1、浙江大學生命科學學院浙江大學生命科學學院植物學植物學課程組課程組浙大植物科學研究所，植物系統進化與生物多樣性研究室浙大植物科學研究所，植物系統進化與生物多樣性研究 （2008秋學期）秋學期） 傅承新傅承新黃愛軍黃愛軍趙云鵬趙云鵬 PLANT CELL & TISSUES and their FUNCTION CHAPTER THREE第三章第三章 植物細胞、組織結構及其功能植物細胞、組織結構及其功能I. Structure and Function of cells 第一節第一節 植物細胞結構及其功能植物細胞結構及其功能1. Energy of Cell 細胞

2、的能量細胞的能量 Unit: Calorie (C) is the energy required to raise the Temperature of 1 liter of water by 1 A Calorie = Kilocalorie or large calorie (大卡）大卡）Plants must obtain and convert energy to survive. ATP is the main energy currency of cellsThe club-like spadix(肉穗花序）肉穗花序） in the center of this Philoden

3、dron（喜林芋屬）（喜林芋屬）Inflorescence heats up to temperatures as high as 46C. This heat helps the Plant disperse compounds that attract pollinators（傳粉（傳粉媒介）媒介）. Organisms must obtain and convert energy to survive. Metabolism（新陳代謝）（新陳代謝） converts the energy that power lifes work Plant is first producers 植物是

4、第一生產力植物是第一生產力 Enzymes are required for energy conversion in cells Sugar + O2 CO2 + H2 O +ATP + heatA, Plants use Photosynthesis - Sugar - Wood.B, Release Energy captured In wood by burnC, Enzymes （酶）（酶）speed the rate of spontaneous reaction by Lowering the energy of activation（活化作用）（活化作用） . 2. Chemi

5、cal composition of Cell 細胞的化學組成細胞的化學組成 Molecules of life are carbohydrates, Proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The large organic molecules of life are polymers（多聚體）（多聚體）.Carbohydrates 碳水化碳水化合物合物 store energy and carbon and make up the wood of treesProteins 蛋白質蛋白質 make up membranes, function as enz

6、ymes, and store nitrogen in plants. Models of the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures of Protein蛋白質四級結構蛋白質四級結構Nucleic acids 核酸核酸 are the blueprints (藍圖）藍圖）of life and the record of evolution.Lipids 脂脂 from membranes and also store energy and carbon in plants. Structure of a fat 脂

7、肪脂肪酯鍵甘油棕櫚酸油酸硬脂酸Structure of a phosoholipid磷脂磷脂Secondary metabolites 次生代謝產物次生代謝產物 produced in plants often have importance to us.薄荷醇薄荷醇毛地黃苷毛地黃苷Digitalis purpurea is a source Of digitalin 毛地黃苷毛地黃苷Secondary metabolites 次生代謝產物次生代謝產物 produced in plants often have importance to us.薄荷醇薄荷醇毛地黃苷毛地黃苷番茄紅素番茄紅素Eu

8、calyptus produce menthol 薄荷醇薄荷醇存在于按樹等植物中存在于按樹等植物中Secondary metabolites 次生代謝產物次生代謝產物 produced in plants often have importance to us.薄荷醇薄荷醇番茄紅素番茄紅素Lycopene番茄紅素番茄紅素is the main red pigment oftomatoesConstructures of threeAlkaloids 生物堿生物堿Coniine 毒芹堿毒芹堿Strychnine馬錢子堿馬錢子堿Tormatine番茄堿番茄堿Secondary metabolite

9、s 次生代謝產物次生代謝產物II. Basic structure and function of cell 細胞基本結構和功能細胞基本結構和功能 Chloroplasts 質體，質體，Nucleus 核核, Nucleolus 核仁，核仁，Rough ER 粗面內質網，粗面內質網，Smooth ER 滑面內質網，滑面內質網，Cell membrane 細胞膜，細胞膜， Vocuole 液泡，液泡， cytosol 細胞液，細胞液， Middle lamella 中層，中層， Plasmodermata 胞間聯絲，胞間聯絲，Mitochondrion 線粒體，線粒體， Golgi body 高

