1、精選優質文檔-傾情為你奉上 2018年6月大學英語六級考試仔細閱讀真題解析（卷二）Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding lette

2、r on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Economically speaking, are we better off than we were ten years ago? Twenty years ago?In their thirst for evidence on this issue, commentators seized on the recent report by the

3、 Census Bureau, which found that average household income rose by 5.2% in 2015. Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic. Among the more significant problems with the Censuss measure are that: 1) it excludes taxes, transfers, and compensat

4、ion like employer-provided health insurance; and 2) it is based on surveys rather than data. Even if precisely measured, income data exclude important determinants of economic well-being, such as the hours of work needed to earn that income.While thinking about the question, we came across a recentl

5、y published article by Charles Jones and Peter Klenow, which proposes an interesting new measure of economic welfare. While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person but also changes in working time,

6、life expectancy, and inequality. Moreover, it can be used to assess economic performance both across countries and over time.The Jones-Klenow method can be illustrated by a cross-country example. Suppose we want to compare the economic welfare of citizens of the U.S. and France in 2005.In 2005, as t

7、he authors observe, real consumption per person in France was only 60% as high as the U.S., making it appear that Americans were economically much better off than the French on average. However, that comparison omits other relevant factors: leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality. The

8、 French take longer vacations and retire earlier, so typically work fewer hours; they enjoy a higher life expectancy, presumably reflecting advantages with respect to health care, diet, lifestyle, and the like; and income and consumption are somewhat more equally distributed there than in the U.S. B

9、ecause of these differences, comparing Frances consumption with the U.S.s overstates the gap in economic welfare.Similar calculations can be used to compare the U.S. and other countries. For example, this calculation puts economic welfare in the United Kingdom at 97% of U.S. levels, but estimates Me

10、xican well-being at 22%.The Jones-Klenow measure can also assess an economys performance over time. According to this measure, as of the early-to-mid-2000s, the U.S. had the highest economic welfare of any large country. Since 2007, economic welfare in the U.S. has continued to improve. However, the

11、 pace of improvement has slowed markedly.Methodologically, the lesson from the Jones-Klenow research is that economic welfare is multi-dimensional. Their approach is flexible enough that in principle other important quality-of life changes could be incorporatedfor example, decreases in total emissio

12、ns of pollutants and declines in crime rates.全文翻譯及命題分析從經濟上講，我們的生活比十年前或二十年前更好嗎？評論員從美國人口普查局最新的一份報告著手，渴望在這個問題上找到證據。該報告發現，2015年的家庭平均收入增長了5.2%。不幸的是，這一結論過于強調統計數據，而該數據雖有效，但有缺陷和不完整。統計調查在衡量測算方面有如下重要問題：1)它不包括稅收、轉賬和補償，如雇主提供的健康保險；2)它基于調查而不是數據。即便調查結果是精確的，收入數據也將一些經濟福祉的重要決定因素排除在外，如賺取收入所需的工作時間。在思考這個問題的時候，我們看到了查爾斯&#

13、183;瓊斯和彼得·克勒諾最近發表的一篇文章，文中提出了一種新穎有趣的經濟福祉衡量標準。它談不上完美，但比平均收入作為唯一衡量指標要全面得多。它既考慮到人均消費的增長，也考慮到工作時間、預期壽命的變化和經濟不平等等因素。此外，它既可以用于對比國與國之間的經濟業績，也可以用于評估某個國家在某個時間段的經濟業績。瓊斯和克勒諾提出的方法可以通過一個跨國案例加以說明。假設我們想將2005年美國和法國公民的經濟福祉進行對比。2005年，正如作者所觀察到的，法國的人均實際消費僅為美國的60%，表面上美國人的經濟狀況似乎比法國人的平均水平要好得多。然而，這種比較忽略了其他相關因素：閑暇時間、預期壽

