1、Unit 4 Body LanguageGrammar V-ing form as Attribute and Adverbial現在分詞做定語和狀語 現在分詞（Present Participle，又稱-ing形式、現在進行式) ，由動詞原形+ing形式組成。具有雙重性，一面具有動詞的特征，可以有自己的賓語和狀語；另一面具有形容詞和副詞的特征，可以充當表語，定語，狀語，補足語，可以表示主動或正在進行的動作，是非謂語動詞的一種。 The music is exciting. China is a developing country. The teacher came in smiling.

2、We heard her singing in her room.V-ing做表語V-ing做定語V-ing做狀語V-ing做賓語補足語V-ing形式做定語現在分詞及其短語可以在句子中作定語，其作用相當于一個定語從句。其動作和謂語動詞同時發生，與其修飾詞之間是主動關系，也就是說現在分詞的動作就是它修飾的那個詞的動作。1現在分詞作定語時的位置現在分詞作定語時的位置(1) 單個的現在分詞作定語時多置于它所修飾的名詞之前；分詞短語用于它所修飾詞的后面。例如：He is a(n) player. 他是一個 運動員。They lived a room thirty years ago.三十年前，他住在一

3、個 房間里。攻擊型的朝北的attacking facing the north (2)如現在分詞修飾由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代詞或指示代詞those時，分詞在這些被修飾詞的后面。例如：Anyone will be punished. 任何人都將受到懲罰。swimming正在游泳的 現在分詞表進行意味和主動意味，因此，用現在分詞作定語時，其表示的動作是與謂語動詞同時發生的,或是正在發生的動作。例如： The man running over there is our chairman.= The man who is running over the

4、re is our chairman. 正在朝那邊跑的那個人是我們主席。2. 現在分詞作定語時與謂語動詞的時間關系現在分詞作定語時與謂語動詞的時間關系3、如果一個及物動詞作定語，既要、如果一個及物動詞作定語，既要表達表達進行進行意味，又要表達意味，又要表達被動被動意味意味時，可用時，可用現在分詞的被動語態現在分詞的被動語態。 例如：The meeting being held is very important. 正召開的會議很重要。The skyscraper being built is higher than that built the last year.正在建的那幢摩天大樓比去年建

5、的那幢還高。being done V-ing 形式做狀語形式做狀語 1. 做時間狀語 2. 做原因狀語 3. 做條件狀語 4. 做讓步狀語 5. 表示方式或伴隨情況 6. 做結果狀語 7. 評論性狀語 1. 做時間狀語做時間狀語 V-ing形式做時間狀語，相當于一個時間狀語從句，幾乎每個V-ing短語作時間狀語時，都可以轉變為一個時間狀語從句。Climbing to the top of the hill, we saw a beautiful view. =When we climbed the top of the hill, we saw a beautiful view.爬上山頂后我看

6、到了一幅美麗的景象。 Hearing the news, she burst into tears.= When she heard the news, she burst into tears.2. 做原因狀語做原因狀語 V-ing做原因狀語，相當于一個原因狀語從句，同時可以轉化為一個原因狀語從句。 Not knowing her address, I might as well as telephone her to come over.= Because/ Since I didnt know her address, I might as well as telephone her t

7、o come over. 由于不知道她的地址，我只好打電話讓她過來。 3. 作條件狀語作條件狀語 V-ing短語有時候表示一種假設的情況，相當于一個條件從句。有時在V-ing短語前加上 if 或 unless，使條件更明確。 Working hard at your lessons, you are to succeed. =If you work hard at your lessons, you are to succeed.4. 做讓步狀語做讓步狀語 V-ing做讓步狀語時，相當于一個讓步狀語從句，有時V-ing可帶有連詞 although, whether, even if, even

8、 though。 Knowing all this, I still want to see it for myself. =Although I know all this, I still want to see it for myself.5. 表示方式或伴隨情況表示方式或伴隨情況 V-ing 短語表示方式或者伴隨情況是比較常用的，用來說明動作發生的背景或情況。一般情況下，V-ing 所表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時同時發生。它沒有相應的狀語從句可替換，但可以用并列句并列句來轉換。 Mary lay on the grass, staring at the sky. =Mary l

9、ay on the grass and stared at the sky. 瑪麗躺在草地上，望著天空。6. 做結果狀語做結果狀語V-ing 短語作結果狀語時，不常用，通常放在句末句末，中間有逗號，有時為了突出結果，V-ing 前帶有thus.His parents died, leaving him an orphan.他的父母死了，他成了孤兒。7. 評論性狀語評論性狀語 有些慣用的V-ing 短語在句中中可以沒有邏輯上的主語而獨立存在，它們往往作為句子的獨立成分來修飾全句，表面說話者的態度觀點等。我們稱這種狀語為評論性狀語或評注性狀語。 generally speaking 一般來說 st

10、rictly speaking 嚴格來說 roughly speaking 大致來說 broadly speaking 廣義上來說 narrowly speaking 狹義上來說 judging from/ by 由.判斷 considering 考慮到 frankly speaking 坦率地說 personally speaking 就個人而言 supposing 如果 Generally speaking, girls are more interested in literature than boys. 一般來說，女孩比男孩更喜歡文學。 Judging from her accent

