1、 非謂語動詞 相對謂語動詞的時間意義 例句 一般式不定式 說明行為在謂語動詞所表示的行為之后，多數是那些表愿望的詞：want; hope; expect; wish等。I want to go home.I hope to see you.說明行為與謂語動詞表示的行為同時發生，多數是那些省略不定式符號的詞，一般是復合賓語。I saw him come in.He helped him (to) carry things.一般式動名詞 表示動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發出。We enjoyed seeing the film.I am thinking of taking over the jo

2、b.在動詞insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等后表示動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之后發生。He insisted on doing that work在有些明確表示時間先后的動詞和介詞on; upon after代替完成動名詞表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作先發生。I remember seeing him before.On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.一般式分詞 現在分詞持續性動詞說明分詞表示的動作和句中謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。He stood there speaking.Holding a book

3、 under his arm, he entered the room.終止性動詞說明分詞表示的動作發生之后，句中謂語動詞表示的動作立刻發生。Entering the room, I found nobody in.Turning to the right, you will find the post office.過去分詞持續性動詞 通常說明分詞表示的動作，此句中謂語動詞表示的動作先發生。Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.I can't find my lost pen.說明分詞表示的動作和句中謂語動詞表示的動作

4、并無先后。He is a person well-known in this country.代替完成式現在分詞的被動語態。Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter.完成式不定式 說明行為動詞在謂語動詞表示的行為動詞之前發生。I'm sorry to have troubled you. He is said to have come here.He is thought to have done it.He is believed to have done it.He seemed to have known it.在

5、wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等動詞過去時后，說明行為動詞沒有實現。We wished to have done this.I expected to have left by then.(=I had expected to heave by then.)完成式動名詞 說明動名詞表示的動作，此句中動詞表示的動作先發生。We regret having told you the news.After having finished his work, he went home. He denied having broke the

6、glasses.完成式分詞 說明分詞表示的動作，此句中謂語動詞表示的動作先發生。多數表示一些瞬時間動詞。如果是hear; see或表示位置轉移的動詞arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成時Having finished his work, he went home.Sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.Hearing this, he rose and went to the door.  二非謂語動詞的被動語態  1. 非謂語動詞被動語態的意義 非謂語動詞 意義和用法 例句 不定式 表示被動的意義

7、The meeting is to be held next week. He wanted to be sent to the hard area.有時主動形式表示被動的意義，同被動沒什么區別，具有“應該”“值的”的意思。不定式是主語的承受者，但有時作某些形容詞的賓語， 如：nice, easy, hard, difficult, fit, suitable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap等。The box is not strong enough to stand this. It's too small to see. There is a lo

8、t of work to do The house is to let at low rent. I am not to blame. Houses are still to seek. Much remains to do. The text is hard to learn. 動名詞 表示被動的意義He insisted on being sent to the hard area.在動詞need, require等的主動語態和形容詞worth后, 表示被動的意義My watch needs repairing. The book is worth reading.分詞 現在分詞

9、表示被動的意義The building being built is a school. Not having been told, he didn't know where to start.過去分詞表示被動的意義Heated, the metal expands. 2. 一般現在分詞，完成的現在分詞和過去分詞表示被動意義的區別 非謂語動詞 意義和用法 例句 一般式現在分詞 含有具體的意義，說明和句中謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，一般是持續性動詞The person being criticized is our monitor.完成式分詞 表示動作狀態比句中謂語動作先發生，一般是瞬間

10、動詞Not having been told about it, I don't know how to do it.過去分詞 具有一船的意義，強調事實，說明比句中謂語動詞表示的動作先發生，有時同完成式的被動詞態可互換。Given more time, (=Having been given) I can do it much better.    三非謂語動詞的句法作用 1. 非謂語動詞的句法作用一覽表   非謂語動詞 句子成分 不定式 動名詞 分詞 主語 賓語 直接賓語 短語動詞賓語 賓語補語 介詞賓語 形容詞賓語 表語 定語 狀語 同謂語 插入語 &

