1、托福聽力 lecture 的結(jié)構(gòu)1. Lecture 有結(jié)構(gòu)托福聽力的 lecture基本上都是總分總的結(jié)構(gòu)，即引入話題 展開討論 教授總結(jié)，下面分點(diǎn)論述：1）引入話題其實(shí)托福聽力 lecture里面講課的教授就跟大家碰到過的老師一樣，有的喜歡直入主題，有的喜歡拉七雜八。總的說來，lecture話題的引入方式有三種：? 開門見山：啥也不扯，一言不合就開車，比如 TPO1 Lecture2：Ok, let sget started. Great.Today I want to talk about a way in which we are able to determine how old a

2、 piece of land, or some other geologic feature is dating techniques .? 課程回顧：回顧上堂課的內(nèi)容，然后再切入本堂課的內(nèi)容；一般來說本次是上次的細(xì)化或者與上次的對比。比如 TPO5 Lecture2： Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the Moon. But there are compelling reasons in favor of another Moon landing too , um not the least of whi

3、ch is trying topinpoint the moon s age.? 啰哩吧嗦：有的教授實(shí)在是特別啰嗦，比如TPO2 Lecture2：Hi,everyone. Good to see you all today【.你也好啊】 Actually, I expected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runs精選文庫between 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is 【due來.的人多不好么，說明你受歡迎啊】 Um, I was hoping

4、to have your exams back today【啊，要放榜啦？】, but, uh, the situation was that I went away for the weekend, and I was supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time that I usually go to bed, but my flight was delayed, and I ended up

5、 not getting in until one oin the morning【你飛機(jī)晚點(diǎn)關(guān)我什么事啊？】. Anyway, Ill domy best to have them finished by the next time we meet【開始上課吧，please】. OK. In the last class, we started talking about. 【終于開始了 】不論是用哪一種引入方式， 話題總是要出來的。 一般都有一個(gè)核心的話題詞，這個(gè)詞后面一般有一個(gè)定義或者解釋。比如TPO5Lecture3：.But, let s talkSpectroscopyabout

6、a little now just to cover the basics. What is Spectroscopy? Well,the simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light . 這個(gè)topic+definition/explanation 一定要聽懂， 最好還能在筆記上記下關(guān)鍵詞。（當(dāng)然，也有話題詞不那么明顯的，這樣的 lecture的結(jié)構(gòu)就稍微難以整理一點(diǎn)。）在這個(gè) topic+definition/e

7、xplanation 之后，一般有一句話總起下面的展開討論的內(nèi)容。 比如 TPO33 Lecture1：The great pyramid of Giza inEgypt might be the most famous building in the world. We know exactly-2精選文庫thousand five hundred years ago. We know who had it built: that was a Pharaoh Khufu. And we know who oversaw its construction: the Pharaoh's

8、brother. We know so many things about it,but the funny thing is, we still don't know exactly how it was built. This picture will give you an idea of the size of the pyramid and the size of blocks it's made up of. About two million stone blocks were used to build the great pyramid, and they&#

9、39;re incredibly massive. The average weight is two and a half tons. The problem that has puzzled scholars for centuries is how were these blocks lifted up the height of this massive structure and then fit into place and without the benefit of modern technology. Of course there have been a lot of th

10、eories over the centuries. 其實(shí)這就是常見的總起句式several theoriesa few problemsscientists have proposedseveral explanations，下面的展開討論部分就是具體展開這些theories、problems或explanations。小結(jié)一下： Lecture的第一個(gè)部分包括：引入+話題 +定義 /解釋 +總起。2）展開討論展開討論當(dāng)然緊接著上面的總起，結(jié)構(gòu)往往比較清晰。比如TPO33Lecture1在總起 Of course there have been a lot oftheories over t

11、hecenturies之后就逐個(gè)展開這些 theories。這些 theories都是解釋上面的話題，先提出 theory1，講清楚后再講 theory1的問題；因?yàn)?theory1有-3精選文庫問題，自然就轉(zhuǎn)入了 theory2，再以此類推講 theory3、theory4 一般也就是三個(gè)或四個(gè) theory，再多就太長了。? The oldest recorded one 【theory1 】 is by the Greek historian Herodotus.Well, so much for that theory.? The next one【theory2 】has to do