14、命和經濟不平等。法國人休假時間更長，退休時間更早，因此通常工作時間更短；他們的預期壽命更長，大概反映了法國在醫療保健、飲食、生活方式等方面的優勢；法國的收入和消費分配相對于美國也要更均衡一些。由于這些差異，60%這一比較數據夸大了兩國在經濟福祉方面的差距。類似的計算也可以用來比較美國和其他國家。例如，這種計算將英國的經濟福祉水平定為美國的97%，而墨西哥人的福利水平約為美國的22%。瓊斯和克勒諾提出的衡量標準也可以用來評估某個國家在某個時間段的經濟業績。根據這一標準，本世紀初到本世紀中期，美國的經濟福祉比其它大國都要好。自2007年以來，美國的經濟福祉持續改善。然而，改善的速度明顯放緩。從方法

15、上講，瓊斯-克倫諾研究所得出的教訓是，經濟福祉是多維的。他們的方法足夠靈活，原則上包括了其他重要的生活質量方面的變化，如污染物總排放量的減少和犯罪率的降低?！久}分析】本題包括多種閱讀理解題型，既有細節題，也有觀點態度題和推理判斷題，因此有一定難度?！緝热莞乓勘酒喿x理解介紹了一種衡量經濟福祉的新方法Jones-Klenow method。它包含了影響生活質量的更多因素，比美國人口普查局所采用的方法更全面更靈活。【試題詳解】46. What does the author think of the 2015 report by the Census Bureau?A) It is based

16、 on questionable statistics. B) It reflects the economic changes.C) It evidences the improved welfare. D) It provides much food for thought.【題干譯文】作者是如何看待美國人口普查局2015年的報告？【選項譯文】A. 它基于有問題的統計數據。B. 它反映了經濟變化。C. 它證明了福利的改善。D. 它提供了許多值得思考的事情。【定位信息】將題干中2015以及Census Bureau等作為向導詞，定位到第二自然段。也可以結合順序法定位，該題作為本閱讀文章第一題

17、，閱讀點一般在文章開頭或靠前的位置。【答案詳解】答案是A。第二自然段第二句話“Unfortunately, that conclusion puts too much weight on a useful, but flawed and incomplete, statistic.”意思是：不幸的是，這一結論過于強調統計數據，而該數據雖有效，但有缺陷和不完整。該數據有缺陷且不完整，自然是有問題的數據?！靖蓴_分析】本題為細節題，定位信息明確，其它選項干擾性較小。47. What does the author say about the Jones-Klenow method?A) It is

18、widely used to compare the economic growth across countries.B) It revolutionizes the way of measuring ordinary peopled livelihood.C) It focuses on peoples consumption rather than their average income.D) It is a more comprehensive measure of peoples economic well-being.【題干譯文】作者對瓊斯和克勒諾提出的方法有什么看法？【選項譯文

19、】A. 它被廣泛用于比較各國的經濟增長。B. 它徹底改變了衡量普通百姓生計的方法。C. 它關注的是人們的消費，而不是他們的平均收入。D. 它是衡量人們經濟福祉的更全面的指標?！径ㄎ恍畔ⅰ繉㈩}干中人名Jones、Klenow作為向導詞，結合順序法，定位到第三自然段?！敬鸢冈斀狻看鸢甘荄。第三自然段第二句話“While by no means perfect, it is considerably more comprehensive than average income, taking into account not only growth in consumption per person

20、 but also changes in working time, life expectancy, and inequality.”意思是：它談不上完美，但比平均收入作為唯一衡量指標要全面得多。它既考慮到人均消費的增長，也考慮到工作時間、預期壽命的變化和經濟不平等等因素。很明顯，作者在此發表自己對瓊斯和克勒諾提出的方法的看法；雖不完美，但更全面?！靖蓴_分析】本題為觀點態度題，需要將第三自然段第二句話充分理解。48. What do Jones and Klenow think of the comparison between France and the U.S. in terms of

21、 real consumption per person?A) It reflected the existing big gap between the two economies.B) It neglected many important indicators of peoples welfare.C) It covered up the differences between individual citizens.D) It failed to count in their difference in natural resources.【題干譯文】瓊斯和克勒諾是如何看待美國和法國在