11、#160; 2. 非謂語動詞作主語 非謂語動詞 意義和用法 例句 不定式 動詞不定式表示比較具體的意義，經常和特定的動作和執行者聯系起來，經常帶時間或地點狀語，有時表示將要發生的動作。To master a foreign language is no easy job.To do it well is my earnest desireTo see this film is to waste time.To solve this problem is out of the question  動詞不定式（短語）作主語時，常見的另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語，而將動詞不定

12、式（短語）移到謂語之后作真正主語。用于這種形式是一些特定形容詞，動詞和名詞1)形容詞作表語（常見的形容詞有：important, difficult, easy hard possible）It is foolish to act in this way.It sounds reasonable to do it this way.It appears likely for them to arrive.2) 動詞作謂語（常見的動詞有：require, cost, amuse, delight, irritate, annoyIt took much time to do this.It ma

13、kes us excited to think about that.It needed hard work to finish the job.It does no good to say like that.It didn't occur to me to ask him to help me.3)名詞作表語It seems a pity to waste them.It is a great pleasure to do thisIt is a good idea to think this way.動名詞  動名詞表求比較抽象（一般）和經常性的意義，有時可同不定式互換

14、Collecting stamps is a good hobby.Swimming is a best sport in summer.There is no telling what will happen.There is no denying the fact.There is no need informing him of it. 動名詞短語作主語時，常見的另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語面將動名詞短語移至謂語之后作真實主語。用于這種形式是一些特定形容詞和名詞1)形容詞作表語(常見的形容詞有：enjoyable, good, hard, worthwhile)I

15、t is nice talking to you.It's foolish behaving like that.It is useless doing that2)名詞作表語It's waste of time doing this.It's no good (use) doing that.It's an awful job doing this. It's fun doing thisIt is not an easy task doing this work.  3. 非謂語動詞作賓語 成分 非謂語動詞 意義和用法 例句 直接賓語 不定

16、式 不定式的邏輯主語一般同謂語動詞的主語一致I want to read a novel. 用于該形式的常見的動詞有：afford, agree, aim, apply, arrange, ask, choose, claim, decide, decline, demand, desire, determine, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, seek, swear, threaten, wish. 有時賓語省略不定式符號(常見的有：let fall, let pass, let go, let s

17、lip, 'd better, 'd rather, 'd soon, He made believe he was correct.動詞不定式（短語）作賓語時，如其后有補足語，則可以用先行語it作形式賓語，而將動詞不定式（短語）后移作直接賓語He found it necessary to work hard at English.用于該形式的常見的動詞有：acknowledge, believe, consider, count, declare, deem, deny, esteem, fancy, feel, find, guess, imagine,

18、 judge, know, make, prove, realize, report, see, show, suppose, suspect, take(think), understand, think.動名詞 動名詞的邏輯主語有時同謂語動詞的主語不一致Do you mind my smoking? 動名詞（短語）作賓語時，如其后有補足語則可以用先行詞it作形式賓語，而將動名詞短語后移作直接賓語We found it troublesome solving this problem. We consider it worthwhile spending some time on

19、this.有一類動詞后面必須跟動名詞We enjoyed staying there. 常見的動詞有：admit, abhor, acknowledge, advise, advocate, avoid, confess, consider, contemplate, defer, delay, deny, discontinue, excuse, evade, fancy, finish, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep(on), mind, necessitate, pardon, postpone, practise, renounce,

20、 resent, facilitate, favor, miss, resist.有一類動詞后面可跟動名詞也可以跟不定式1) 意義區別不大。He began learning (to learn) English at the age of five.常見的動詞有：start, like, hate, love, continue, prefer, commence, attempt, intend, propose, decline, endure, neglect, omit, recollect, recall, bear.2)意義有區別a) remember doing sth 記住做

21、過某事。remember to do sth記住要做某事。b)forget doing sth忘記做過某事。 forget to do sth 記住要做某事。c)regret doing sth遺憾做過某事。 regret to do sth 遺憾要做某事。d)try doing sth試著做某事。 try to do sth 努力做某事。e)mean doing sth意旨做某事。 mean to do sth 打算做某事。f)stop doing sth 停止做某事。 stop to do sth停下來做某事。g)can't hel

