1、特殊結構專四主要考查五種特殊結構：反意疑問句、倒裝結構、省略結構、強調結構和 平行結構。一、反意疑問句祈使句的反意疑問句：祈使句的肯定形式，其反意問句表示“請求”時， 通常用will you;表示“邀請，勸說”時，用wont you；以Let開頭的祈使句， 構成反意疑問句時，除了 lets用shall we構成反意疑問句外，其他均用 will you表示。用法： 1） Lets , shall we?2） Let us ，/ Let me ，/ Let s not ,后接 will you? / all right? / OK?3）原形動詞 （祈使句）,will you?/ won t you

2、?/ can you/ can tyou?/could you?注意： wont” 表邀請，勸說；will/would/ can/ cant 表示告訴人們做什么；would比will語氣弱，而且較少用）e.g. Let s go, shall we?咱們走吧?。ū硎咎嶙h）Let us go, will you?讓我們走吧！好嗎？（表示請求）Lets not tell him, all right?咱門別告訴他，好嗎？（表示否定的提議）Be sure to write to us, will you? 一定要給我們寫信，好嗎？（表示請求）Pass me the sugar, will you?把

3、糖遞給我，好嗎？（表示請求）Come to have dinner with us this evening, wont you?（表示邀請）Have a cup of tea, woHt you? 喝一杯茶，好嗎？（表示邀請） Dont turn the lights on, will you?Stop whistling, will/ can/ cant you?一般情況下，陳述句部分是主從復合句時，反意疑問句部分的代詞和助動詞應與主句中的主語和動詞保持一致。如：This is the second time that he has been to Japan, isnt?這是他第二次去日

4、本， 是嗎？She says that I did it, doesn t she?在賓語從句中，如果陳述句部分是“ I think （believe, suppose, imagine, expect 等）+賓語從句”，反意疑問句部分應與賓語從句的主謂保持一致，并要注意否定轉移。如：I dont think you have heard of him before, have you被認為你以前沒有聽說過 他，是嗎？注意：1. （1）當think等動詞的主語不是第一人稱，或（2）主語是第一人 稱，而動詞時態不是一般現在時或一般過去時，這兩種情況時，反意疑問句的助動詞和人稱代詞要與主句保持一致

5、。2.比較：I think John has left, hasnt he百口 We think that he is nice, dont we?當陳述部分有 hardly, scarcely, barely, rarely, seldom, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定詞或半否定詞時，反意疑問句的助動詞和人 稱代詞要與主句保持一致。如：He is never late for school, is he?注意：如果陳述句部分帶有否定前綴或后綴時，反意疑問句部分仍用否定結構。如：It s impossible for

6、him to make such a mistake, isn t it? 他不可能犯這樣的錯 誤，是嗎？陳述部分是 everyone/everybody, someone/somebody, no one/ nobody, nonefe 示人的不定代詞時，反意疑問句部分的主語多用 they,但也可用he；當陳述 部分的主語是everything, anything, something, nothing 等表示物的不定代詞時，反意疑問句部分的主語用 it 。如：Nobody came when I was out, did they?我在外時，沒人來過，是嗎?Everything has g

7、one wrong today, has nt it? 今天諸事不順，不是嗎？如果陳述部分以不定代詞作主語，反意疑問句的主語在正式場合用one,在非正式場合用 you。例如： One can t be too careful, can one/you?當陳述句部分是I am時，反意疑問句部分通常要用arentI;當陳述旬部分 的主語是I am not時，反意疑問旬部分通常要用 am I。如：I m late for the meeting, aren t I? 我開會遲到了，是嗎？I m not doing well, am I? 我干得不好，是嗎？當陳述句部分有情態動詞must 時，反意疑問

8、部分有四種情況。(1) must表示“必須/禁止”時，反意疑問部分要用 must (mustnt)。如：You mustnt stop your car here, must you你不能把車停在這里, 知道嗎?(2) must表示“4必要”時，反意疑問部分要用neednt。如：They must finish the work today, needn t they? 他們今天必須要完成這項工作，是嗎？(3) 3) 當 must 用來表示對現在的情況進行“推測”時，反意疑問句部分要根據 must 后面的動詞采用相應的形式。如：He must be good at maths, isnt he

