1、2021/3/91Unit 4Unit 4 Astronomy: Astronomy: the science of the starsthe science of the stars2021/3/92lChineselEnglish lmathematicslphysicslchemistrylgeographylbiologylhistory2021/3/93physicschemistrybiologygeology mathematicsMedicineBiochemistryGeophysicsAstronomyScience subjectsFrontier science2021

2、/3/94Warming upmedicinebiology chemistry astronomy physics mathematics2021/3/95geophysicsgeology physics biochemistry biology chemistry2021/3/96is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies (such as the sun, the moon, and stars), gas, and dust within it. 2021/3/97 Do you know the fol

3、lowing scientists? Who are they? What have they discovered?2021/3/98Isaac Newton,牛頓牛頓 16421727 Universal gravitation 萬有引力萬有引力2021/3/99Einstein, Albert (1879-1955) 愛因斯坦愛因斯坦Relativity（相對論）（相對論） and the Cosmos （宇宙）（宇宙）2021/3/910 The theory about black holes （黑洞理論）（黑洞理論）2021/3/911Solar system2021/3/912水

4、星水星最接近太陽，是太陽系中第二小行星。水星的英文名字最接近太陽，是太陽系中第二小行星。水星的英文名字MercuryMercury來自羅馬神墨丘利。墨丘利也就是希臘神話中的來自羅馬神墨丘利。墨丘利也就是希臘神話中的HermesHermes。或許由于水星在空中移動得快，才使它得到這個名字。或許由于水星在空中移動得快，才使它得到這個名字。 金星金星是離太陽第二近，太陽系中第六大行星。古希臘人稱之為是離太陽第二近，太陽系中第六大行星。古希臘人稱之為Aphrodite(Aphrodite(阿芙羅狄蒂阿芙羅狄蒂) )，是希臘神話中愛與美的女神。而在，是希臘神話中愛與美的女神。而在羅馬神話中愛與美的女神是

5、維納斯羅馬神話中愛與美的女神是維納斯Venus Venus ，因此金星也稱做，因此金星也稱做“維納斯維納斯”。 地球地球是距太陽第三顆，它是太陽系類地行星中最大的一顆，也是距太陽第三顆，它是太陽系類地行星中最大的一顆，也是太陽系第五大行星，行星年齡估計大約有是太陽系第五大行星，行星年齡估計大約有4545億年億年(4.5(4.5109)109)。地球是唯一一個不是從希臘或羅馬神中得到的名字。地球是唯一一個不是從希臘或羅馬神中得到的名字。EarthEarth一一詞來自于古英語及日耳曼語。這里當然有許多其他語言的命名。詞來自于古英語及日耳曼語。這里當然有許多其他語言的命名。在羅馬神話中，地球女神叫在

6、羅馬神話中，地球女神叫TellusTellus肥沃的土地。肥沃的土地。 火星火星為距太陽第四遠，也是太陽系中第七大行星。因為火星在為距太陽第四遠，也是太陽系中第七大行星。因為火星在夜空中看起來是血紅色的，所以在西方，以羅馬神話中的戰神夜空中看起來是血紅色的，所以在西方，以羅馬神話中的戰神MarsMars命名它。命名它。 2021/3/913木星木星是離太陽第五顆行星，而且是最大的一顆。木星是是離太陽第五顆行星，而且是最大的一顆。木星是天空中第四亮的物體。木星是自轉最快的行星。在西方天空中第四亮的物體。木星是自轉最快的行星。在西方稱它為朱庇特稱它為朱庇特JupiterJupiter，是羅馬神話中

7、的眾神之王，是羅馬神話中的眾神之王，相當于希臘神話中的宙斯（相當于希臘神話中的宙斯（ZeusZeus）。）。 土星土星是離太陽第六遠的行星。是太陽系中僅次于木星的是離太陽第六遠的行星。是太陽系中僅次于木星的第二大行星。中國古代稱之為鎮星或填星。土星的英文第二大行星。中國古代稱之為鎮星或填星。土星的英文名字名字SaturnSaturn（以及其他絕大部分歐洲語言中的土星名稱）（以及其他絕大部分歐洲語言中的土星名稱）是以羅馬神的農神薩杜恩命名的。希臘神話中的農神是以羅馬神的農神薩杜恩命名的。希臘神話中的農神CronusCronus是是UranusUranus（天王星）和該亞的兒子，也是宙斯的（天王星

