1、本科畢業設計外文文獻及譯文文獻、資料題目：Construction Quality Testing Industry Status and Development Strategies文獻、資料來源：期刊文獻、資料發表出版日期：2021.3.9院 部： 土木工程學院專 業： 土木工程班 級： 土木072姓 名： 田洪金學 號： 2007011300指導教師： 周廣強 劉清陽翻譯日期： 2021.6.7外文文獻：Construction Quality Testing Industry Status and Development StrategiesAbstractWith China'

2、;s accession to the WTO, the foreign advanced detection of a large number of institutions will enter the domestic, For long-term protection of the domestic state of the detection unit is an unprecedented challenge. 因此，本文通過分析該行業的現狀，找出行業開展中存在的問題以及面臨的挑戰，并對行業開展的對策進行了探討。Therefore, this paper analyzes the

3、 status of the industry, the development of the industry to identify existing problems and challenges, as well as the development of the industry's response are discussed. 關鍵詞 檢測，行業，現狀，對策Keywords detection, industry, strategy 11. 前言Foreword 建筑業是一個關系到國計民生的支柱性根底產業。The construction industry is one

4、of the pillars of the national economy and infrastructure industries. 特別作為我國正處在快速開展階段，全國上下都加大了根底設施的建設。Particularly as China is in a rapid development stage, the whole nation is increasing infrastructure construction. 同時加上建筑業作為拉動經濟開展速度的重要力量，因此建筑業正處在大開展階段。Meanwhile coupled with the construction indust

5、ry as a driving force for economic development speed of the important forces that the construction industry is in a phase of great development. 一方面我國的建筑市場正處在十分活潑的階段，同時也是處在市場競爭極不標準，問題叢生：首先是導致壓級壓價、回扣、墊資“三把刀盛行，地方保護、行業保護抬頭；二是建筑領域管理體系缺乏科學性，法律性文件和管理性文件不配套，與國外先進模式相對差距較大；三是建筑隊伍供需嚴重失衡，建筑隊伍技術含量和人員素質普遍不高1。Whil

6、e China's construction market is in a very active stage, but also at extremely competitive market norms and plagued with problems : The first is to downgrading prices, kickbacks, Loaning "three knives," the prevalence of local protectionism, the rise of trade protection; Second, the co

7、nstruction sector's lack of a scientific management system, legal documents and document management do not match and the advanced foreign relatively big gap between the model; three construction teams is a serious imbalance in supply and demand. construction teams technical content and the quali

8、ty of personnel is generally not very high 1. 隨著我國參加WTO，對于整個建筑業的沖擊必將產生深遠的影響。With China's accession to the WTO, the impact on the construction industry as a whole will have a far-reaching impact. 建筑事業是入世的一個重要方面。WTO construction industry is an important aspect. 主要涉及建筑業、勘察設計咨詢業、房地產業、城市規劃、城市市政公用事業以及

9、與建筑領域相關的各項中介效勞。Mainly related to the construction industry, the survey design and consulting, real estate, urban planning, cities with municipal utilities and construction fields related to the intermediary services. 在WTO協議中建設事業所屬領域屬于效勞貿易協議的范疇。In the WTO agreement, the cause of building a service be

10、longing to the scope of trade agreements. 從效勞貿易協議的內涵看，目前我國建設領域在當前國際貿易中根本處在勞動密集型的效勞層次上，而興旺國家那么已經是技術、知識和資本密集型的效勞層次上。From the trade in services agreement connotation, At present, China's current building in the field of international trade at the basic level of labor-intensive services, while devel

11、oped countries have technology, knowledge and capital-intensive service levels. 從總體上講，差距比較大。Generally speaking, the gap is relatively large. 我國參加WTO ，必須按照WTO 有關協議中關于權利和義務平衡的原那么，在享受一定權利的同時，還要履行相應的義務，承當開放市場所面臨的風險和壓力。China's accession to the WTO must be in accordance with the WTO agreement on the r

12、ights and obligations of the principle of balance to the enjoyment of certain rights, we must also fulfill its obligations, commitments, open markets and the risks facing pressure. 作為建筑行業的一個組成局部，工程質量檢測隨著全民質量意識的提高而不斷被人重視。The construction industry as an integral part of quality testing with the qualit