12、 with the use of a ramp.【theory2的問題】 OK, so what now? Well, if you'd ever driven on a mountain road.So why not wrap the ramp around the pyramid【theory3 】 . Well, if you've got a ramp spiraling up from the base of the pyramid, those corners would be buried by that ramp during construction【the

13、ory3 的問題】 .? Well, who says the ramp has to be on the outside of the pyramid? Andnow we get to the latest idea【theory4 】: if the ramp were on theinside of the pyramid.其實(shí)這種就是托福聽力lecture的第一種，即總分總的多個(gè)分點(diǎn)之間是并列的關(guān)系，比較常見的是problem+solution1、solution2、solution3或者 puzzle+explanation1、explanation2、explanation3。不

14、論是一個(gè)問題 +多個(gè)解決方案，還是一個(gè)疑難 +多種解釋，不論具體的用詞是用 solution、explanation還是 theory，總體結(jié)構(gòu)都是類似的。這些結(jié)構(gòu)大多適用于理工科的話題，邏輯比較清晰， 轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)的邏輯連接詞也很明確，占據(jù)托福聽力lecture的大多數(shù)。另外一種就是總分總的多個(gè)分點(diǎn)之間是直線型的時(shí)間關(guān)系，多適用于文科的內(nèi)容。比如講到某個(gè)作家的生平， 一般都是早年 -4精選文庫青年 中年 晚年，再比如講到某種樂器的進(jìn)化史，一般都是起源 19世紀(jì) 20世紀(jì) 21世紀(jì)之類的。比如 TPO30 Lecture4：話題引入之后總起 But really the instrument elec

15、tric guitar we know today was the result of acontinuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. 然后就分階段講述 guitar的發(fā)展史：? The first guitars were wooden.? the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States.in the late 1890s.? Anyway, by the 1920s.? Electrified guitars. a

16、round 1940.很顯然，這種直線型結(jié)構(gòu)的關(guān)鍵在于聽懂記下這些時(shí)間標(biāo)記。小結(jié)一下：展開論述都跟著前面的總起，展開論述本身又包括 problem+solution123puzzle+explanation123的并列分點(diǎn)型（理科話題）和直線時(shí)間遞進(jìn)型（文科話題）。3）教授總結(jié)主體部分結(jié)束之后，教授一般都要對前面講到的solution123、explanation123或者某作家的生平進(jìn)行一番總結(jié)。直線時(shí)間遞進(jìn)型（文科話題）的總結(jié)沒有明顯規(guī)律，可能講講某作家的生平很勵(lì)志，鼓勵(lì)同學(xué)們努力，比如 TPO1 Lecture1：No matter what,she never stopped pain

17、ting . And now, Frantzen is doing extremely well.-5精選文庫And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties likethat. But what s important is that youatkeepitthat you don t give up.That s what is really important t

18、o remember.而problem+solution123puzzle+explanation123的并列分點(diǎn)型（理科話題）的總結(jié)部分則規(guī)律明顯，有兩者情況：? 教授贊同最后一個(gè) solution/explanation/theory：還記得前面 theory的轉(zhuǎn)進(jìn)方式么？如果 theory1就是對的，那就不會(huì)有 theory234了。? 教授表示 not sure：比如 TPO1 Lecture3：And hopefully, furtherexcavation of Catalhoyuk will yield more clues.再比如 TPO32Lecture1： Clearly,

19、 more research needs to be done. Perhaps by some new scholars from this university? At least give it some thought.2. 結(jié)構(gòu)有用上面的結(jié)構(gòu)對應(yīng)了托福聽力lecture的題目，而且還比較精準(zhǔn)：? 引入話題?引入?話題 +定義 /解釋 Question1： What is the lecture mainlyabout?總起-6精選文庫? 分點(diǎn) 1 Question2? 分點(diǎn) 2 Question3? 分點(diǎn) 3 Question4? 總結(jié) Question5上面 5題+重聽題，一共 6題。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與出題的對應(yīng)關(guān)系當(dāng)然是最理想的情況，但是從我做 TPO的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來看，還真是大同小異。而且從托福聽力的結(jié)構(gòu)還能推導(dǎo)出一些做題方法，試論兩個(gè)：1）跨區(qū)排除如果我們在聽力的時(shí)候能夠把聽力筆記區(qū)分不同的區(qū)域來（即引入話題、分點(diǎn) 123、