8、）和該亞的兒子，也是宙斯的父親。父親。 2021/3/914天王星天王星是太陽系中離太陽第七遠行星，顏色為灰藍是太陽系中離太陽第七遠行星，顏色為灰藍色，是一顆巨型氣體行星色，是一顆巨型氣體行星(Gas Giant)(Gas Giant)。以直徑計。以直徑計算，天王星是太陽系第三大行星；天王星的命名，算，天王星是太陽系第三大行星；天王星的命名，是取自希臘神話的天神烏拉諾斯是取自希臘神話的天神烏拉諾斯 Uranus Uranus。烏拉。烏拉諾斯是古希臘神話中的宇宙之神，是最早的至高無諾斯是古希臘神話中的宇宙之神，是最早的至高無上的神。他是該亞的兒子兼配偶，是上的神。他是該亞的兒子兼配偶，是Cron

9、usCronus（農神（農神土星）、獨眼巨人和泰坦（奧林匹斯山神的前輩）土星）、獨眼巨人和泰坦（奧林匹斯山神的前輩）的父親。的父親。 海王星海王星為太陽系九大行星中的第八個，是一個巨行為太陽系九大行星中的第八個，是一個巨行星。海王星。目前海王星是太陽系內離太陽第二遠星。海王星。目前海王星是太陽系內離太陽第二遠的行星。海王星的名字是羅馬神話中的海神涅普頓的行星。海王星的名字是羅馬神話中的海神涅普頓（NeptuneNeptune）。古希臘神話中海神叫波塞冬）。古希臘神話中海神叫波塞冬 (Poseidon)(Poseidon)。 2021/3/9151.Do you know how did the

10、 universe begin?2021/3/916Each religion or culture has its own ideas about the beginning of the universe?Pre-readingPangu separates the sky from the earth.2021/3/917Pangu separates the sky from the earth2021/3/918 Pangu separated the earth and sky with an ax. After he died, his breath became wind an

11、d cloud; his voice became thunder and his left eye sun and right one moon; arms and legs became edges and mountains; blood became rivers and tendon (筋筋脈脈) became roads; muscles became fields and hair stars; teeth and bones became metals, pearls and jade; sweat became rain. 2021/3/919Other legends ab

12、out the beginning of universeHolyBible2021/3/920The Biblical AccountDay 1: God spoke and separated light from darkness creating Day and Night Day 2: God spoke and separated the water creating sky and ocean Day 3: God spoke and created dry land 上帝創世說：2021/3/921Day 4: God spoke and created the sun, mo

13、on and stars Day 5: God spoke and created living creatures in the air and sea Day 6: God spoke and created the land animals and man Day 7: God rested and blessed this day calling it Holy 2021/3/922 Brahman (婆羅門婆羅門) is the god first represented in the Hindu Triad. He is the creator of the universe an

14、d all living beings are said to have evolved from him.India2021/3/923Do you know the origin of the human beings ?2021/3/924Man had evolved from apes. 2021/3/925EarthHow life began on the earth2021/3/926 2021/3/927Big BangA solid ballAtmosphere The earth2021/3/928It was full of water.2021/3/929Origin

15、al cells.2021/3/930The cells in the water began to separate.2021/3/931waterPlants in the waterShellfish and fishPlants on land2021/3/932Insects and amphibiansReptiles Dinosaurs Mammals 2021/3/933Man had evolved from apes. 2021/3/934watergreen plants on land234How life began on the earthAnalysing 567

16、8forestsshellfish and all sorts of fishinsects (on land)amphibians (on land and in water)reptiles (on land)dinosaurs (on land)mammals (on land) small clever animals with hands and feet human small plants in water12021/3/935 How Life Began on the Earth2021/3/936A cloud of dustA cloud of dustCombine i

17、nto a Combine into a solidsolid ball ballExplodeExplodewith fire & rockwith fire & rock(produce H(produce H2 2O, COO, CO2,2,OO2, 2, NN2, 2, other gases)other gases) atmosphereatmosphereCool downCool downwater appearedwater appeared dissolve harmful gases into dissolve harmful gases into Life