13、y of people and raise awareness of the people to keep. 檢測行業從開始出現開展到今天，都是作為建筑行業的附屬局部出現：一種是建筑施工企業的內部試驗室；一種是科研院校內部的教學科研性質的試驗室；一種是各級質量監督管理部門設立的帶有政府色彩的監督檢測室。Detection of emerging industries from the beginning of development today, as the construction industry is a subsidiary portion : A construction ente

14、rprises is the internal laboratories; A scientific research institutions within the nature of the teaching and research laboratories; One is the quality of supervision and management at all levels established by the government with the supervision of color detection room. 三種形式的檢測單位一直以來按照各自的工作領域開展檢測工

15、作，并且一直按照附屬于母體的部門形式進行運作，還沒有形成獨立企業運作的理念。Three forms of detection units have been in accordance with their respective fields of work and testing work, and has been affiliated to the parent body in accordance with the department for operation is not yet in independent operation of enterprises idea. 但是隨著

16、入世的沖擊，檢測機構根據國際通用要求必須成為具有獨立法人資格的機構，應該是第三方獨立的效勞中介機構，由于定位的逐步明確，各類檢測單位都開始著手進行轉變。However, as the impact of the WTO, according to international testing organizations general requirements must become independent corporate qualifications, should be an independent third-party intermediary services, the posit

17、ion becomes clearer, Detection of various units have started to carry out changes. 在轉變的階段，應該認真從行業開展角度研究如何能夠在逐漸標準化、正規化的市場經濟中成功轉變成適應市場變化、快速成長開展。In a transitional stage, it should be seriously from the perspective of the development of the industry in how to gradually standardized, regularization of th

18、e market economy into successful adaptation to changes in the market, the rapid growth and development. 行業概述Industry Overview 21行業背景2.1 Background industry 檢測行業現狀 Testing Industry Status 檢測行業從形成到今天大約經歷了十五年-二十年的歷史，十幾年時間已經使檢測行業規模由小變大，工作類型由單一到綜合，檢測市場化概念從無到有，從暗到明，如今全國各種建筑工程檢測機構近5000家，其中企業試驗室數量大約占40%，監督檢

19、測機構占30%，科研院校檢測力量占30%。Detection industry from the formation of today approximately 15 years of experience - 20 years of history, 10 years has made detection by the small-scale industries in turn, the type of work to a single integrated, Detection market concept from scratch, from covert to overt, var

20、ious construction projects throughout the country now testing nearly 5,000 institutions, corporate laboratory quantity of approximately 40%, oversight agencies detected 30%, research institutions detection force for 30%. 數量眾多的企業試驗室屬于第一方試驗室，即企業為了保證自身產品質量而設立的試驗室，由于其自身性質很大程度上限制了他們走向檢測市場的步伐，作為企業內部附屬機構的地

21、位使其在經濟實力、檢測能力、規模和技術力量等個環節處于劣勢，在檢測市場所占市場分額約20%。The large number of enterprises belonging to the first laboratory to laboratory, which means that enterprises in order to guarantee the quality of their products and the establishment of the laboratory, Due to its nature to a large extent, limited their

22、testing to the market and As a subsidiary body within enterprises in a position of economic strength, the ability to detect, size and technical strength sessions at a disadvantage in the market testing the market share of about 20%. 各級監督機構設立的檢測室由于有了政策上的絕對優勢，由于其政府背景，使其克服成立時間短的劣勢，通過壟斷檢測任務的形式很快在規模和檢測能力

23、上占據優勢，成為目前檢測市場中主流檢測力量。The establishment of oversight bodies at all levels of detection Room With a policy of absolute advantage because of their government background, it formed a short time to overcome the disadvantages of monopoly through inspection missions in the form of rapidly in size and dete

24、ction capabilities to gain the upper hand. Detection become mainstream market forces detection. 但是壟斷行為的副作用是其長期處在政策保護狀態，相比其他機構效率低下，技術水平不高，效勞意識差，自身競爭能力差。However, the side effects of monopoly behavior is at its long-term policy to protect the state, compared with other inefficient institutions, technic

