， 5分鐘） Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?句子成分練習題( 二 ) 一、劃出下列各句的句子成分：1. Whether well g

26、o depend on the weather.2. Peoples standards of living are going up steadily.3. That was how they were defeated.4. The nursery takes good care of our children.5. Ill return the book to you tomorrow.6. We are sure that we shall succeed.7. The woman with a baby in her arms is his other.8. There are ma

27、ny films that Id like to see.9. Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?10. I have a lot of work to do.11. Anyway I wont stop you from doing it.12. I said it in fun.13. We can send a car over to fetch you.14. She had to work standing up.15. Seeing this, some comrades became very worried.1

28、6. Much interested, he agreed to give it a try.17. The bus arrived ten minutes late.18. We should serve the people heart and soul.19. Spring coming on, the tree turned green.20. Some farmers saw something strange in the sky.21. We think it necessary that everyone should attend the meeting.22. Its strange that she doesnt come today .23. It was in the library that I come toda