1、名詞和名詞詞組湖南科技學(xué)院外語系湖南科技學(xué)院外語系名詞分類名詞分類n按構(gòu)詞法按構(gòu)詞法 簡(jiǎn)單名詞簡(jiǎn)單名詞 (Simple Noun) 復(fù)合名詞復(fù)合名詞(Compound Noun) 派生名詞派生名詞(Derivative Noun)n按詞匯意義按詞匯意義 普通名詞普通名詞(Common Noun): 個(gè)體名詞、個(gè)體名詞、集體名詞集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞 專有名詞專有名詞(Proper Noun)n按語法特征按語法特征 可數(shù)名詞可數(shù)名詞(Count/Countable Noun) 不可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞(Non-count/Uncountable Noun)名詞詞組的句法功能名

2、詞詞組的句法功能n名詞詞組的結(jié)構(gòu)模式 （限定詞）（限定詞）+（前置修飾語）（前置修飾語）+名詞名詞 +（后置修飾語）（后置修飾語） a most lovely little boy whose mother is a doctor some crisp, tasty, red apples I just bought for Christmas名詞詞組的用法（除謂語外的各種成分）1.Children at play seldom remember what time it is.2.My grandfather died a martyr to his revolutionary ideal.

3、3.They selected him chairman of the board.4.Mr Brown, director of the coal mine, should be responsible for the accident.5.Within the house nothing stirs. In the garden I can hear the singing of birds. I can hear the rustle of their wings.6.He returned last night.7.A photo is taken each time (= whene

4、ver) this button is pushed. 名詞的數(shù)名詞的數(shù)（Singular Number, Plural Number)n規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)與不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)與不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù) 規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：在單數(shù)名詞后加-s/-es 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)：通過內(nèi)部元音變換或其他方式（少數(shù)名詞和外來詞） n集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、專有名詞的集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、專有名詞的數(shù)數(shù)規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)n大部分名詞：大部分名詞：加詞尾-sn以以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -z結(jié)尾的名詞：結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-esn以以-y 結(jié)尾的名詞：結(jié)尾的名詞： 加詞尾-s/-esn以以o結(jié)尾的名詞：結(jié)尾

5、的名詞： 加詞尾-s/-esn以以-f/-fe結(jié)尾的名詞：結(jié)尾的名詞： 加詞尾-s/-es大部分名詞：大部分名詞：加詞尾-sn在在/p/, /t/, /k/, /f/ 等輕輔音后讀等輕輔音后讀/s/: maps, books, boats, roofsn在在/b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /l/, /m/ 等濁輔音和元音后讀等濁輔音和元音后讀/z/: verbs, birds, dogs, boys, seas, hillsn在在/s/, /z/, /, /d /, /t / 等輔音后讀等輔音后讀/iz/: roses, places, houses, bridges, college

6、s, facesn以以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加詞尾結(jié)尾的名詞加詞尾-s: 長(zhǎng)元音之后讀長(zhǎng)元音之后讀/z /: baths, mouths, paths, laths 短元音或輔音之后（包括短元音或輔音之后（包括-rth）讀）讀/s /: months, moths, berths 少數(shù)/z / 或/s /皆可：youths, oaths, sheaths, truths以以-s, -x, -sh, -ch, -z結(jié)尾的名詞：結(jié)尾的名詞：n加詞尾加詞尾-es, 讀作讀作/iz/: gases classesboxesbuzzeschurches benches以以-y 結(jié)尾的名詞：結(jié)尾的名詞：n以輔音

7、以輔音+ y 結(jié)尾的：變結(jié)尾的：變-y為為-i, 再加再加-es, 讀讀/iz/: parties, ladies, universities, spies, skies, factoriesn以以-quy 結(jié)尾的名詞：變結(jié)尾的名詞：變-y為為-i, 再加再加-es , 讀讀/z/: soliloquy-soliloquiesn以以- y 結(jié)尾的專有名詞：加詞尾結(jié)尾的專有名詞：加詞尾-s, 讀讀/z/: Marys, Germanysn以元音以元音+ y 結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-s, 讀讀/z/: rays, boys, days, joys, plays, toys以以o結(jié)尾的

8、名詞結(jié)尾的名詞：n以元音以元音/元音字母元音字母+o（包括（包括oo)結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-s, 讀讀/z/: radios, portfolios, studios, embryos, bamboos, kangaroos, zoos, cuckoosn某些以輔音某些以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-es , 讀讀/z/: negroes, heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, echoes, torpedoes, vetoes, embargoesn某些以輔音某些以輔音+o結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-s , 讀讀/z/: piano

9、s, kilos, memos, autos, quartos（四開本）, solos（獨(dú)奏）, cellos（大提琴）, sopranos（女高音）, altos（女低音）n少數(shù)以少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾結(jié)尾的名詞：加詞尾-s或或-es均可均可, 讀讀/z/: n某些以某些以- o 結(jié)尾的專有名詞：結(jié)尾的專有名詞：加詞尾-s , 讀/z/: Filipinos, Romeos以以-f/-fe結(jié)尾的名詞：結(jié)尾的名詞：n多數(shù)加詞尾多數(shù)加詞尾-s，讀，讀/s/: beliefs, chiefs, cliffs, griefs, roofs, safesn 少數(shù)變少數(shù)變-f/-fe為為-v，再加，