25、al level is not high, poor sense of service, their competitive ability. 科研院校隨著事業單位機構改革，不斷加大檢測業務投入，使其變成主業開展，并相繼將其轉型為第三方獨立法人檢測企業。Research institutions with institutional reform of public institutions and to keep stepping up the detection of operational inputs, it becomes the main development of the in

26、dustry. and the gradual transition to an independent third party for the detection of corporate enterprises. 它們依靠原來國家科研投入的優勢，在技術力量、硬件設備和辦公場地方面有著不可比較的優勢。They rely on the original national scientific research strengths in technical strength, hardware equipment and share office space due to the advanta

27、ges. 由于他們最早走向市場，在市場競爭中已經總結了許多經驗。Since they first enter the market, and competition in the market has summed up the experience of many. 檢測行業特點2.12.1.3 detection industry characteristics 檢測行業是政策性較強的行業Detection industry policy is a strong industry 檢測機構由于建設工程質量的相關管理規定應運而生，檢測市場的形成和開展受政策導向直接影響。The testing

28、 organizations as the quality of construction projects related to the regulation came into being. Detection market and the formation and development of policy guidance directly affected. 檢測機構的資格認可和行業資質管理本身就是政府政策調節的手段，檢測市場的大小同樣也是政府質量管理政策直接決定，因此，檢測市場是不完全開放的市場，檢測行業是一個政策導向性很強的行業。Detection of accreditati

29、on and quality management industry itself is the government policy adjustment means Detection of the size of the market is the same quality management policy decision directly, it Detection market is not fully open market, detection industry is a strong policy-oriented industries. 檢測行業是帶有很強的地域性Detec

30、tion industry with a strong regional 由于檢測行業是政策性很強的行業，因此各級地方行政主管部門都會根據自己地方實際制訂有地方特色的管理要求，特別是行業主管部門設立的資質審查注冊制度直接決定了檢測機構的效勞范圍以所在地為主，外地機構打入本地市場受到嚴格限制。As the test industry is highly policy-oriented industries, Therefore local administrative departments will be in accordance with the actual formulation of

31、 their own places of special local regulatory requirements, special departments in charge of the industry is the ability to set up a registration system to review the decision directly detect the scope of services to the main location and overseas institutions to enter the local market under strict

32、restrictions. 另外工程質量檢測本身需要大型的檢測設備，并且樣品的檢測具有明確的實效性，因此從交通、本錢、運作方便性考慮，檢測工作跨地區開展具有難度，從而決定了各行政區域內市場的獨立性。Another quality of the project itself needs to detect large-scale testing equipment, and sample analysis with clear effectiveness, and Judging from the traffic, cost, operational convenience considerat

33、ions, and testing work carried out with difficulty across regions, so as to determine the jurisdiction of the market's independence. 檢測行業目前技術門檻不高Testing Industry current threshold is not high technology 因為檢測行業長期處于政府壟斷經營之下，檢測市場化程度較差。Detection of long-term because the industry is monopolized by th

34、e government, the degree of market testing poorer. 長期處于保護之下的檢測機構往往以附屬部門或科室形式運作，沒有形成一套獨立運作開展的管理模式，特別是與國外先進的檢測同行相比，在檢測工作管理方面缺少科學的系統的內部管理體系和經驗。A long time under the protection of the testing agencies often subsidiary departments or sections operation, not formed a separate set of operational developmen

35、t management, in particular with foreign advanced detection comparison, Detection of the lack of management of the scientific system of internal management systems and experience. 由于以上原因，通常的檢測單位對設備場地等硬件和技術培養等硬件的投入較少，以至于長期停滯在低水平重復開展的態勢，因此造成目前雖然政策壟斷成分高，但技術門檻低的現狀。Due to the above reasons, the usual det

36、ection units to the venue and other hardware equipment and technical training hardware input, the extent of the long-term stagnation of low-level redundant development momentum, thus causing the current policy, the element of monopoly, But technical threshold of the low status. 檢測行業體制單一Detection of