22、p doing sth 忍不住做某事。 can't help to do sth不能幫做某事。h)go on doing sth繼續做某事。 go on to do sth 接著做另一事。短語動詞賓語 動名詞 這一類多是動詞和小品詞構成的短語He insisted on doing that.常見的短語有：stand up, leave off, put off, give up, can't help(stand)不定式 這一類多數是一些特定的用法。He is about to leave. He did nothing but play.'d r

23、ather do sth, 'd better do sth, 'd like/love to do sth, 賓語賓補 不定式 強調動作發生的事實、將要和應該做的事We saw him come in. I asked him to help me. I helped him (to) learn English.He arranged for me to stay there.常見的動詞有：1)省略不定式符號的動詞：make, let, have,see, hear, notice, watch, observe, listen to, look at2

24、)表示“致使”意義的動詞：advice, cause, allow, ask, beg, drive, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, intend, invite, permit, persuade, remind, teach, tell, trust, urge, want, warn3)表示心理狀態的動詞：consider, declare find, prove, think, know, believe, discover, feel, imagine, judge, suppose, understand.4)短語動詞 arrange

25、 for, prepare for, provide for, ask for, care for, long for, wait for, vote for, call on, rely on, depend on, count on動名詞 說明實際的情況，這種形式數量不多。We call this process testing.We know of the earth behaving as a large magnet.分詞 現在分詞 強調動作進行的過程I found him coming in.He kept him waiting outside. 如謂語動詞是被動語態的形式，這時

26、分詞成了主語補語，分詞形式不變。 He was seen coming in過去分詞 表示動作已完成，同賓語是被動關系，說明動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。have (get) 表示的動作往往表示別人完成，有時這個動作可能由主語完成We found him tied to the tree.I had my hair cut.I can't get this motor started.如謂語動詞是被動語態的形式，這時分詞成了主語補語，分詞形式不變。He was found tied to the tree.介詞賓語 不定式 這一類多是一些特定的形式，I hardly remember

27、what I did besides read.He had nothing in mind except to work hard.It is better to do some work than to spend the time idly.There is no way out than climb the cliff. 動名詞 這一類數量較多。I'm afraid of making mistakes while speaking English.He enjoys doing nothing but talking with her.On (as soon as

28、he arrived) arriving, he came to see his friend.In (while) doing this, he learned a lot.常見的短語：look forward to, be used to, object to, prefer doing sth to doing sth形容詞賓 不定式 這一類有些語法家也認為是這些形容詞的原因狀語。 I am glad to see you.常見的形容詞有：cross, angry, context, furious, happy, impatient, curious, proud, sorry, th

29、ankful, free, grateful, keen, anxious, eager, prone, ready, reluctant, willing, humble, jealous, miserable, (un)able, lucky，sad這一類有些語法家也認為是這些形容詞的原因狀語。 I am surprised to see you.常見的過去分詞有：annoyed, ashamed, astonished, bored, concerned, amazed, confused delighted, determined, disappointed, disgusted, d

30、ispleased, dissatisfied, distressed, embarrassed, excited, fascinated, inclined, overjoyed, overwhelmed, pleased, prepared, puzzled, qualified, worried, offended, scared, thrilled, vexed動名詞 這一類多是一些特定的用法。The tree seems like trembling. The book is worth reading.He is busy working.4. 非謂語動詞作表語 非謂語動詞意義和用

31、法 連系動詞 例句 不定式 表示具體的動作，表示打算、計劃、命令和要求等意義有時可用appear, seem, happen等作連系動詞To see is to believe. Seeing is believing.(一般同主語的形式一直) What I wanted to do is write it down. The only thing you can do is wait and see. How am I to pay such a debt? Such questions are to be avoided. He was never to see his friend ag

32、ain. What he said proved to be true.He seems to be ill.常作主語的名詞有：aim, ambition, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistakes, plan, purpose, suggestion.動名詞 相當于名詞，說明主語動作的情況和狀態。一般是beWhat like best is swimming in the sea.My job is teaching English (My job is to teach them to learn English.)Seeing is belie