9、? 他數學一定學得很好，是嗎？(4) 當must用來表示對過去情況的“推測”(must + have done時，如強調對過去情況的推測(一般句中有過去的時間狀語) ，反意疑問句部分要用“didnt + 主語” ；如果強調動作的完成(一般沒有過去時間狀語) ，反意疑問句部分要用“haven t/hasn t + 主語” 。如：She must have read the novel last week, didrt she?也上周定讀了這本小 說了，是嗎？You must have told her about it, haven t you? 你一定把這事告訴她了，是嗎？當陳述部分的謂語動詞

10、是表示 “愿望” 的 wish 時， 反意疑問句部分要用may，而且前后兩個部分均用肯定式。如：I wish to go to the moon by spaceship some day, may I? 我希望總有一天能乘宇宙飛船去月球，會有這一天嗎？感嘆句的反意疑問句一律使用否定式，并用 be 的一般現在時形式。如：What a foolish child (he is), isnt he?多傻的孩子啊，不是嗎?對反意疑問句的回答，無論問題的提法如何，如果事實是肯定的，就用yes,事實是否定的，就要用no。要特別注意陳述句部分是否定結構，反意疑問句部分用肯定是提問時，回答yes或no與漢語

11、正好相反。這種省略回答的yes要譯成“不”，no要譯成“是”。如：He likes playing football, doesnt he?他喜歡踢足球，是嗎? Yes, he does. / No, he doesHt.是的，他喜歡。/不，他不喜歡。His sister didnt attend the meeting, did she觸妹妹沒有參加這個會議，是 嗎？ Yes, she did. / No, she didnt.不，她參加了。/是的，她沒參加。當陳述部分有情態動詞ought to時，反意疑問句部分要用ought(英式)/should (美式)(oughtn,t/ should

12、nt);如陳述部分為情態動詞 used to,反意疑問句 部分可用used或did;如陳述部分為had better,反意疑問部分用hadnt或 shouldnt。如：Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?這種事是不允許的，是嗎? Youd better do it by yourself, hadnt /shouldnt you?You had better not stay here, had you?當陳述部分是“there be +主語+其他”結構時，反意疑問部分要用“be (not) + there 結構。如：There ar

13、e some bananas in the basket, are inhere?籃子里有些香蕉，是嗎?當陳述部分的謂語動詞是 have時，有兩種情況：作“有”解時，反意疑問 句部分可用have (not)或do (not)的相應形式；作實義動詞時，反意疑問句 部分只可用do (not)的相應形式。如：His brother has a new bike, has 什(doesnt) he?他弟弟有一輛新自行車，是嗎? We have to start early, do nt we?我們必須早點兒出發，是嗎？注意：如果陳述部分的動詞是 have的否定形式，反意疑問句是用 have還是 do,

14、取決于陳述部分的動詞形式。例如：He hasn t a lot of time spare, has he?Miss Oates doesn t have any money in her pocket, does she?當陳述部分的have不表示有而表示其它含義時，反意疑問句必須用do形式。例如：She had a good time yesterday, didn t she?陳述部分帶有情態動詞used to時，反意疑問句可用used to形式或did形式。如：The Allens used to live in the country, usedn /didn t they?陳述部分

15、帶有情態動詞needn時，反意疑問句常用need,但有時也用must如：You needn t go yet, need you?He needn t do that, muse?倒裝結構通常，句子的主語位于謂語動詞之前，稱作正常語序，若句子的謂語動詞位于主語之前，叫倒裝語序。倒裝語序有兩種：全部倒裝，即將整個謂語置于主語 之前；部分倒裝，即只將謂語的一部分（通常是助動詞或情態動詞）移至主語前 面。這是由于語法結構的需要而進行的倒裝，這種倒裝是必須的，否則就是語法錯誤。還有一種情況，句子的主謂順序沒有變，但是句中某一成分提前了（通常 是賓語、表語和狀語）這種情況通常被稱作前置。前置是由于修辭需

16、要而進行的 倒裝，致使為了產生表達效果上的差異，它不是必須的，是任意的。如:In one corner of the room stands a bookcaseW 間的角有個書架。Never before have I heard such a thing.我從未聽過這種事。What lovely weather it is!天氣真好！句首為否定詞的句子：為了加強語氣，常把具有否定含義的詞或短語移到句 首，此時句子要求部分倒裝。1）以含有否定詞never, no, not等開始的句子：Never will I do that again.=I will never do that again

17、.我再也不那樣做了。 Never have I heard of such a thing. =I have never heard of such a thin艱從 未聽過這種事。Not only is it legal, it s very popular.這非但合法，而且非常受歡迎。Not only did he come, but he went to see her他不但來了,而且還去看她。No longer is he living here.他不再住在這里了。Not once did he talk to me.他一次也沒有和我說過話。2） 以 barely, hardly, r