10、爾基體高爾基體 植物特有結構與功能植物特有結構與功能1、Plastids and Photosynthesis 質體與光合作用質體與光合作用A. Types and structures of Chloroplast 葉綠體類型與結構葉綠體類型與結構Plastids (質體質體) are a family of genetically-identical organelles （細胞器）（細胞器）that have many types-the most familiar of which is the chloroplast.A model of Ultrastructure of chlo

11、roplast葉綠體的超微結構模型葉綠體的超微結構模型thylakoids (類囊體）類囊體）grana （基粒）（基粒）Grana lamella基粒片層基粒片層internal membrane system 內膜系統內膜系統intergranal lamella 基粒間片層基粒間片層stroma(基質）基質）. Ultrastructure of chloroplast葉綠體的超微結構葉綠體的超微結構Photosynthesis （光合作用）（光合作用）is confined to chloroplasts. 1) Photosynthesizing membranes（光合膜）（光合膜

12、） are sites of all the chlorophyll （葉綠素）（葉綠素）in the green cells and they form thylakoids (類囊體）類囊體） in which photochemical (light) reactions of photosynthesis occur. 2) Thylakoids form a highly ordered internal membrane system （內膜系統）（內膜系統）which is comprised of grana （基粒）（基粒）and intergranal elements （

13、基質）（基質）. 3) In this chloroplast the thylakoid system occupies the largest part of its internal space.4) Granua (基粒基粒)is variable in number of thylakoids.5) the thylakoid system is immersed in the stroma(基質）基質）. 6）In the stroma, there are black lipid bodies (L), small starch grains (S), and several t

14、iny plastoglobuli (P， 質體小球質體小球) which are lipids containing pigments such as carotenoids (類胡蘿卜素）類胡蘿卜素）or lycopenes（番茄紅素）（番茄紅素）.Mesophyll chloroplast of corn, a C4 plant 碳碳4植物，玉米的葉肉細胞葉綠體植物，玉米的葉肉細胞葉綠體In the leaves of C4 plants, chloroplasts are dimorphic. In mesophyll cells, chloroplasts typically hav

15、e numerous large grana and few or no starch grains, whereas in bundle sheath（維（維管束鞘）管束鞘） cells (the cells surrounding vascular, or conducting bundles) chloroplasts are agranal and contain numerous starch grains. Translation of plastidsConversion of etioplast （黃化（黃化質體）質體） to chloroplastThylakoid memb

16、ranes formed from Prolamellar Bodies(前摸膜體前摸膜體).Process is rapid黃化質體黃化質體白色體，白色體，proplastids Young leucoplasts Characters 特點：特點：lack pigmentation（色素），（色素），Pleomorphic（多（多形），形），small size，Numerous ribosomes （核糖（核糖體）體）, few thylakoids and little starchMature leucoplasts 成熟的白色體成熟的白色體 No pigments, no ribo

17、somes Few internal membranes根據功能可分為：根據功能可分為：emyloplast 造粉體，造粉體，proteinoplast 造蛋白體，造蛋白體， elaioplast 造油體造油體Chromoplasts 有色體有色體Pigmented with carotenoids（類胡蘿卜素）（類胡蘿卜素） Carotenoids stored mainly in plastoglobuli （質體小球）（質體小球）Chloroplast and Photosynthesis 葉綠體與與光合作用葉綠體與與光合作用 Photosynthetic pigments are of

18、 prime importance. Pigments are useful in light trapping and attracting pollinators（傳粉媒介）（傳粉媒介）.Plastid and Starch grains (淀粉粒）淀粉粒） chlorophyll （葉綠素）（葉綠素）2、structure of Cell Wall 細胞壁結構細胞壁結構1）Cell walls surround and shape the plant cellCell wall underElectron microscope初生壁初生壁次生壁次生壁中層中層2）Ultrastructur