33、ving.有時同不定式可以互換Our duty is serving the people.Our duty is to serve the people.分詞 現在分詞 相當于形容詞，說明主語動作性質的。一般分詞后不再接任何成份有時可用become ; get等It is annoying that the meeting should be put off.常見作表語的現在分詞有：amusing, boring, charming, comforting, confusing, disappointing, discouraging, disturbing, embarrassing, e

34、xciting, pleasing, fascinating, interesting, inviting, missing, obliging, promising, puzzling, shocking, striking, surprising.過去分詞 相當于形容詞說明主語動作的性質或狀態，一般后面帶介詞短語，有些形容詞化的過去分詞前可加very.有時可用Become ; get ;remain ; appear ; seem; fell; go; look等動詞He remained puzzled. He appeared satisfied with that.My work i

35、s finished. My watch is gone.常見的過去分詞有：1)常見帶介詞about分詞： annoyed, concerned, excited, pleased, puzzled, shocked, worried 2) 常見帶介詞at分詞： amazed, amused, annoyed, astonished, delighted, disappointed, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, excited, offended, overjoyed, pleased, shocked, surprised, 3) 常見帶介詞ag

36、ainst分詞： arranged, prepared, irritated, arranged 4) 常見帶介詞for分詞： celebrated, concerned, destined, disqualified, noted, prepared, pressed, qualified. 5) 常見帶介詞in分詞： absorbed, celebrated, concerned, disappointed, delighted, dressed, embarrassed, engaged, entangled, experienced, interested lost, 6) 常見帶介詞

37、on分詞： founded, based, bent, set 7) 常見帶介詞to分詞： abandoned, accustomed, acquainted, addicted, adapted, committed, dedicated, destined, devoted, doomed, engaged, entitled, exposed, known, lost, opposed, related, inclined, married 8) 常見帶介詞with分詞：annoyed, bored, concerned, delighted, disappointed, discont

38、ented, disgusted, displeased, dissatisfied, equipped, excited, occupied, obsessed, pleased, pressed, satisfied, socked, stunned, surrounded loaded, tormented, torture  5. 非謂語動詞作定語 非謂語動詞位置 意義和用法 例句 不定式 動詞不定式必須放在所修飾詞（名或代）后表示將要發生，應該做的動作，說明動作在謂語動詞表示動作之后，具有形容詞性質。I have much work to do. He has no pla

39、ce to live in.有時根據意思的需要加介詞，這時介詞不能省略，因被修飾的名詞是它的賓語。動名詞 動名詞放在在所修飾的詞前  說明所修飾詞的性質，具有名詞的性質，它同所修飾的名詞間不存在什么主謂關系He looked me with questioning eyes. a living room. 一般形式 分詞 現在分詞 在所修飾詞前，有些放在所修飾詞后說明正在進行的動作，同它所修飾的動作存在著邏輯主謂關系a sleeping boy, on the day following, for years running過去分詞 在所修飾詞前，有些放在所修飾詞后表示被動

40、的意思，多數不及物動詞的過去分詞不能用作定語，只有少數表示動作改變的動詞表示在謂詞動詞動作之前完成a lost child, a fallen leaf, retired workers, faded flowersWe have no time left. Fill the blanks with the words given.短語 不定式 放在所修飾詞后一般表示要做和應該做的動作。He is the first one to come this morning.I have a lot of housework to do at home.There is a lot of w

41、ork to do in the company.He didn't have the chance to go to school in the past. 1)一般所修飾詞是抽象名詞agreement, attempt, claim, decision, decisive, determination, failure, hope, intention, need, plan, promise, refused, resolution, tendency, threat, wish2)說明被修飾詞內容的名詞campaign, chance, courage, effort