18、 beganLife beganLife developedLife developed2021/3/937The development of lifeThe development of life2021/3/938ScanningWhat was produced when the earth exploded?How did water come into being on the earth?Where did life first begin, on the land or in the sea? Why were mammals different from other anim

19、als?32021/3/939What was produced when the earth exploded?Water vapour , carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen and other gases.How did water come into being on the earth?The explosion of the earth produced water vapor, which turned into water when the earth cooled down.2021/3/9403. Where did life first be

20、gin, on the land or in the sea? In the sea. Because water dissolved harmful gases and made it possible for life to begin.4. Why were mammals different from other animals? Because they produced their young from within their bodies.2021/3/9412021/3/942Think about what you have read and make choices.Wh

21、y was the earth different from other planets?A it produced a lot of heat. B.The water remained.C Water disappeared. D.It was the oldest planet.Why was life able to develop on the earth but not on other planets?A The earth had a solid shape. B. The earth did not have harmful gases in its atmosphere.C

22、 The water stayed on the earth but not on other planets. D.The earth was not too hot and not too cold.2021/3/943Why was it necessary for plants to grow before animals?A Animals needed plants to protect them from the sun. B Plants provided oxygen for animals to breathe.C Animals could hide from hunte

23、rs in forest.D It was easier for plants to grow.What problem is caused by human being?A They exist everywhere on the earth.B They cause global warming.C They find new methods of growing crops.D They enjoy hunting and fishing.2021/3/944Comprehending B C B B D B I G E H A C F Ja cloud of dusta solid b

24、allpresence of watersmall plants grow on the watershellfish and other fish appearplants begin to grow on dry landinsects and amphibians appearreptiles appeardinosaurs appearmammals (including humans) appearP26 (6)2021/3/9452021/3/9461 23 4 5 6 789Small plants in waterShellfish and all sorts of fishG

25、reen plants on landInsects (on land)Amphibian (on land and in water)ForestsReptiles (on land)Dinosaurs (on land)Mammals (on land)TheThe developmentdevelopment of life of life2021/3/947 What problems have been caused by humans to the earth? 2021/3/948 How to protect the earth and make it a better pla

26、ce to live on?2021/3/9492021/3/950Text Retelling The explosion of the earth produced_ _, which turned into water when the earth cooled down. Water allowed the earth to _ harmful gases into the oceans and seas. That made it possible for _ to begin to develop. The arrival of small _ encouraged the dev

27、elopment of early _ and all sorts of fish. Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land. watervapourdissolvelifeplantsshellfish2021/3/951Later land animals appeared. Some were_. Others, called_, were able to live on land as well as in the sea. When the plants grew into

28、 forests, _appeared for the first time. Then _developed, which became the most important animals on the earth for millions of years. After they disappeared, _ became more important. Text Retellinginsectsamphibiansreptilesdinosaursmammals2021/3/952They were the last group of animals and they were dif

29、ferent because they _ their young from within their bodies. Small clever animals, with hands and feet, _ and _ all over the earth. As time went by, they covered the earth and have become the most important animals on the planet.Text Retellingproducedappearedspread2021/3/953Period 4Period 4Subject cl

30、auseSubject clause2021/3/954Can you find the following sentence in the reading passage?In this sentence, a noun clause is used as the subject.What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.2021/3/955Please pick out three more sentences wi

31、th subject clauses from the reading passage.1. because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.2. What scientists think is that the earth was different because of 3. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on 2021/3/956P64 USING STRUCTURE

32、Do you know where we come from? How did the universe begin? Read the passage and try to understand how Stephen Hawking solved the problems?2021/3/957What has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life?Does he think it simple to answer the questions? Whats his opinion? What have we discovered about the u

33、niverse, past and present?How can we have a complete picture of the universe?What the universe is like has attracted him.No. The answers have always well beyond our reach.Milky Way galaxy; billions of galaxies, in a universe that is infinite and expanding; big bang; black hole; a dark matter; a poss

34、ible Big Crunch.Learning to understand what we see.2021/3/958_ the universe is like has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life. _ is clear and simple about the universe has always seemed too difficult for us to answer._ the universe exists the way it does is a major question to all those who have lo

35、oked at stars like Hawking._ has developed over two thousand years of observation has to be greatly revised._ in the universe we live is not the centre, but one of the mine planets orbiting the sun, which is just one of millions of stars in our own Milky Way galaxy.WhatWhatWhy What where2021/3/9596.