22、真實人均消費方面的比較？【選項譯文】A. 它反映了兩個經濟體之間存在的巨大差距。B. 它忽視了許多重要的人民福利指標。C. 它掩蓋了公民個人之間的差異。D. 它沒有將自然資源方面的差異計算在內?！径ㄎ恍畔ⅰ繉㈩}干中comparison between France and the U.S.以及 real consumption per person作為向導詞，結合順序法，定位到第四、五自然段，這兩個自然段主要講美、法兩國在真實人均消費方面的比較。【答案詳解】答案是B。第五自然段第二句話“However, that comparison omits other relevant factors:

23、 leisure time, life expectancy, and economic inequality.”意思是：然而，這種比較忽略了其他相關因素：閑暇時間、預期壽命和經濟不平等。很明顯，B選項中neglected和important indicators分別與該句中omits和relevant factors對應?！靖蓴_分析】本題為觀點態度題。A選項明顯與文章主旨不符，而D選項中美、法兩國在自然資源方面的差異文中根本沒有提到，可以輕易排除。C選項有很大的迷惑性，國民個人之間的差異比較含糊，到底指的是美、法兩國公民之間的個體差異還是兩個國家內部公民之間的個體差異或兩者兼而有之？相比較而

24、言，B選項意思更為明確，而且該選項中的相關表述與對應的閱讀點之間存在明顯的對應關系。49. What is an advantage of the Jones-Klenow method?A) It can accurately pinpoint a countrys current economic problems.B) It can help to raise peoples awareness of their economic well-being.C) It can diagnose the causes of a countrys slowing pace of economic

25、 improvement.D) It can compare a countrys economic conditions between different periods of time.【題干譯文】瓊斯和克勒諾提出的方法有什么優勢？【選項譯文】A. 它能夠準確地指出一個國家當前的經濟問題。B. 它有助于提高人們對經濟福祉的認識。C. 它可以診斷出一個國家經濟發展速度放緩的原因。D. 它可以比較一個國家在不同時期的經濟狀況。【定位信息】將題干中Jones-Klenow method作為向導詞，結合順序法，定位到第七自然段?！敬鸢冈斀狻看鸢甘荄。第七自然段第一句話“The Jones-Kle

26、now measure can also assess an economys performance over time.”意思是：瓊斯和克勒諾提出的衡量標準也可以用來評估某個國家在某個時間段的經濟業績。瓊斯和克勒諾提出的衡量標準可以用于對比國與國之間的經濟業績，也可以用于評估某個國家在某個時間段的經濟業績，顯然是該方法的一個優勢?！靖蓴_分析】本題為細節題，其在文中對應的閱讀點明確，其他干擾項迷惑性較小。50. What can we infer from the passage about American peoples economic well-being?A) It is much

27、 better than that of their European counterparts.B) It has been on the decline ever since the turn of the century.C) It has not improved as much as reported by the Census Bureau.D) It has not been accurately assessed and reported since mid-2000s.【題干譯文】下列有關美國人民的經濟福祉方面的推斷正確的是哪一個？【選項譯文】A. 美國的經濟福祉比歐洲國家的

28、經濟福祉好得多。B. 自從世紀之交以來，美國的經濟福祉一直在走下坡路。C. 美國的經濟福祉改善情況與美國人口普查局的報告有出入。D. 自本世紀中期以來，美國的經濟福祉一致沒有得到準確的評估和報告?！径ㄎ恍畔ⅰ繉㈩}干中American以及economic well-being作為向導詞，結合順序法，定位到最后兩個自然段。該題作為本閱讀文章最后一題，閱讀點一般在文章結尾或靠后的位置。【答案詳解】答案是C。根據第七自然段最后三句話，我們可以得知：本世紀初到本世紀中期，美國的經濟福祉比其它大國都要好。自2007年以來，美國的經濟福祉持續改善，然而改善的速度明顯放緩。雖然美國的經濟福祉持續改善，但改善的

29、速度明顯放緩，這明顯與美國人口普查局的報告有出入?！靖蓴_分析】本題為推理判斷題，需要通篇考慮。A選項中much better與實際程度不符，B選項與美國經濟福祉持續改善的事實不符。D選項有一定的迷惑度，但since mid-2000s與文中的實際時間不符。Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.If youve ever started a sentence with, “If I were you.” or found yourself scratching your head at a colleag