10、再加-es, 讀讀/vz/: knives, halves, lives, shelves, thieves, selves, leaves, wolves, calves, loaves (loaf)n 極少數(shù)兩者都行極少數(shù)兩者都行, 讀讀/s/或或/vz/: dwarfs, dwarves, handkerchiefs, hoofs, hooves handkerchieves, scarfs, scarves, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)n通過內(nèi)部元音變換 footfeet; goosegeese; toothteeth mousemice; louselice manmen; womanwomen c

11、hildchildren ox-oxen外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)（1） stratumstrata（階層）; datumdata; agendumagenda (現(xiàn)代英語中作單數(shù)） alumnusalumni; alumnaalumnae basisbases; thesistheses; crisiscrises parenthesisparentheses; hypothesishypotheses 外來詞的復(fù)數(shù)（2）memorandummemorandamemorandums(備忘錄）curriculumcurriculacurriculums (課程)sanatoriumsanatoriasana

12、toriums (療養(yǎng)院)mediummedia-mediums（媒體）formulaformulaeformulas (公式)antennaantennaeantennas (天線)indexindicesindexes(索引)appendixappendices-appendixes（附錄）plateauplateauxplateaus(高原)cactuscacticactuses (仙人掌)focusfoci-focuses（焦點(diǎn)）nucleusnuclei-nucleuses（核心）radiusradii-radiuses（輻射線）terminustermini-terminuses（

13、終點(diǎn)）pennynpence: sixpence, tenpence (表錢數(shù)，幾便士）npennies： 若干個(gè)一便士的硬幣 （幾個(gè)便士） If the price of a reel of cotton is fourpence, you hand over four pennies for it.單復(fù)同形的名詞ndeer, sheep, fish, trout （鮭魚）nSwiss, Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese ncraft, aircraft, hovercraft(氣墊船)，spacecraftnbarracks, headquarters, mean

14、s, works, series, species集體名詞、物質(zhì)名詞、抽象名詞、專有名詞的數(shù)n集體名詞的數(shù)（三種情況集體名詞的數(shù)（三種情況）poetrypoem machinerymachineclothinggarment, coat furnituretable, chaircutleryknife equipmenttoolweaponrygun, pistol foliageleafcorrespondenceletter luggagetrunk, bagpolicepoliceman clergy-clergyman物質(zhì)名詞的數(shù)nsand, sands(大面積的沙灘）nwater,

15、 waters （大面積的水域）nfood, foods (多種食品)ncoffee, two coffees (作個(gè)體名詞，表兩杯咖啡)nrubber (橡膠）-rubbers (膠鞋)nstone（石料）-stones（石頭）negg（蛋漬/蛋白）-eggs（一個(gè)個(gè)的蛋）nlamb（羔羊肉）-lambs（羔羊）nonion（洋蔥味）-onions（洋蔥頭）抽象名詞的數(shù)n有些抽象名詞可數(shù)：a victory/two victories; a conference/two conferencesn有些抽象名詞有復(fù)數(shù)形式，但不能計(jì)數(shù): difficulties; opinions; sympat

16、hies (同情、憐憫、慰問）n有些抽象名詞有復(fù)數(shù)與非復(fù)數(shù)形式，其義不同：experience/experiences; relation/relations; youth/youths(男青年）; worry/worries(煩惱事); distraction/distractions; business/businesses(商店/商行)n有些抽象名詞本身沒有復(fù)數(shù)形式，可用語義對(duì)應(yīng)的個(gè)體名詞來計(jì)數(shù)：laughterlaugh; workjob; correspondenceletter/note photographphoto; permissionpermit; musicsong; f

17、unjoy; homework-exercise表示該名詞相關(guān)的抽象意義n有些可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)化有些可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)化: to have too much family=too heavy family burden to have too much winter=a too long spell of cold weather to have too much mouth=to talk too much to have too little ear=to be not inclined to listen to others to have room for= to have a need f

18、or to feel the patriot rise= to feel the patriotic feelings rise 表示人的特質(zhì)等抽象意義 to be fool enough=to be foolish enough more of a fool than= more foolish than less of a fool than = less foolish than as much of a fool as= as foolish as too much of a fool = too foolish He was enough of a man to tell the t

19、ruth. (他光明磊落，講了實(shí)話。） man, coward, coquette, politician, sportsman, scholar, poet專有名詞的數(shù)nHave you invited the Browns?nThere are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in the class.單位詞n表個(gè)數(shù) piece, bit, item（項(xiàng)目，條款）, article（一件商品/物品） a piece of advice/armour/ bacon/bread/cake/chalk/ cloth/ coal/ evidence/folly/ furniture/ice/information/land/meat/music/news/paper/research/sugar