36、 _ we understand the universe is the time when we human beings will have answered all the questions.7. _ we can have a complete picture of the universe depends on learning to understand what we see.8. _ Hawking wants to tell us in this text is that we should study the universe, and understand it.Whe

37、n HowWhat2021/3/960做主語用的名詞性從句，因其在復合句中做主做主語用的名詞性從句，因其在復合句中做主語，又稱主語從句，引導主語從句的有從屬連語，又稱主語從句，引導主語從句的有從屬連詞詞that, whether， 連接代詞連接代詞who, what, which， 連接副詞連接副詞when, where, how, why等。等。 2021/3/9611.連接詞：連接詞：1）從屬連詞：）從屬連詞：that， whether等等.that 引導主語從句只起引導作用，本身無實引導主語從句只起引導作用，本身無實際意義，在主語從句中不充當任何成分，但際意義，在主語從句中不充當任何成分

38、，但不能省略。不能省略。 That she left him cut him to the heart.That he will come is certain.2021/3/9622)連接代詞連接代詞who ，what ，which, whatever, whichever, whoever What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.Which side will win is not clear.由由whether及其他連詞引導的主語從句及其他連詞引導的主語從句放在句首，句后都可。放在句首，句后都可。 Whether

39、it will please them is not easy to say.Whether shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.2021/3/9633)連接副詞連接副詞when，where， how， why等。等。Why he did it remains a mystery.When they will start is not known yet.How he became a great scientist is known to us all.2.位置：位置： 主語從句可以前置，也可以后置。主語從句可以前置，也可以后置。用用it做形式

40、主語，而把主語從句放在句末，做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末，常用下面幾種句型。常用下面幾種句型。1）It + be + 表語表語 +主語從句主語從句表語：（名詞，表語：（名詞， 形容詞，過去分詞）形容詞，過去分詞）2021/3/964It is certain that she will do well in her exam.It is true that I told her everything.It is a pity that we cant go.It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.It is an h

41、onour that I was invited to attend the meeting.It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.2021/3/9652）It+不及物動詞或短語不及物動詞或短語+主語從句主語從句It seemed (happened, doesnt matter, has turned out) that It happens that they were abs

42、ent.It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.It doesnt matter whether she will come or not.It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.2021/3/9663) It +及物動詞（被動語態）及物動詞（被動語態）+主語從句主語從句It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.注意注意:1）主語從句在句首時，必須由連接詞引）主語從句在句

43、首時，必須由連接詞引導，不能省略這些連接詞；但是如果用導，不能省略這些連接詞；但是如果用it做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時，做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時，從屬連詞從屬連詞that可以省略。可以省略。2021/3/967誤：誤：They should like each other is natural.正：正：That they should like each other is natural.正：正：It is natural that they should like each other.2)如果主語從句放在句首，不能用如果主語從句放在句首，不能用if引引導，但是如果用導，但

44、是如果用it 做形式主語，而把主做形式主語，而把主語從句放在句末時，也可以用語從句放在句末時，也可以用if引導引導.誤：誤：If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.正：正：It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.2021/3/9681.I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesnt matter _that Im talking to.A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is w

45、hom 2. It is pretty well understood _ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. A. that B. when C. what D. how 2021/3/9693. _ made the school proud was_ more than 90 of the students had been admitted to key universities. A. What; because B. What ; thatC. That ; what D. Tha

46、t ; because2021/3/9704. _ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where5. _ that they can pass the written exam this time. A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. It hopes D. That hopes2021/3/9716. It was doubtful _ Mary really heard him. A. that B. if C. whether D

47、. what2021/3/972Reading comprehension: Put the following sentences into Chinese: What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. 隨后它會變成什么曾經是一個謎，直到最后這團塵埃開始慢慢地合成一個環繞太陽運轉的球狀物。 2. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was n

48、ot clear whether the solid shape was to last or not. 1. 問題是地球（開始）變得激烈動蕩，不知道這個固體形狀是否會繼續存在下去。2021/3/9733. It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which had become part of the earths atmosphere, into the oceans and seas.它使得地球得以把曾經存在于大氣層中的有害氣體，溶解在海洋里。4. Whether life will continue on the earth fo