30、ues agony over a decision when the answer is crystal-clear，theres a scientific reason behind it. Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices, but choosing on behalf of someone else is an enjoyable task that doesnt suffer the sam

31、e pitfalls.The problem is “decision fatigue,” a psychological phenomenon that on the quality of your choices after a long day of decision making, says Evan Polman, a leading psychologist.Physicians who have been on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely to prescribe antibiotics to p

32、atients when its unwise to do so. “Presumably its because its simple and easy to write a prescription and consider a patient case closed rather than investigate further,” Polman says.But decision fatigue goes away when you are making the decision for someone else. When people imagine themselves as a

33、dvisers and imagine their own choices as belonging to someone else, they feel less tired and rely less on decision shortcuts to make those choices. “By taking upon the role of adviser rather than decision maker, one does not suffer the consequences of decision fatigue,” he says. “Its as if theres so

34、mething fun and liberating about making someone elses choice.”Getting input from others not only offers a fresh perspective and thought process, it often also includes riskier choices. While this sounds undesirable, it can be quite good, says Polman. “When people experience decision fatiguewhen they

35、 are tired of making choicesthey have a tendency to choose to go with the status quo （現狀）， he says. But the status quo can be problematic, since a change in the course of action can sometimes be important and lead to a positive outcome.”In order to achieve a successful outcome or reward, some level

36、of risk is almost always essential. “People who are susceptible to decision fatigue will likely choose to do nothing over something,” he says. “Thats not to say that risk is always good, but it is related to taking action, whereas decision fatigue assuredly leads to inaction and the possible chagrin

37、（懊惱）of a decision maker who might otherwise prefer a new course but is unfortunately hindered.”Just because you can make good choices for others doesnt mean youll do the same for yourself, Polman cautions. “Research has found that women negotiate higher salaries for others than they do for themselve

38、s,” he says, adding that people slip in and out of decision roles.全文翻譯及命題分析你在給他人提建議或某個同事正為做出一個決定而大傷腦筋的時候，答案在你看來卻是再明顯不過，正所謂“當局者迷，旁觀者清?！边@背后是有科學道理的。我們自己的決策能力會在一天中被消耗殆盡，導致優柔寡斷或決策失誤，而代表他人做出選擇則不會落入同樣的陷阱，從而是一項令人愉快的任務。首席心理學家埃文·波爾曼說，這其中反映的問題就是“決策疲勞”：這是是一種在漫長的一天決策之后我們的決策質量出現下滑的一種現象。例如，那些連續工作了幾個小時的醫生更傾向于給

39、病人開抗生素，盡管這樣做很多時候并不明智。波爾曼說：“這大概是因為直接開處方將病看完相對于做進行進一步的檢查更為簡單的緣故。”然而，為他人做決定時則不會遭遇決策疲勞。當人們把自己想象成顧問，而自己為他人作出的選擇與自己無關，他們就不會感到那么疲勞，也不會靠走捷徑來做出這些選擇。“一個擔任顧問而不是為自己作出決定的人，不會受到決策疲勞的影響，”他說，“就像替別人作出選擇是一件既有趣又解脫他人的事情。”從他人那里獲得信息不僅提供了一個全新的視角和思維過程，而且往往還包括更冒險的選擇。盡管這聽起來不可取，但這可能是一件非常好的事情?！爱斎藗兘洑v決策疲勞也就是他們厭倦了做出選擇的時候他們會傾向于維持現

40、狀，”他說：“現狀可能是有問題的，因為行動過程中作出改變有時很重要，并會帶來積極的結果?！睘榱双@得成功或獎勵，一定程度的風險總是必不可少的?！澳切┤菀资軟Q策疲勞影響的人可能會選擇什么也不做，”他說：“這并不是說風險總是好的，但它與采取行動有關，而決策疲勞肯定會導致不作為。與其決策者因此而懊惱，不如另辟蹊徑，但不幸的是，這總會受到覺得疲勞的阻礙。”你能為別人出好注意，并不意味著你也會為自己做出好的選擇。他告誡道：“研究發現，女性總是為他人而不是為自己爭取更高的薪水?！彼€補充說，人們總是反復于決策者和被決策者這兩個角色之中?！久}分析】題目設計以細節題為主，有不少題目題干中缺乏明顯的向導詞，需借

