1、初中英語句子成分講解一 概述：句子成分概念：組成句子的各個(gè)部分，即主語、謂語、賓語、表語、賓語補(bǔ)足語、定語和狀語，主語和謂語是句子的主體部分。主語：表示句子所說的是什么人或神秘物，一般由名詞、代詞或不定式，V-ing和從句充當(dāng)。謂語：說明主語是什么，做什么或怎么樣。由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，主語和謂語在人稱和數(shù)上必須保持一致。謂語動(dòng)詞存在多種時(shí)態(tài)，它是句子的核心。表語：說明主語是說明或怎么樣，由名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語、句子等充當(dāng)。賓語: 表示動(dòng)作、行為的對象，由名詞、代詞、不定式、V-ing、從句充當(dāng)，和及物動(dòng)詞一起說明主語做什么。定語：用來修飾名詞或代詞。由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語

2、、不定式、從句充當(dāng)。單詞作定語一般放在被修飾詞之前，短語或句子作定語放在被修飾才之后。狀語：用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞。一般表示行為發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、條件、目的、方式、程度等等。通常由副詞、介詞短語、不定式或句子充當(dāng)。（若在同一句子中出現(xiàn)多個(gè)不同狀語，常見的4個(gè)的順序?yàn)椋悍绞綘钫Z、目的狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、時(shí)間狀語。）Eg. I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday二 詳解1.主語 主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物。 1).名詞 例如： A moon cake is a delicious, round cake. The first truc

3、k is carrying a few baskets. The temperature will stay above zero. The doctor looked over Mrs. Brown very carefully. China does not want to copy the USAs example. 2).代詞 例如： Its a young forest. I dont know if it will grow. Thats a bit expensive. Youd better buy a new pair. Im afraid we havent got any

4、 black shoes. 3).數(shù)詞 例如：One and two is three. One is not enough for me. I want one more. One of them is English. Suddenly one of the bags fell off the truck. Two will be enough. 4).不定式 （常以 Its adj. to do sth. 形式出現(xiàn)） 例如： To give is better than to receive =Its better to give. I found it difficult to get

5、 to sleep. Its glad to see you again. It was difficult to see. But its good to swim in summer. 5).動(dòng)名詞Swimming is interesting. Reading books is good for us.6).名詞化的形容詞做主語The blind need more help. 7).句子作主語What he has said is true. 8).It作主語，有如下情況： 1)指代剛剛提到的事物：Whats this ? Its a bus. (指代what) 2)指代一個(gè)你不知道或

6、判斷不清性別的人Whos knocking the door? Its me. (指代 who) Whos the baby in the picture? Its my sister. (指代 who) 3) 表示時(shí)間，天氣，距離： Whats the time? Its eight oclock. (時(shí)間) Whats it going to be tomorrow? Its going to be rainy.(天氣) How far is it? Its about one kilometer away. (距離) 6.there 引起的There be 句型中，be 作謂語，主語位居

7、其后。如： There are many different kinds of moon cakes. There will be a strong wind. 2、謂語 謂語說明主語的動(dòng)作，狀態(tài)或特征。 一般可分為兩類： 1)，簡單謂語 由動(dòng)詞(或短語動(dòng)詞)構(gòu)成。 可以有不同的時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)和語氣。 We study for the people. 2)，復(fù)合謂語：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞不定式 I can speak a little English. 謂語有動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，依據(jù)其在句中繁簡程度可把謂語分為簡單謂語和復(fù)合謂語兩類。不論何種時(shí)態(tài)，語態(tài)，語氣，凡由一個(gè)動(dòng)詞（或動(dòng)詞詞組）構(gòu)成的謂語都是簡單謂語。例如： I

8、 like walking.(一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)) I made your birthday cake last night. (一般過去時(shí)主動(dòng)語態(tài)) It is used by travellers and business people all over the world. (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)被動(dòng)語態(tài)) 復(fù)合謂語也可分為兩種情況： 第一種是由情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，助動(dòng)詞+不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語： What does this word mean? I wont do it again. Ill go and move away the bag of rice with Lin Tao. You

9、d better catch a bus. 第二種是由連系動(dòng)詞+表語構(gòu)成的復(fù)合謂語。例如： You look the same. We are all here. The weather gets warmer, and the days get longer. Keep quite and listen to me. He looked worried. We have to be up early in the morning. School Is over. Lets go home. My pen is in my bag. I feel terrible. He seemed rat

10、her tired last night. 連系動(dòng)詞和表語在意思上緊密聯(lián)系，不宜分割。 3、表語 表語是謂語的一部分，它位于系動(dòng)詞如be之后，說明主語身份，特征，屬性或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞，代詞，形容詞，副詞，不定式，介詞短語等充當(dāng)。 My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是護(hù)士。 表語是用來說明主語的性質(zhì),身份,特征和狀態(tài)。表語須和連系動(dòng)詞一起構(gòu)成句子的復(fù)合謂語。表語一般放在系動(dòng)詞之后。表語可以由名詞,形容詞或起名詞和形容詞作用的詞和短語擔(dān)任。 These desks are yellow. I am all right. My work is teaching English, My