49、r millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.在未來的千百萬年中，生命能否在地球上延續將取決于這個問題能否得到解決。2021/3/974HomeworkReview the subjective clause.Finish the exercise on the workbook.2021/3/975Language pointsPeriod 52021/3/9761. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began t

50、o slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. _ （使大家吃驚的是）is that he didnt come to the meeting. What surprised everybody 2. _（他所做的） added to our difficulty. What he did _ we cant get seems better than _ we have. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That;what_ made the school proud was _ mo

51、re than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. A. A.What;because B. What;that;C. That;what D.That;becauseAB2021/3/9772.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.問題是地球開始變得激烈動蕩，不知道這個固體形狀是否會繼問題是地球開始變得激烈動蕩，不知道這個固

52、體形狀是否會繼續下去。續下去。n. n. 固體固體 solid, liquid, gas adj. 固體的；實心的固體的；實心的,無空隙的；結實的，堅固的無空隙的；結實的，堅固的 solid fuels solid food a solid sphere solid furniturea man of solid build1) Matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas. 2) When water freezes, it becomes solid and we call it ice. 2021/3/978 be to (do): (so

53、mething) will definitely happen, or it must happen 不可避免要發生或必須發生不可避免要發生或必須發生 e.g.They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. She is to be honoured for this great work. Mr. Clark said to his daughter, “You are to be home by 10 oclock at the latest.” 2021/3/9793.It exploded lo

54、udly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, 1). （使某物）炸開，爆炸使某物）炸開，爆炸 2). （指感情）激發（指感情）激發 3). （指人口）突然或迅速增加（指人口）突然或迅速增加 The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously. I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter. Now it is not easy to find jobs with th

55、e exploding population. explosion n. 爆炸（聲）爆炸（聲） explosive adj.爆炸性的，易爆炸的爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n.n.炸藥，爆炸物炸藥，爆炸物 2021/3/980 not late 及時；不遲及時；不遲She will be back in time to prepare dinner. 她來得及回來準備晚飯。她來得及回來準備晚飯。: sooner or later; eventually 遲早；最后遲早；最后Ill see him in time. 總有一天我會遇見他。總有一天我會遇見他。in/out of time: in/not in

56、 the correct time 合合/不合節拍不合節拍The audience clapped in time to the music.觀眾合著音樂的節拍拍手。觀眾合著音樂的節拍拍手。2021/3/9814. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 隨著地球的冷卻隨著地球的冷卻, 地球的表面就開始出現了水。地球的表面就開始出現了水。cool adj.adj.涼快；冷靜；冷淡涼快；冷靜；冷淡 v. （使）變冷；冷靜下來（使）變冷；冷靜下來 1) Lets sit in the shade and get

57、 cool. 2) I knew I had to keep cool. 3) His play received a cool response from the public. 4) The rain has cooled the air. 5) Let your soup cool a little before you drink it. 6) A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first. 7) I tried to cool her down but she was still very

58、angry when she left. 2021/3/9825. Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun. be very / much / quite / entirely / totally different from與與不同不同 City life is quite different from country life. 1）城市生活和農村生活很不同。）城市生活和農村生活很不同。2）他們的品位和我不同。）他們的品位和我不同。Their tastes ar

59、e different from mine. There are differences betweenand 與與之間有不同之處之間有不同之處tellfrom 把把與與區分開來區分開來the same as 與與一樣一樣be similar to 與與相似相似 2021/3/983going round the sun為現在分詞短語，做定語，表示一為現在分詞短語，做定語，表示一般的動作。例如：般的動作。例如：Men breaking the law will be punished.Men who break the law will be punished. 現在分詞短語作定語，也可表示進

60、行的動作。例如：現在分詞短語作定語，也可表示進行的動作。例如：Can you see the girl dancing with your boyfriend?Can you see the girl who is dancing with her boyfriend? 你能看到與男友跳舞的那個姑娘嗎？你能看到與男友跳舞的那個姑娘嗎？2021/3/9846. It allows the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which allow vt. 允許、許可、容許允許、許可、容許allow+n./pron./doing allow sb. to do be allowed