41、助順序法定位，好在定位難度都不大?！緝热莞乓勘酒喿x理解介紹了一種心理學現象決策疲勞，以科學的方式解釋了“旁觀者清，當局者迷”背后的原因。【試題詳解】51. What does the author say about people making decisions?A) They may become exhausted by making too many decisions for themselves.B) They are more cautious in making decisions for others than for themselves.C) They tend to

42、 make decisions the way they think advantageous to them.D) They show considerable differences in their decision-making abilities.【題干譯文】作者對人們做出決策的看法是什么？【選項譯文】A. 他們可能會因為做太多的決定而筋疲力竭。B. 他們在給別人做決定時比為自己做決定時更加謹慎。C. 他們傾向于以他們認為對他們有利的方式做出決定。D. 他們在決策能力上表現出很大的差異?！径ㄎ恍畔ⅰ勘绢}題干中缺乏明顯的向導詞，making decisions是主題詞，散落于文章各個地

43、方，因此不適合作定位用的向導詞。只有利用順序法定位，該題作為本閱讀文章的第一題，閱讀點一般在文章開頭或靠前的位置。【答案詳解】答案是A。根據第一自然段第二句話：“Our own decision-making abilities can become depleted over the course of the day causing indecision or poor choices.”意思是：我們自己的決策能力會在一天中被消耗殆盡，導致優柔寡斷或決策失誤。決策能力被消耗殆盡，意味著人們可能會因為做太多的決定而筋疲力竭。【干擾分析】本題為細節題，A選項中exhausted與對應的閱讀點中

44、depleted意義相關。其他幾個選項迷惑性較小。52. What does the example about the physicians illustrate?A) Patients seldom receive due care towards the end of the day.B) Prescription of antibiotics can be harmful to patients health.C) Decision fatigue may prevent people making wise decisions.D) Medical doctors are espec

45、ially susceptible to decision fatigue.【題干譯文】醫生的例子說明了什么？【選項譯文】A. 病人很少在一天結束時得到應有的照顧。B. 抗生素處方可能對患者健康有害。C. 決策疲勞可能會阻礙人們做出明智的決定。D. 醫生尤其容易受到決策疲勞的影響。【定位信息】題干中example以及physicians可作為向導詞，結合順序法，定位到第三自然段?！敬鸢冈斀狻看鸢甘荂。根據第三自然段第一句話：“Physicians who have been on the job for several hours, for example, are more likely t

46、o prescribe antibiotics to patients when its unwise to do so.”意思是：例如，那些連續工作了幾個小時的醫生更傾向于給病人開抗生素，盡管這樣做很多時候并不明智。這里以醫生作為例子，證明了決策疲勞可能會阻礙人們做出明智的決定?！靖蓴_分析】本題為細節題，定位以及文中對應的閱讀點均不難，其他幾個選項迷惑性也較小。53. When do people feel less decision fatigue?A) When they take decision shortcuts.B) When they help others to make d

47、ecisions.C) When they have major decisions to make.D) When they have advisers to turn to.【題干譯文】人們在什么時候不太容易感到決策疲勞？【選項譯文】A. 當他們考走捷徑作出決定時。B. 當他們幫助別人做決定時。C. 當他們做出重大決定時。D. 當他們有求助的顧問時?！径ㄎ恍畔ⅰ款}干中缺乏明顯的向導詞，decision fatigue也是主題詞，散落于文章各個地方，因此不適合作定位用的向導詞。只有利用順序法定位，前面的52題在文中對應的閱讀點在第三自然段，本題的閱讀點在53題的閱讀點也就是第三自然段第一句話之后的部分。結合選項，可以定位到第四自然段的第一句話?！敬鸢?/p>