1、無利益集團論文利益集團論文： 利益集團視角下中國壟斷行業高收入問題研利益集團視角下中國壟斷行業高收入問題研究究【中文摘要】近年來中國綜合國力顯著提升、民眾收入水平大幅提高,新一代領導集體明確提出充分關注民生,把建設社會主義和諧社會作為全國上下共同奮斗的目標。然而,在經濟高速增長的同時,居民收入卻存在著明顯差距,特別是不同行業之間的差距日趨擴大。壟斷行業的高收入問題,在學術界也引起了前所未有的關注。西方利益集團理論為研究政治經濟問題開辟了一條新的道路,它指出在政治市場上利益集團通常發揮著重要作用。 中國與西方的政治體制雖然不同,但近年來社會階層也出現了分化趨勢,并出現集團化傾向。 收入改革正是不

2、同群體間的利益競爭、再調整的過程。因而本文認為收入問題是政治經濟綜合問題,并在國內外壟斷及壟斷收入理論綜述和利益集團理論介紹的基礎上,以新政治經濟學的視角來研究中國壟斷行業的高收入問題。 首先,本文通過比較行業間的收入差距,說明當前存在壟斷行業收入過高、上繳利潤比例過低的狀況,并對照利益集團的定義把涉及到壟斷行業收入問題的成員劃分為四個利益集團壟斷企業集團、消費者集團、非壟斷企業集團和規制者集團。其次,運用個人主義方法論分析每個利益集團的目標、成員和政治活動：壟斷企業集團成員少而精,與規制者集團關系密切,在政治市場上擁有特殊地位；消費者集團成員多且散,個體參與政治活動的激勵嚴重不足；非壟斷企業

3、集團內部成員差異大,易分裂成若干子集團,難以形成統無一行動；規制者集團雖然擁有削減壟斷行業高收入的目標,但政企不分在一定時期內仍然存在的局面,使得官員個體出于自身利益的考慮,對壟斷企業有所偏袒與保護。總而言之,我們認為：正是消費者集團與壟斷企業集團的力量懸殊,使得壟斷企業擁有對其提供產品和服務定價的話語權； 而非壟斷企業集團的不作為與規制者集團目標的多重性也使得壟斷局面無法打破。 這些因素共同導致了壟斷行業取得高額的壟斷利潤,從而使其行業收入居高不下。 最后,在對收入分配改革過程中各利益集團進行博弈分析的基礎上,提出政策建議。博弈分析得出：只要在壟斷企業集團的政治影響力比消費者集團、非壟斷企業

4、集團影響力大的情況下,雙方博弈的結果總是壟斷企業集團獲得的收益,并且壟斷企業與政府更易結成同盟。因此,壟斷行業高收入是各利益集團的博弈結果。要推動收入改革的進程,必須縮減消費者集團、非壟斷企業集團與壟斷企業集團政治影響力上的差距,且政府與壟斷企業之間的關系必須有所改變。在以上分析基礎之上,本文得出整治壟斷行業高收入問題的對策建議,認為消費者集團應與消費者協會聯合、非壟斷企業應主動表達訴求,來提高他們的政治影響力；政策規制者要試圖建立對壟斷企業集團的激勵監管機制,并加強對自身行為的監督,使得壟斷問題的改制法律化、制度化；此外,將第三次分配作為調節收入的重要手段,以縮小貧富差距。 總之,規制者集團

5、作為收入改革的主導者,要權衡各利益集團的利益,調和他們之間的關系,最終建立一個相對合理的收入分配制度,使全體人民朝著共同富裕的方向穩步前進。無【英文摘要】In recent years, the comprehensive capabilityof China has been strengthened and the living standard of peoplehas been improved substantially. New leadership of theCommunist Party of China has declared clearly that thegovern

6、ment must attach more importance to peoples livelihood,and must unite all people to struggle for the goal to constructthe socialist harmonious society. However, with the rapiddevelopment of Chinas economy, there exist great differencesamong people s income, especially the growing gap in industrialin

