1、Systems Concepts 系統概念系統概念 6-12系統的定義 n所謂系統，是由相互聯系、相互作用的所謂系統，是由相互聯系、相互作用的許多要素結合而成的具有特定功能的統許多要素結合而成的具有特定功能的統一體。一體。3系統的屬性系統的屬性 n1.集合性 n2.相關性相關性n3.層次性層次性 n4.整體性整體性 n5.目的性目的性 n6.系統對于環境的適應性系統對于環境的適應性 n 系統 + 環境 = 更大的系統 4系統的分類系統的分類 n按自然屬性按自然屬性n自然系統與社會系統自然系統與社會系統n按物質屬性按物質屬性n實體系統與概念系統實體系統與概念系統n按運動屬性按運動屬性n靜態系統與

2、動態系統靜態系統與動態系統n按系統與環境間的關系按系統與環境間的關系n開放系統與封閉系統開放系統與封閉系統n按照系統規模按照系統規模n系統（系統（little system）n大系統（大系統（large scale system）n巨系統巨系統(giant system)n按照系統結構的復雜程度按照系統結構的復雜程度簡單系統簡單系統(simple system)n復雜系統復雜系統(complex system)56系統的結構系統的結構 S = E，R n S：代表系統；n E：表示要素的集合；n R：表示各種關系的集合。n其中， R R1 R2 R3 R4，n R1：要素和要素之間的關系，n

3、R2：要素和系統之間的關系，n R3：系統和環境之間的關系，n R4：其他各種關系。7System Components系統要素 Objectives1-78Open versus Closed Systems開放與封閉系統nOpen system n通過資源流動和外界環境相連得系統通過資源流動和外界環境相連得系統nClosed systemn與外界環境分割得系統與外界環境分割得系統1-89Open-Loop System開環系統1-910closed-Loop System閉環系統1-10feedback11 Systems Can Be Composed of Subsystems or

4、Elemental PartsSubsystem A-2Subsystem A-3Subsystem B-2Subsystem B-1SystemSubsystem ASubsystem BElemental Part CSubsystem A-1Elemental part B11-1112Physical and Conceptual Systems實體系統和概念系統nPhysical system n商業公司是一個由物資資源組成的系統nConceptual systemn闡述實體系統的系統闡述實體系統的系統n使用概念資源的系統使用概念資源的系統nInformationnData 1-12

5、13Conceptual system 概念系統概念系統Data Information processorInformation14 系統的功能 TransformationProcessInputResourcesOutputResources一般系統論重申亞里士多德的一個觀點：系統的功能可以大于系統的全部要素的功能總和系統的功能可以大于系統的全部要素的功能總和系統的功能 要素的功能 112The General Systems ModelnGraphic diagram with an accompanying narrative that depicts all organizatio

6、ns in a general way using a systems frameworknThe Physical SystemnMaterial flownPersonnel flownMachine flownMoney flow6-15 TransformationProcess Input Resources OutputResourcesBoundary of the Firm6-16The Conceptual SystemnOpen-loop systemsnClosed-loop systems (feedback loop)nManagement controlnThe i

7、nformation processor6-17TransformationProcessControlMechanismInputResourcesOutputResourcesFeedbackFeedback6-18ManagementTransformationProcessInputResourcesOutputResourcesInformationInformation6-19 Year-to-Date % of TotalItem Number Item Description Sales Volume Year-to-Date Sales 400293 BRAKE PIPE $

8、1,702.93 .068 319421 DOOR HANDLE GASKET 1,624.00 .065 786402 CLUTCH DRIVEN PLATE 1,403.97 .056 190796 CARPET SNAP 1,102.00 .044 001007 SPARK PLUG 1,010.79 .040 739792 HOSE CLIP 949.20 .038 722210 RUBBER PLUG 946.73 .038 410615 UPPER DOOR HINGE 938.40 .038 963214 REAR TUBE SHOCK 922.19 .037 000123 NE

9、EDLE VALVE 919.26 .037 Totals $11,519.47 .4616-20Information is Gathered from All of the Physical System ElementsManagementTransformationProcessOutputResourcesInput Resources6-216-226-23 ManagementInformation ProcessorOutput Resources InputResourcesInformation Information Data Transformation Process

10、6-24Conceptual System (cont.)nDimensions of InformationnRelevancynAccuracynTimelinessnCompletenessToo Much Information is called Information Overload6-25Conceptual System (cont.)nStandards nMeasure of acceptable performancenUsually stated in specific termsnUsed to control physical systemnConsists of

11、:nManagementnInformation processornStandardsnObjectivesnOverall goal that a system is to obtainnSystems have one or more objectives 6-266-27OutputResourcesInputResourcesManagementInformationProcessorTransformationProcessStandards InformationInformation Data6-28Conceptual System (cont.)nManagement by

12、 exceptionnCompares standards with information output of systemnManager becomes involved when system falls outside range of acceptable performancenCapability provided by CBIS6-29Conceptual System (cont.)nCritical Success Factors (CSFs)nA CSF is one of the firms activities that has a strong influence

13、 on the firms ability to meet its objectivesnFirms have multiple CSFsnCSFs focuses attention on a portion of a firms activities6-30StandardsManagementInformation Processor OutputResourcesTransformation Process InputResourcesDataInformationDecisions6-31Conceptual System (cont.)nDecision FlownData is transformed into information by the information processornManager transforms information into decisions6-32StandardsManagementInformation Processor OutputResourcesTransformation Process InputResourcesDat