37、a single institutional trades 檢測行業由于強烈的政府色彩，使其體制往往鎖定在國有事業或企業單位，民營資本和外資一直注視著這一領域，但是由于政策所限一直無法進入。Detection industry because of strong government color, it is often lock system in state-owned enterprises or enterprise units Private capital and foreign capital has been watching this area, but the policy

38、 has been limited by lack of access. 因此目前的檢測行業體制單一。Thus the detection system of a single industry. 但是隨著國有事業機構改革，使檢測機構股份制改造成為可能，伴隨著我國參加世界貿易組織的深入，開放建筑市場成為必然，可見目前的格局十分不穩，政策的變化立即打破現有的平衡。However, with the reform of state-owned utilities, testing organizations may become joint-stock reform, With China'

39、;s accession to the World Trade Organization in-depth, open architecture market has become inevitable, and we can see that the pattern is very unstable, The policy change immediately break the existing balance. 第二章 行業困境Chapter II trades plight 3.1 行業面臨困難和挑戰3.1 industries facing difficulties and chal

40、lenges 作為建筑行業的一個組成局部，工程質量檢測隨著全民質量意識的提高而不斷被人重視。The construction industry as an integral part of quality testing with the quality of people and raise awareness of the people to keep. 檢測行業從開始出現開展到今天，面臨的困難和挑戰來自各方面。Detection of emerging industries from the beginning of development today, we are faced wit

41、h difficulties and challenges from all quarters. 政策風險3.1.1 policy risks 檢測行業是受政策影響程度很高的行業。Detection of industries affected by the policy is the high level of the industry. 它的產生和開展都是政策導向的結果。The emergence and development of policy-oriented results. 而首先面對的問題就是政策風險問題。And the first to face the problem is

42、 the policy risk. 我國的檢測類的標準、標準的制定和執行與國際接軌程度不高。Our analysis category of standards and standardize the development and implementation of international standards is not that high. 我國目前使用的檢測標準均為幾十年前老標準，這些標準與國際標準相差很遠，隨著我國入世，各種標準都面臨更新和接軌問題。China's current testing standards used several decades ago are

43、 old standards, those standards with international standards is far below With China's WTO accession, the various standards and are facing a convergence problem. 在這種標準的演變中，原有的設備、技術力量、運作方法都會進行較大的變動。In this evolving standards of the original equipment, and technical forces, methods of operation wi

44、ll be larger changes. 檢測行業必須面對來自以上政策的變動帶來的風險。Detection industry must face from the above policy changes bring risks. 入世的挑戰3.1.2 WTO Challenges 從行業形成到開展到今天，檢測機構中都是作為建筑行業的附屬局部出現，還沒有形成獨立運作的管理體系。From the formation of industry development today, institutions are testing the construction industry as part

45、of the subsidiary there. have formed an independent operation of the management system. 但是隨著入世的沖擊，檢測機構根據國際通用要求導那么25來管理實驗室2，而對于國內的檢測機構來講導那么25的管理要求不僅僅是陌生的東西，更重要的是對于其中的管理思想是完全全新的體系，我國的檢測機構在這種管理模式的經驗十分缺乏。However, as the impact of the WTO, according to international testing organizations General Requirem

46、ents - Guideline 25 to laboratory management 2 For the detection of domestic institutions in terms of Guide 25 of regulatory requirements is not only stranger things More importantly for the management thinking which is completely new system, Our testing organizations in the management of this very

47、lack of experience. 因此整個行業正The entire industry isFacing industries in the transition stage. 行業中存在的主要問題3.2 sector the main problems 檢測行業面臨的不僅僅是各種風險和挑戰，應該認清行業存在的問題和缺乏，才可能作到有的放矢。Detection of businesses are facing not only a variety of risks and challenges, there should be a clear understanding of trade

48、 issues and inadequate, only be achieved targeted. 目前的檢測市場十分混亂，由于局部施工單位對質量意識的認識停留在資料過關的階段，并且檢測單位目前是被動的接受施工單位的委托，因此在檢測和被檢測之間的關系不僅是委托被委托同時又是檢測和被檢測，在經濟關系和公正性的看似矛盾的兩者，許多檢測單位很難把好關。3.2.1 currently testing the market very confusing. As part of the construction unit of the sense of the quality of informatio