18、arely, scarcely, seldom, few, little開始的句子： Hardly does he read anything at all.他幾乎什么書也不看。 Scarcely can you expect him to believe that.另甘旨望他會相信那件事。 Little do I know about him.=I know little about him.我對他所知極少。 Little did I think he would take me seriously.我根本沒想到他會把我當真。3）以一些含有no的（介詞）短語開始的句子：No soonerha

19、d the thief seen the policeman than he took to his heels.=The thief had no sooner seen the policeman than he took to his hees偷一看至 U 警察就逃跑了。（注意：Hardly/Scarcely when 和 No sooner。than 的意 思相當于as soon as注意特們后面是完成時，而when, than后面則用過 去時。Hardly/Scarcely和No sooner位于居首時，要倒裝 ）By no means am I satisfied with my

20、present income. 我對我目前的收入 點也不滿意On no account should the prisoner be left unguarded.這個囚犯決不能每人4） *其它具有否定意義的詞組象 in vain以及least of all, still/much/even less 等開始的句子：In vain did we try to persuade her.我們向說服她，但不管用。Least of all would I want to hurt your feelings.我絕沒有想要傷害你的感He didnt even like her; still less

21、is his intention to marry her. 他連喜歡她都 談不上，更別說有意要娶她了。注：1） 常用否定詞 never / not at all / in no way / on no account / by no means / under no circumstance （色不）；nothing, nobody, none, nowhere, no sooner; not until, not for a moment （一亥1J也沒有）；few （很少），little （幾乎沒有）；hardly / scarcely / barely （）1 乎不）, seldom

22、/ rarely。艮少）2）有些具有否定含義的詞如doubtless, no doubt, without （a） doubt,undoubtedly等用于句首時作句子狀語，與謂語動詞無關，不引起倒裝。在no matter, no/little/small wonder之類的結構中，也不用倒裝。Doubtless he has heard the news alreadyE 疑他已聽說了那消息。No doubt she was disturbed by the noise.她很可能受至 U 了 噪音的干擾。Dont trust him, no matter what he saysE 論他說彳

23、f 么,者陰 U信他。No wonder you were late!難怪你來晚了 ！Only的倒裝句型：Only when you lose your health do you realize its value尸You realize its value only when you lose your healthOnly by working hard can we succeed.= We can succeed only by working hard. 注：以下是與only有關的慣用語：(1) if only +從句(只要有，如果 就好了)(通常用于虛擬語氣)If only I

24、had a little more money, I could buy it. 只要我有多一點 錢，我就能賣它。If only it would stop raining. 但愿雨會停！(2) only that +clause (but that )片非)only所引導的從句用直陳法I would have gone, only (that) it rained 要不是下雨，我就會去。Only (that) I have a meeting, I would come to the party.若不是要開 會，我會參加聚會的。(3) only too (二very)(非常)用在 happy

25、, glad, pleased之前 I am only too glad to come.我非常高興前來。(4) only to +V (結果卻)表反意結果He challenged the champion only to be defeate也向冠軍挑戰,結果仍被打敗。表示也，也不的倒裝句型：1) so:倒裝句的動詞要與其主語的人稱、數一致Mary likes flowers, and so do I.= Mary likes flowers, and I do, too.You are a good student, and so is he.=You are a good studen

26、t, and he is, too. John had been working hard and so had Mary尸John had been working hard and Mary had, too.注意：so is it和so it is的區別：前者意思是“它也如此”，表示此物與 彼物相同；后者意思是“的確如此”，表示贊同對方觀點。如：The flower is beautiful.花兒很美。So is it/this.這朵也是。The flower is beautiful.花兒很美。So it is.的確如此。2) nor/neitherYou do not smoke;

27、nor do I. =You do not smoke, and I do n either.John will not come and nor will his brother.=John will not come, and his brother wont, either.以下副詞開頭的句子，主謂要全部倒裝。（注：主語為名詞時動詞放在主語 前倒裝；代詞則不變。）1）以here, there, now, then等引導的句子中，謂語是 be, come, go等動詞的 時候，這類句子要進行倒裝，大多帶有引起注意的含義。如：Here comes your bus. 語是名詞）Here yo