19、es of cell wall 細胞壁的亞顯微結構細胞壁的亞顯微結構Cell with the Macrofibrils microfibrils Cellulose moleculesecondary wall具次生壁細胞具次生壁細胞 大纖絲大纖絲 微纖絲微纖絲 纖維素分子鏈纖維素分子鏈 micelle 微團微團Pit 紋孔紋孔微纖絲微纖絲半纖維素半纖維素果膠果膠3）Model of interconnection among major componentsIn primary cell walls（初生細胞壁）（初生細胞壁）composed of a variety of compoun

20、ds, always including cellulose(纖維纖維素）素）. Cellulose is porous （滲水的）（滲水的）and easily penetrable by a variety of fluids including aqueous solutions. Other wall substances, lignin（木質素）（木質素）, hemicellulose（半纖維素）（半纖維素）, and pectin（果膠）（果膠） 4）Cell walls are non-living materials outside the plant cell membran

21、e 細胞壁為非活性物質細胞壁為非活性物質5）Cell walls perform a variety of functions 細胞壁執行多種功能細胞壁執行多種功能 Protection, support, transport, secretion 保護支持運輸分泌保護支持運輸分泌6) The cell walls are produced by special organelles inside the cytoplasm, e.g. secreting vesicles（分泌泡）（分泌泡） from Golgi Body （高爾基體）（高爾基體）7) Cell walls may also

22、 accumulate a variety of other molecules secreted by the cell， including enzymes（酶）（酶）, mucilaginous exudates（黏液）（黏液）, polyphenolics（酚類）（酚類）, pigments（色素），（色素），cutin (角質角質) found on leaves ， ligtin (木質）木質）and suberin (栓質）栓質）found in different regions of roots and stems. Early development of cell wal

23、l is from vesicles of Golgi system. The cell wall originates in mitosis (有絲分裂）有絲分裂）when the cell plate is formed by the fusion of a large number of vesicles. 8) Early development of cell wall 細胞壁的早期發育細胞壁的早期發育9) Plasmodesmata 胞間連絲胞間連絲 Plasmodesmata underelectronmicroscopeUltrastructureFunction 功能功能:

24、material transport between cells 1010）紋孔）紋孔 PitPit紋孔紋孔(pit) (pit) 細胞形成初細胞形成初生壁時，某些區域形成生壁時，某些區域形成了初生紋孔場。以后產了初生紋孔場。以后產生次生壁時，在初生生次生壁時，在初生紋孔場處往往不被次生紋孔場處往往不被次生壁物質所覆蓋，結果形壁物質所覆蓋，結果形成許多凹陷的區域，稱成許多凹陷的區域，稱紋孔紋孔. .A. A. 單紋孔單紋孔B. B. 具緣紋孔具緣紋孔 Structure of pit 紋孔的結構紋孔的結構Simple pitsBordered pits具緣具緣3. Vacuole 液泡液泡 V

25、acuoles are membrane-bound organelles within the cell that are filled with a liquid called cell sap (細胞液）細胞液）. Vacuoles in a mature cellIn the mature cell, as much as 80-90% of the volume may be taken up by the vacuole.The component of the cell sapIs water, salts, sugars and dissolved protein.Crysta

26、ls ( calcium oxalate 草酸鈣）草酸鈣）Forming of vacuoles 液泡的形成液泡的形成Function: Storage（儲藏）（儲藏） Pigment （色素）（色素） deposition(anthocyanins花青素）；花青素）；Digestive activity消化作用：消化作用：breakdown ofMacromolecules;Regulation of pH and infiltration Press (滲透壓）滲透壓） other structures and Function 植物細胞的其它結構及其功能植物細胞的其它結構及其功能1、Ce

27、ll membrane is a remarkably changeable, multipurpose membrane 多功能膜多功能膜 Membrane regulate the flux of materialsInto and out of the cell and organelles 1)Protein control most membrane functionUnrestricted movement of water and certain small, dissolved substances;Control or block the passage of some ki

28、nds of molecules Such as K+, H+, needing the energy from ATP;Function of Cell signaling.2) Phospholipids form the thin bilayer of membranes, being important to cell. 磷脂組成膜的雙分子層，對細胞有重要的功能磷脂組成膜的雙分子層，對細胞有重要的功能3) Osmosis 滲透作用滲透作用is the diffusion of water across a membrane. Flaccid 失水萎蔫失水萎蔫 Turgid 吸水膨脹吸水