7、come. Furthermore, the gap between people who engaged inmonopoly industry and others is obviously noticeable. Highincome of monopoly industries has aroused widespread concernin academic circles.Western interest group theory provides usa new way to research on political and economic problems; itindic

8、ates that interest group plays an important role inpolitical market. Although Chinas political regime isdifferent from that of western countries, our social stratumhas been divided into different part and some interest groupsoccurred. The income reform is just a process of interestcompeting and coor

9、dination for different interest groups. Inall, this paper pointed out that the problem of income is apolitical and economic issue. Based on the theory of monopoly,無income distribution and interest groups, this paper tries tostudy the problem of high income in monopoly industries fromthe perspective

10、of new political economy.Firstly, the papercontrasts industry income, states that income of monopolyindustry is so high, and the proportion of revenue handed tothe state is so low. It divide people involved in this issueto 4 groups, according to the definition of interestgroups:those are monopolists

11、, consumers, non-monopolists, andregulators。Secondly, the paper analyses targets, members andpolitical activities for every single groups usingmethodological individualism:monopolist group is quite small,though its members are very large which have little divergenceand have good relationship with re

12、gulators, and as a result,it has special political status; consumer group is very large,but its members are scattered, the incentive for eachindividual to make political effort is serious deficiency;non-monopolist groups influence is weak for its each memberhas great divergence, and it could be divi

13、ded to some smallgroups easily, its difficult for these members of this groupto form an unified action; the regulation group has the targetto cut off the high income of monopoly industries, but incertain period un-distinction between governments and無enterprises still exists, governors always take si

14、des tomonopolist for their own interests. All in all, the paper pointsout that the wide gap between the strength of consumers andmonopolists enhance the monopolistspower to pricing theirproducts or services, and the indifference of non-monopolists,the ambiguous of regulators all lead to the results

15、formonopolist gaining high monopoly profits and sustaining highincome.Finally, based on game analysis for those interestgroups in the processing of income distribution reform, thepaper included that as long as the political influence ofmonopolist group is stronger than that of consumer group andnon-

16、monopolist group, the result of the game is monopolist gainmore profits. Further more, monopoly enterprises andgovernment have the tendency to form alliances. Therefore highincome of monopoly industries is the game result among variousinterest groups. In order to promote the reform process, thegap o

17、f political influence between monopolist group andconsumer group, non-monopolist group must be reduced, and therelationship between monopoly enterprises and the governmentmust be changed. At the last, this paper brings up somesuggestions on regulating high income of monopoly industry.These suggestio

18、ns includes the supporting the union of無consumers and consumersassociation, non-monopolistsexpressing their demands actively, establishing an incentiveregulation mechanism for monopolists, supervising regulatorsown behavior and utilize the third distribution to balanceincome gap. After all, the most

19、 important is that governmentshould balance all interest for every interest group, and easetheir relations. This paper looks forward that one day we couldbuild up a relatively reasonable income distribution system andall people walk towards a livelihood of common prosperity.【關鍵詞】利益集團 壟斷行業 收入差距 收入改革【

20、英文關鍵詞】interest groupsmonopoly industriesincome gapincome reform【目錄】利益集團視角下中國壟斷行業高收入問題研究摘要3-5無Abstract5-6第一章 緒論9-14第一節 選題背景與意義9-10第二節 選題視角與方法無10-12第三節 研究內容與框架12-14第二章 文獻綜述14-20第一節 壟斷行業高收入的文獻綜述無14-17一、壟斷及壟斷利潤理論綜述14-16二、國內學者對于行業收入差距的研究綜述16-17第二節 利益集團:一個新政治經濟學視角17-20無一、利益集團相關理論介紹17-18二、利益集團理論在中國的適用性18-20第三章 壟斷行業收入現狀:存在不同的利益集團20-28無第一節 中國壟斷行業收入現狀20-25一、收入差距加大已成不爭事實20-22二、壟斷行業高收入已成關注焦點22