28、u are.任語是代詞）There goes the bell 鈴響啦！Now comes your turn.現在輪到你了。2）為了生動地描述動作，表示地點的其他介副詞（如 up, down, off, in, out, away）及副詞短語（如，on the desk- ）常用倒裝。Up went the rocket into the air.火箭徑直飛向空中。Down fell the trees!=The trees fell down.（主語是名詞）Down it fell!（主語是代詞）Under the tree lay an old man尸An old man lay un

29、der the tree.壬語是名詞） Following a roar, out rushed a tiger from among the bushes隨著聲吼叫, 只 老虎從草叢中沖了出來。省略if的虛擬語氣的倒裝句型：Were/Had/Should + S. + - =If + S. +were/had/should Were John here now, he would give me a hand.=If John were here now, he would give me a hand假如約翰在的話，他會幫助我。Had you studied hard, you would

30、 have passed the exam.=If you had studied hard, you would have passed the examg如你學習努力，就能考及格的。Should it rain tomorrow, I will stay home.= If it should rain tomorrow, I will stay home萬以明天下雨，我就留在家里。引導的讓步從句的倒裝句型：1） as引導讓步狀語從句，必須用倒裝結構，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強調的內容置于句首。（注：名詞放句首時，冠詞要省略）如：Hard as he worked, he failed =

31、 Though he worked hard, he failed.Rich as he is, he is not happy.= Although he is rich, he is not happy, Woman as she is, she is brave.=Although she is a woman, she is brave. 2）出現在句型“ be +主語+其他”或“come what may”中。如： Everybody must obey the law, be he a common citizen or a high-ranking official. =Ever

32、ybody must obey the law, whether he is a common citizen or a high-ranking official.每個人都要遵守法律，不管他是一個普通百姓，還是一名高官。Come what may,I ll always be on your side.不管發生什么,我者B會支持你。主語補語的倒裝句型：SC+V+S 句子的排列詞序是：S+V+SC,但文章中為 了要強調補語或因主語太長（有短語或從句修飾主語而使主語太長）， 經常把補語和主語的位置互換，而形成倒裝句。So absurd was his manner that everyone s

33、tared at him. = His manner was so absurd that everyone stared at himb的行為如此怪異，所以每個人都盯著他看。*主語補語置于句首時，需要全部倒裝：Great was the delight of the citizens. = The delight of the citizens was great.市民 們歡天喜地。Happy will be the man who helps others尸 The man who helps others will be happy.幫助別人的人都會快樂的。Best of all was

34、 the Christmas pudding.其中最好的是圣誕布丁。not a (single), nothing, nobody, no one 以及 many (a) 等弓I 出的賓語前置時，后面的主謂語要倒裝：Not a single word did Mary say the whole evening.整個晚上瑪麗一句話也沒有Many bargains had he picked up there 他在那里做成了不少交易。旬首為 often, so, well, many a time, to such an extent, to such a degree, to such ext

35、remes, to such lengths, to such a point, with every justification, with good reason等狀語時，句子需要部分倒裝。To such a degree was he excited that he could n go to sleep that night.他激動得 整夜無法入睡。主語補語的倒裝句型句型結構：主語補語+ V +S說明：在文章中為了要強調補語或因主語太長(有短語或從句修飾主語而使主語太長)，經常把“補語”和“主語”的位置互換，而形成倒裝。e.g. 1) His manner was so absurd

36、that everyone stared at him#的行為如止匕怪異, 所以每個人都盯著他看。=So absurd was his manner that everyone stared at him.2) The delight of the citizens was great.市民們歡天喜地。=Great was the delight of the citizens.3) The man who helps others will be happy.幫助別人的人都會快樂的。=Happy will be the man who helps others.比較狀語從句的倒裝在比較狀語從

37、句和其他比較結構中，為了保持句子的平衡，經常用倒裝。注意：這種結構主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：He traveled a great deal as did most of his friends. (= as most of his friends did.)和他大多數朋友一樣，他也經常去旅行。He is older than are the other students in his class (= the other students in his class are.池比班里的其他同學年紀都大。3、 省略結構省略大體分為以下幾種情況：(1)被省略的部分是上文已出現過的詞語

38、。如：Did you like this film?Oh, very much.( 2) 被省略的部分并非上文出現的內容，但在意義上是不言自明的。如：Thank you. = I thank you.Seen Andy? = Have you seen Andy?( 3) 還有一種情況的省略，也可以看作習慣表達方式。如：Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子。Away with you! 去你的吧！并列句中的省略。如果后一個句子中含有與前面一個句子相同的部分，通常將此省略。如：He sang and (he) played the guitar. 他邊彈吉他邊唱歌。Joh