29、膨脹2. The internal membrane system is a continuum of organelles inside the cell 內膜系統構成細胞內部的聯系內膜系統構成細胞內部的聯系Including Smooth ER 滑面內質網滑面內質網, Rouph ER 粗面粗面內質網，內質網，nucleus envelope 核膜，核膜，and Golgi dody 高爾基體高爾基體 etc.3. Golgi body or Golgi apparatus 高爾基體高爾基體 They are composed of dictyosomes (=Golgi body) &a

30、mp; vesicles (囊泡）囊泡）. Display is in cisternal structure(池狀結構）池狀結構） Involved in polysaccharide synthesis （多糖合成）（多糖合成）And is a site of protein sorting（蛋白質加工）。（蛋白質加工）。 4. Ribosomes are the workbench of protein synthesis. 核糖體是蛋白質合成的核糖體是蛋白質合成的 工作平臺工作平臺 It is composed of the large subunit and small subuni

31、t.大小大小2個亞基組成個亞基組成5. Mitochondria 線粒體線粒體 are organells of energy conversion.Double membrane envelope，Inner membrane is folded into cristae （內突），（內突）， and Krebs cycle enzymes in matrix (基質）基質）The main function of the mitochondria is the production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation (氧化磷酸化）氧化磷酸化） in

32、a process of cellular respiration（呼吸（呼吸作用作用）. The inner mitochondrial membrane and cristae contain the system for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrial matrix （基質）（基質）contains the enzymes for the tricarboxylic acid cycle （三羧酸循環（三羧酸循環) and is the site of carbon dioxide（二

33、氧化碳）（二氧化碳） release. 6. The cytoskeleton forms a network within the cell. 細胞骨架構成細胞內的網絡細胞骨架構成細胞內的網絡Microfilaments （微絲）（微絲）are thin threads of actin （肌動蛋白）（肌動蛋白） Microtubules （微管）（微管）are hollow & composed of tubulin （微管蛋白）（微管蛋白）Intermediate filement中間纖維中間纖維It composed of three structures:7. Microbo

34、dies 微體微體 Simple, single-membrane organelle. Function in photorespiration (光呼吸）光呼吸）& oil Mobilization （油和脂肪轉化）（油和脂肪轉化）This electron micrograph shows four microbodies (arrows) tightly appressed to the chloroplasts in Glycine max（大（大豆豆) mesophyll cells （葉肉細（葉肉細胞）胞）. The nucleus is bounded by a dou

35、ble membrane envelope (NM) which, at certain sites, shows discontinuities that are the nuclear pores (NP 核核孔孔). Nuclear pores exchange RNA & proteins. 冰凍蝕刻技術冰凍蝕刻技術 The genetic material of this interphase nucleus (間間期核）期核）is formed of diffuse (most active), and condensed (less active) chromatin（染

36、色質）（染色質）. diffuse euchromatin 常染色質常染色質condensed heterochromatin異染色質異染色質 Cell cycle and Cell division 細胞周期與細胞分裂細胞周期與細胞分裂1. Cell cycle 細胞周期細胞周期Interphase 間期間期 （G1, - S phase， DNA replication;- G2，preparation For mitosis)Then into mitotic phase (有絲分裂期）有絲分裂期）G1 繼續分裂繼續分裂暫時不分裂暫時不分裂脫離周期脫離周期 G0Chromosomal S

37、tructure in nucleus (1)螺旋的染色質螺旋的染色質Chromosomal Structure in nucleus (2)Histone 組蛋白組蛋白Nucleosome 核小體核小體染色質的核小體染色質的核小體Chromosomal Structure in nucleus (3)Histone 組蛋白組蛋白Nucleosome 核小體核小體DNA double helix 雙螺旋雙螺旋DNA Semiconservative replicationBefore mitosisChromosome in Metaphase （中期）（中期）2. Cell division