11、 question is how you knew him. 系動(dòng)詞的分類：1）狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語狀態(tài)，只有be一詞，例如：He is a teacher. (is與補(bǔ)足語一起說明主語的身份。）2）持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞用來表示主語繼續(xù)或保持一種狀況或態(tài)度，主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. This matter rests a mystery. 3）表像系動(dòng)詞用來表示"看起來像"這一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He looks t

12、ired. He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系動(dòng)詞感官系動(dòng)詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如： This kind of cloth feels very soft. This flower smells very sweet. 5）變化系動(dòng)詞 這些系動(dòng)詞表示主語變成什么樣，變化系動(dòng)詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, 例如：He became mad after that. She grew rich within a short time. 6）終止系動(dòng)詞表示主語已終止動(dòng)作，主

13、要有prove, turn out, 表達(dá)"證實(shí)"，"變成"之意，例如： The rumor proved false. The search proved difficult. His plan turned out a success. （turn out表終止性結(jié)果）4、賓語 賓語表示動(dòng)作行為的對象，跟在及物動(dòng)詞之后，能作賓語的有名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，動(dòng)詞不定式等。 賓語是謂語動(dòng)作所涉及的對象,它是動(dòng)作的承受者,賓語可以由名詞或起名詞作用的成分擔(dān)任，賓語一般放在謂語動(dòng)詞后面。 I saw a cat in the tree. 我看見樹上有一只貓。 I

14、want to go shopping. He said that he could be here. We think you are right. 有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語,其中一個(gè)賓語多指人,另一個(gè)賓語指物,指人的賓語叫做間接賓語,指物的賓語叫做直接賓語,可以帶兩個(gè)賓語的動(dòng)詞有 bring,give,show,send,pass,tell等。間接賓語一般放在直接賓語的前面,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)直接賓語可把直接賓語放在間接賓語的前面, 但間接賓語前須加"to"。 My father bought me a book. Give the rubber to me. Please g

15、ive the letter to XiaoLi. 有些及物動(dòng)詞除跟一個(gè)賓語外，還需要加上賓語補(bǔ)足語,否則意思不完整,它們一起構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語,復(fù)合賓語中賓語和后面的賓語補(bǔ)足語有一種邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，這也是判斷是兩個(gè)賓語還是復(fù)合賓語的依據(jù),賓語可以由名詞或起名詞作用的詞擔(dān)任。 We all call him LaoWang. Please color it red. We found the little girl in the hill. 5、定語 在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。 用作定語的主要是形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞，副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語等。形容詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，名詞等作定語時(shí)，通常

16、放在被修飾的詞前面。 He is a new student. 但副詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，介詞短語等作定語時(shí)，則放在被修飾的詞之后。 The bike in the room is mine.定語用于描述名詞,代詞,短語或從句的性質(zhì),特征范圍等情況的詞叫做定語,定語可以由名詞,形容詞和起名詞和形容詞作用的詞,短語擔(dān)任。如果定語是單個(gè)詞,定語放在被修飾詞的前面,如果是詞組,定語放在被修飾詞的后面。 That is a beautiful flower. The TV set made in that factory is very good. This is my book, not your boo

17、k. There are more than twenty trees in our school. I have a lot of things to do. Our country is a developing country. 6、狀語 狀語:說明事物發(fā)生的時(shí)間,地點(diǎn),原因,目的,結(jié)果方式,條件或伴隨情況,程度等情況的詞叫狀語。狀語可以由副詞,短語以及從句來擔(dān)任。狀語從句分類及常用連詞： 類別連詞 時(shí)間狀語從句when, whenever, while, as, before, after, since, till, once, as soon as, etc. 地點(diǎn)狀語從句where

18、, wherever 原因狀語從句because, since, as, for, now that, etc. 目的狀語從句in order that, so that, that, etc. 結(jié)果狀語從句sothat, so that, suchthat, that, etc. 條件狀語從句if, unless, as(so)long as, etc. 讓步狀語從句though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, as,etc. 比較狀語從句asas, soas, than, etc. 方式狀語從句as, as if, a

19、s though, etc. 英語句子成分基礎(chǔ)練習(xí) (一). 指出下列句中主語的中心詞 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.(二). 選出句中謂語的中心詞 I don&#

20、39;t like the picture on the wall.    A. don't              B. like                C. picture       D. wal

21、l The days get longer and longer when summer comes.    A. get                  B. longer            C. days   D. summer Do you usually

22、go to school by bus?    A. Do                B. usually            C. go             

23、D. bus There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.    A. will be           B. meeting          C. the library      D. afternoon Did the twins have po

24、rridge for their breakfast?A. Did                B. twins           C. have        D. breakfast Tom didn't do his homework yes

25、terday.    A. Tom             B. didn't            C. do         D. his homework What I want to tell you is this.

26、60;   A. want            B. to tell             C. you          D. is We had better send for a doctor.    A. W

27、e              B. had             C. send       D. doctor He is interested in music.    A. is    

28、60;            B. interested       C. in         D. music Whom did you give my book to?A. give            

29、0;B. did                  C. whom        D. book(三) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasn't done his homework. People all over the world speak English. You must pay good attention to your

30、pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill. They made him monitor of the class. Go across the bridge and you will find the museum on the left. You will find it usef

31、ul after you leave school. They didn't know who "Father Christmas" really is.(四) 挑出下列句中的表語 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn about it.(五) 挑出下列句中的定語 They use Mr. Mrs. with the family name. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3