11、, she must from Arabian countries. 聽她的口音，她肯定來自阿拉伯國家。1現現在分詞作狀語與謂語動詞時間關系在分詞作狀語與謂語動詞時間關系（1）現在分詞表示的動作和謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生或幾乎同時發生，分詞用一般形式V-ing。例如：He ran up to her breathing heavily. 他氣喘吁吁的跑到她面前。 (2) 當V-ing所表示的動作先發生，而謂語動詞的動作后發生時，用V-ing的完完成時成時。 Having already seen the film twice, she didnt want to go to the cine

12、ma. 這電影他已看過兩遍，他不想去看了。 2、現在分詞作狀語時，現在分詞的動作就是句子主語句子主語的動作。因此，句子主語與現在分詞之間是主動關系。I run out of the house shouting.我喊叫著跑出屋來。 3、有些現在分詞作狀語時，其前可用after, before, since, when, while, whenever, once, until, on, as等詞。After talking to you, I always fell better.和你談過話后我總感覺好一些。 4. 現在分詞的否定式是在現在分詞的前面加not。Not recognizing t

13、he voice, he refused to give the person his address.因為沒聽出這個人的聲音，他沒把自己的地址給他。 巧學助記： 分詞作狀語，主語是問題 逗號前后兩動作，共用一主語 主語找出后，再來判關系 主動用ing,被動用ed Having done 表先后，千萬要牢記現在分詞與過去分詞區別現在分詞與過去分詞區別兩者之間的區別主要體現在時態和語態上：兩者之間的區別主要體現在時態和語態上：（1 1）在時態上：）在時態上：現在現在分詞表示正在分詞表示正在進行進行，而而過去過去分詞表示已經分詞表示已經完成完成。例如：。例如： （2 2）在語態上：）在語態上：現在

14、現在分詞表示分詞表示主動主動；而；而過去過去分詞表示分詞表示被動被動。總之，總之，分詞表分詞表；分詞表分詞表。在句法功能上它們都可以作在句法功能上它們都可以作定語和定語和，它，它們的具體區別如下：們的具體區別如下： China is a developing country,while America is a developed one.1、作定語時、作定語時取決于分詞與被修飾詞的關系：取決于分詞與被修飾詞的關系：主動關系或主謂關系用主動關系或主謂關系用 doing被動關系或動賓關系用被動關系或動賓關系用 done1. The meeting is very important.2.Tell

15、 the children not to make so much noise.3. They lived in a room .4. I hate to see letters .被動關系被動關系被動關系被動關系主動關系主動關系主動關系主動關系練習練習1. Mrs.White showed her students some old maps _ from the library.A.to borrow B. to be borrowed C. borrowed D. borrowing2. For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh frui

16、t _ on his own farm. A.grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow 3. There is a great deal of evidence _ that music activities engage different parts of the brain.A. indicate B. indicating C. to indicateD. to be indicating4. With the governments aid, those _ by the earthquake have moved to the n

17、ew settlements. A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected 2.作狀語時作狀語時1）.分詞的選取分詞的選取：取決于分詞與句子主語的關系：取決于分詞與句子主語的關系：主動關系主動關系，用，用 doing 被動關系被動關系，用，用 done 例如：例如：Seen from the moon, the earth looks like a blue ball.Seeing nobody at home , he left.被動關系被動關系主動關系主動關系練習：練習：1. It rained heavily in the so

18、uth,_serious flooding in several provinces.A.caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause 2 _the city center, we saw a stone statue of about 10 meters in height.A.Approaching B. Approached C. To approach D. To be approached3. _at my classmates faces, I read the same excitement in their eyes.A. Loo

19、king B. Look C. To look D. Looked4. (山山東卷東卷)Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US $57. 65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching5. (浙浙江卷江卷)_ by a greater demand of vegetables, farmers have built more green houses. A. Dr

20、iven B. Being driven C. To drive D. Having driven Grammar work 語法專練語法專練用所給動詞的適當形式填空。用所給動詞的適當形式填空。1. Not _(know) his address, I couldnt go to see him yesterday.2. Look out for cars when _(cross) the street.3. Not _ (invite) to the party, Mary was greatly hurt.knowingcrossinghaving been invited4. He d

21、ived into the water, _ (leave) only his face exposed.5. When I got back home I saw a message pinned to the door, _ (read) “Sorry to miss you; I will call later.”6. _ (take) a deep breath, they dived into the water.7. _ (close) the windows and the door, the students left the room.leavingreadingTaking

22、Having closed Grammar quiz 語法小測語法小測 1. When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing many similarities. A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having comparedC2. Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _ the same thing. A. saying B. said C. to say D. having said A3. There are hundreds of visitors _ in front of the Art Gallery to have a look at Van Goghs paintings. A. waited B. to wait C. waiting D. wait C4. _ , the more expensive the camera, the better its q