49、n to stay in the clearance stage, and the current detection unit is a passive acceptance of the construction unit entrusted Thus the detection and the detection of not only the relationship between the commission has been tasked also is testing and testing, In economic relations and impartiality of

50、the two seemingly contradictory, and many units it is very difficult to detect good relations. 導致檢測市場上評價一個檢測單位工作質量的標準不是嚴謹而是能否在必要時的靈活和方便。Testing the market to evaluate a detection unit quality standard is not stringent but whether the necessary flexibility and convenience. 在這樣的環境中，不可能培養出依靠信譽品牌立足的檢測單位

51、。In such an environment, it is impossible to cultivate brand reputation based on the detection units. 目前的檢測單位大局部面臨如何從母體脫離，是否脫離、脫離以后如何生存的困擾。3.2.2 current detection unit faced the question of how to most from the mother, separated from the survival of future troubles. 局部已經脫離的單位實質上在名義上的脫離，從行政管理和經濟來往上仍然

52、不是獨立的。Some units have already moved away from the essence of the name of the detachment, from the administration and from the economy still is not independent. 因此，作為真正意義上的獨立運作的檢測機構如何管理、如何生存開展還沒有太多可借鑒的經驗。Therefore, as the true sense of the operation of the independent testing organizations how to man

53、age, How to survival and development have not too much experience to draw on. 檢測單位由于長期處于附屬地位，因此在技術、人力、資金的投入缺乏，因此與其他行業相比或與其他領域的檢測機構相比，技術含量不高，并且技術開展速度很慢。3.2.3 detection units in the subsidiary as a long-term position in technology, human resources, capital investment is insufficient, and So compared w

54、ith other industries or fields with other testing organizations, the technical content is not high, and technological development at a slow pace. 隨著我國建筑業的蓬勃開展，特別是我國參加WTO，對盡快提高檢測單位的技術能力和技術水平要求迫切。With the vigorous development of industry, especially China's accession to the WTO, right as soon as p

55、ossible to improve detection units the technical capacity and technical requirements of urgency. 第三章 行業對策Chapter III sectoral responses 建筑業在我國正處在高速開展階段，隨著全國質量意識提高，檢測行業充滿開展的潛力和希望。Construction industry in China is in the stage of rapid development, with the heightened awareness of the national quality

56、, Detecting the development of the industry is full of potential and hope. 社會一方面對檢測的要求會更迫切。The community of detection to the more urgent. 同時會更高要求。The same time, higher demands. 因此作為檢測行業的出路必須將檢測變成產業化，最終成為真正意義上的第三方公正性的中介機構。Therefore detection industry as a way of testing must become industrialized, ev

57、entually become a true sense of the impartiality of the third-party intermediaries. 作為檢測機構為了適應將來的開展必須作到：As testing organizations in order to adapt to future developments must also : 提高檢測質量意識Improve the monitoring and quality awareness 全面引入導那么25國際通用的實驗室的管理要求成為大勢所趨。Introduce a comprehensive internatio

58、nal Guideline 25 generic laboratory management requirements become the trend of the times. 我國檢測行業最缺乏的是通過質量體系的運作來保證檢測公正性和權威性。My test industry is most lacking is that through the operation of the quality system to ensure detection of justice and authority. 國內的檢測機構要與國際接軌必須堅決不移地執行導那么25的各項要求，而導那么25的核心就是全

59、面的質量管理。Detection of domestic institutions and the international community must continue to implement the guidelines of the 25 requirements, Guideline 25 and the core is a comprehensive quality management. 我國檢測行業普遍的檢測質量意識不高，在內部質量管理方面的經驗不多，但是不能因為目前執行困難而放棄，而是應該一方面努力向國外同行學習實驗室管理方面先進的經驗，一方面因地制宜的逐步摸索一套適合中國國情的質量管理模式。My test industry generally detection quality awareness is not high, the internal quality management experience little, But no