39、n should clean the shed and Peter (should) mow the lawn.f 姆應當打掃倉 庫，彼得修整草坪。動詞不定式符號to 常常放在 afford, be, hate, have, hope, intend, love, mean,need, ought, plan, try, used, want, wish, be able, be going, would like, promise等動詞之后，代表動詞不定式，以避免重復。如：She didnt come to the party though she had promised to.雖然答應來

40、聚會，可 她卻沒有來。如果狀語從句的主語與主句的主語相同,而謂語又含有動詞be(包括連系動詞和助動詞) ，可以把從句的主語和be 動詞一同省去。如：When in trouble, they always turned to us for help. 遇到麻煩時，他們總是向我們求助。在以疑問代詞和疑問副詞引導的賓語從句中， 如該賓語從句涉及的是上文所談的內容，有時可以省去賓語從句中除疑問詞以外的部分，而意思不受影響。如：The doctor believed something was wrong with Mike s chest and he was trying to find out

41、what (was wrong with Mike s chest). 醫生說麥克的胸部有毛病，并試圖查出病癥。4、 強調結構要強調句子的某一部分，可以把句子的結構改變一下， 通常有兩種表示強調的句式：It is/wasthat結構和 What- is/ was 結構。It is/wasthat結構，該結構幾乎可以用來強調句子中的任何成分，被強 調的部分指人時，可用 who或whom。如：It is during his spare time that John has been studying a course in French闌 就是在他業余時間學習的法語。強調動詞常用 do 或 do

42、es, 過去時用 did 。如：He does look forward to making the acquaintance of her 他確實期望認識她。They did study very hard yesterday.他們昨天學得很努力。Whatis/was結的常用來強調主語或賓語，在這種結構中，is/was后面是強調的部分。如：What I like is her style. 我喜歡的就是她這種類型。5、 平行結構并歹U連詞 and, but, as well as, or , or else, both and , neither nor , either or , not

43、only but (also), rather than 等以及從屬連詞 than 可連接兩個 對等的詞和對等的結構。注意比較結構中相比較的內容在語法形式上是否相同。如：It is better to die on one s feet than to live on one s knees. 與其跪著生不如站著 死。Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreasing it. 盡管目前有些困難，經理寧愿增加出口也不減少出口。rather than, let alo

44、ne 雖不是并列連詞，但在結構上連接兩個語法形式相同的成分。如：We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal style. 我們學過， 寫商務信函時語氣要正式， 不能用私人口吻寫。I dont even use the refrigerator, let alone the microwave.我連冰箱者B沒用, 更不 用說是微波爐了。如果平行的兩個成分在形成上是介詞短語，而且介詞相同，一般說來第二個介詞不要省略。如：At times, mor

45、e care goes into the compositions of newspaper and magazine advertisements than into the writing of the features and editorials.有時候，人們 更多關注報紙文章和雜志廣告，而很少關注焦點和社評文章。反意疑問句和省略句反意疑問句的主要形式有兩種：陳述句（肯定）+反意疑問句（否定）陳述句（否定）+反意疑問句（肯定）例 2：（誤） This is the third time this week he s had to study late, hasn t he?（正） Th

46、is is the third time this week he s had to study late, isn t it?題解： 如果陳述句是一個主從復合句， 反意疑問句一般應根據主句的謂語形式而定。改 hasn t hej isn t it例 3：（誤） A fence needs the support of three stakes, needn t it?（正） A fence needs the support of three stakes, doesn t it?題解： need 和 dare 作助動詞和行為動詞時，反意疑問句是不一樣的。此句的need為行為動詞，所以改ne

47、edn偽doesnt例 4：（誤）-Don t bother to drive me back.-But then you d have to walk home alone, hadn t you?（正） -Don t btoher to drive me back.-But then you d have to walk home alone, wouldn t you?題解：改hadn為wouldn t因為此句中的刻 would.例 5：（誤） Tom is writing his paper, but John won t write.（正） Tom is writing his paper, but John won t .題解：在并列句中，有時后一個句子可以省略跟前面句子相同的部分。Exercise1 . The critics thought the acting was generally poor.-I didn t find.A it B. it so C. it to be so D. it was, too2 Do you want to see my driver s license or my passport?-Oh,.A. either does well