42、s, evidence, fight, news, measures, move, movement, opportunity, position, power, reason, right, skill, strength, struggle, means3)跟不定式作狀語的形容詞生成轉化來的抽象名ability, ambition, anxiety, curiosity, eagerness, impatience, reluctance, willingness分詞 放在所修飾詞后現在分詞短語有動作進行之意。過去分詞短語有被動之意。The bird singing in the tree

43、 is very beautiful.This is the bird shot by the boy.My brother, working in the south will be coming in a few days. 6. 非謂語動詞作狀語 非謂語動詞意義和用法 例句 不定式 表示目的，很常用。He went home to see his mother.He came to ask a question.He got up early in order to (so as to) have time to study.表示結果，很常用。She says so well as to

44、 bring down the house.Will you be so good as to tell him this?He is not old enough to do this. He is too excited to speak anything.表示原因，He laughed to see them fall down.He wept to hear the news.表示選擇和比較She opened her lips as through to speakHe would die rather than give in.表示條件To hear him talk,

45、you would think he was tiring.分詞 表示時間，相當于表示時間，相當于狀語從句when, while。He went through the papers while having breakfast.Since leaving school, I met him only once.常用于這些連詞后When, before, while, after, since表示原因，有時同用作時間狀語的分詞難以分清，相當于原因狀語從句because, since, for 和 as。Being ill, he didn't come. Not understandi

46、ng this, he asked the teacher about it.表示條件，相當于條件狀語從句if。Given more time, I can finish the work.We'll not attack unless attacked.Working hard, you'll succeed.表示讓步，相當于讓步狀語從句 though, although。Though warned of the danger, he still went skating on the thin ice.表示結果，相當于結果狀語從句，這種分詞前通常有thus 或thereby

47、。Their car was caught in a traffic jam, thus causing the delay. 表示方式He sat there, as though waiting.7. 非謂語動詞作同謂語 非謂語動詞意義和用法 例句 不定式 不很常用 He has written two articles for the journal, one to be published in this issue, the other to come out in the next. 動名詞 不很常用I saw many people in the room, some talki

48、ng, some listening. His chief hobby, sailing a boat, cost him most of his salary.8. 非謂語動詞作插入語 非謂語動詞意義和用法例句不定式多是一些特定的短語To tell you the truth, to be fair, to be frank, to be short, to be sure, to be honest, to begin with, to cut a long story short, to be exact, so to speakTo tell you the truth, I don&

49、#39; t know computers very well.動名詞多是一些特定的短語Generally speaking, frankly speaking, strictly speaking. Generally speaking, his work is successful.  四. 非謂語動詞的特殊形式 形式非謂語動詞意義和用法例句復合結構不定式for sb to do sth這種結構可用先行代詞it作形式主語面將該結構后移作真正主語。It is impossible for me to do this.It is for you to decide.It i

50、s time for us to do this.There is a lot of work for us to do.I'd like you to do it.常引導該形式的形容詞有：dangerous, easy, useful, hard, difficult, strange, astonishing, pleasant, fortunate lucky, necessary, reasonable, right, wrong, natural, interesting.with+名詞或代詞 to do sth的復合結構表示將要發生的動作I feel quite easy,

51、 with her to help me.It (That) is +形容詞 of to do sth. 表示性格特征，行為表現。It kind of you to help me.常引導該形式的形容詞有：absurd, bold, brave, careful, careless, cruel, considerate, clever, cunning, clumsy, decent, foolish, good, honest, impudent, naughty, nice, polite, right, rude, silly, splendid, wise, wrong, wonde

52、rful, thoughtful.send, bring, take 等動詞表目的時，可帶出自己的邏輯主語。The king sent the official to have a look.動名詞動名詞之前的名詞，如果是有生命的，通常用所屬格表示，如果是無生命的，則用通格表示，現在有一種趨勢用名詞和代詞代替所有格。His coming won't help much.I don't mind your (you) smoking.They insisted on our staying there.We are happy about his coming to see us.Do you remember Mary coming to see you?I objected to you smoking here.分詞 分詞短語作狀語時，一船沒有自己的主語，其邏輯主語就是整個句子的主語，但有時分詞短語可以有自己的主語，由名詞和代詞表示放在分詞短語之前，