38、 - Mitosis 有絲分裂有絲分裂Mitosis 1 有絲分裂有絲分裂 1Prophase 前期前期Metaphase 中期中期Mitosis 2 有絲分裂有絲分裂 2Anaphase 后期后期Telophase 末期末期Mitosis 3 有絲分裂有絲分裂 3 細胞質分裂細胞質分裂Amitosis無絲分裂無絲分裂 Cell evolution 細胞的進化細胞的進化 Biologists separate all organisms in nature Into structurally distinct groups based on theirCell structure: Proka

39、ryotes and eukaryotes.Prokaryotes Eukaryotes 原核細胞原核細胞 真核細胞真核細胞Presume of evolution of chloroplast and mitochondria 葉綠體和線粒體進化的推測葉綠體和線粒體進化的推測能光合原核細胞能光合原核細胞需氧的、異養原核細胞需氧的、異養原核細胞仍然是一個謎仍然是一個謎 Ergastic substances of cell 細胞周期后含物細胞周期后含物 植物細胞在生長、分化和成熟過程中，由于新陳代謝活動產生的代謝中植物細胞在生長、分化和成熟過程中，由于新陳代謝活動產生的代謝中間產物、廢物和貯藏

40、物質等，統稱后含物間產物、廢物和貯藏物質等，統稱后含物(ergastic substances)。后含物在后含物在結構上是非原生質的物質，主要有貯藏物質（以淀粉、蛋白質和脂類為主）；結構上是非原生質的物質，主要有貯藏物質（以淀粉、蛋白質和脂類為主）；生理活性物質；還有一些無機晶體和植物次生物質（植物堿、芳香油、單寧、生理活性物質；還有一些無機晶體和植物次生物質（植物堿、芳香油、單寧、樹脂、樹膠和橡膠等）。樹脂、樹膠和橡膠等）。1、starch （淀粉）（淀粉）2. Protein (蛋白質蛋白質)3. Lipid (脂類脂類)4. Crystal 晶體晶體5. 生理活性物質生理活性物質 生理活

41、性物質是生命活動過程生理活性物質是生命活動過程中的產物，含量雖微，但對細中的產物，含量雖微，但對細胞生命活動起著非常重要的作胞生命活動起著非常重要的作用。生理活性物質主要有維生用。生理活性物質主要有維生素、植物激素、抗菌素、植物素、植物激素、抗菌素、植物殺菌素殺菌素.等。等。 Growth and differentiation of cell 細胞的生長與分化細胞的生長與分化 Growth is the process of increasing volume and weight of cells, and differentiation is the process of forming

42、 special structures and function. Growth of cellsDifferentiation Plant growth and development are controlled by many internal and external factors（內外因子）（內外因子）. Various signals regulate plant growth and development,Including: 1) Plant hormones(植物激素）植物激素）， serve as chemical signals Between cells and t

43、issue systems. Auxin (生長素），生長素），Cytokinins(細胞分裂素），細胞分裂素）， gibberellins (GA, 赤霉素），赤霉素），Abscisic acid (ABA, 脫落酸），脫落酸）， Ethylene (乙稀乙稀). 2) Calcium and cell signaling (鈣和細胞信號）鈣和細胞信號）， act as asecondary messenger in plant signal transduction. e.g. Calmodulin, calcium-binding protein ( 鈣調蛋白）鈣調蛋白） 3) The

44、environment is also important in plant growth and development. 發育與分化已成為當今植物分子生物學和發育生物學研究的發育與分化已成為當今植物分子生物學和發育生物學研究的熱點問題之一。熱點問題之一。II. Structures, distribution and function in Tissues of Plants 第二節第二節 植物組織結構、分布與功能植物組織結構、分布與功能 The plant body consists of integrated structures called organs, (器官）器官）such

45、as roots, stems, leaves, petals etc. which in turn are made of tissues. Concept: Tissues are cell complexes which are similar in origin and structure, and are of same functions. Tissues may be simple (consisting of one cell type only) as parachyma (薄壁細胞）薄壁細胞）, collenchyma （厚角組織）（厚角組織）or sclerenchyma (厚壁細胞）厚壁細胞）, or complex (consisting