1、初中語法專題（一）時態一般現在時一般過去時現在進行時過去進行時現在完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時一般現在時一般現在時一、一般現在時：一、一般現在時：概念概念：經常、反復發生的動作或行為及現在的某種狀況。時間狀語：時間狀語：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本結構基本結構：be動詞；行為動詞否定形式否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時態的謂語動詞若為行為動詞，則在其前加dont,如主語為第三人稱單數，則用doesnt，同時還原行

2、為動詞。一般疑問句一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首；用助動詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數，則用does，同時，還原行為動詞。什么情況下用？表示經常或習慣性的動作或存在的狀態。表示主語通常的能力、興趣愛好、和性格特征。表示客觀的事實或真理。表示按照時刻表或已經計劃安排好的將來行為。（只限于是go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off, stop, be等表示開始或移動意義的詞。）在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時(will+動詞原形)，從句中用一般現在時表將來。（主將（主將從現）從現）當主語是第三人稱時，謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數形

3、式，加-s/es-s/es。除此之外都用動詞原形。動詞第三人稱單數形式變化規則 規則規則例子例子一般在詞尾加一般在詞尾加-s -s，( (清輔音后清輔音后讀讀/s/s/，在濁輔音后讀，在濁輔音后讀/z/z/；在在t t后讀后讀/ts/,/ts/,在在d d后讀后讀/dz/dz/。) )PlayPlayplays plays leaveleaveleavesleavesswimswimswimsswims以字母以字母s, x, ch, sh, os, x, ch, sh, o結尾的詞結尾的詞加加-es-es，讀，讀/iz/,/iz/,如果動詞原形如果動詞原形詞尾已有詞尾已有e, e,則只加則只加

4、-s -s。pass pass passes passes fixfixfixesfixesteachteachteaches teaches wishwishwisheswishesdododoesdoes以輔音字母加以輔音字母加y y結尾的詞結尾的詞，先變，先變y y為為i, i, 再加再加-es,-es,讀讀/z/z/studystudystudies studies carrycarrycarriescarriesflyflyfliesflies1. 1. He_(be, am, is, are) a teacher at No. 2 Middle School.2. 2. He_(h

5、ave, has) classes in the afternoon.3. 3. He_(get, gets) up at half past six every morning.4. 4. He always _(come, comes ) to school on time.5. 5. He _(study, studies) very hard at his lesson.6. 6. One and two _(be, is, are) three.7. 7. Blue and yellow _(make, makes) green.8. 8. The earth _(move, mov

6、es) round the sun.9. 9. I will go there if I _( be, will be, am, is, are) free tomorrow.10. 10. I will go there when I _(have, will have, has) time tomorrow.11. 11. He wont come to the party unless he _(be, will be, am, is, are) invited.12. 12. Ill wait here until my mother _(come, comes, will come)

7、 back.13. 13. Please return the book to the library as soon as you _(finish, finishes, will finish) reading it.14. 14. Once you _(see, sees, will see) him, you will never forget him.一般過去時概念：過去某個時間里發生的動作或狀態；概念：過去某個時間里發生的動作或狀態；過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。時間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterd

8、ay, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本結構：be動詞；行為動詞否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動詞前加didnt，同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動詞do的過去式did 提問，同時還原行為動詞。謂語動詞使用過去式形式，加ed，分為規則和不規則變化。表示過去經常發生的動作，也可用“used to do used to do ”和“would +動詞原形”。構成規

9、則構成規則例子一般在動詞原形末尾加-ed，(在清輔音后讀/t/；在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/；在/t/,/d/后讀/id/。looklooked playplayedworkworked結尾是e的動詞在末尾加-dlikeliked livelivedhopehoped末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-edplanplanned stopstoppeddropdropped結尾是“輔音字母y”的動詞，先變“y”為“i”再加-edstudystudied worryworriedcrycried1. 1. He_(be, was, were, been) here a mom

10、ent ago.2. 2. They _(be, was, were, been) here just now.3. 3. The scientists _(leave, leaves, leaved, left) for America yesterday.4. 4. Last week we _(visit, visited ) the Science Museum.5. 5. When I was a child, I often _(play, played) football.6. 6. The students ran out of the classroom as soon as

11、 the bell _(ring, rang, rung).現在進行時作謂語的動詞用來表示動作（情況）發生時間的各種形式稱為時態。1.概念：表示現階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。 2.時間狀語：Now, at this time, days, look. listen等時間狀語做標志。3.基本結構：主語+be +doing +其他4.否定形式：主語+be +not +doing+其他5.一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首。6. 6. 用法：現在進行時表示用法：現在進行時表示1)、現在（說話的瞬間）正在進行或發生的動作，強調“此時此刻”。 E.g. He is reading . They are

12、 talking now.2)、當前一段時間內的活動或現階段正在進行的動作。E.g. They are working these days.3)、 某些動詞的現在進行時，表預定的計劃或即將發生的動作。E.g I am coming. 現在分詞的變法有現在分詞的變法有1)、一般在動詞詞尾加上-ing ,E.g. jump2)、以不發音字母e結尾的動詞，先去e，再加-ing. E.g have write3)、.以重讀閉音節末尾只有一個輔音字母結尾的詞，它前面是單個元音字母時要先將詞尾的輔音字母雙寫，再加上-ing. E.g. sit put 其句式變換都在be上做文章。1.I _(write,

13、 am writing, is writing, are writing) a letter now.2.Look, it _(begin, is beginning, am beginning, are beginning) to rain.3.They _(study, is studying, am studying, are studying) medicine at the Medical Institute of Chengde these days.4.He _(teach, am teaching, is teaching, are teaching) an English l

14、esson at this time.過去進行時1.概念：表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發生或進行的行為或動作。 2.時間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。 3.基本結構 主語+was/were +doing +其他 4.否定形式：主語+was/were + not +doing+其他 5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。(第一個字母大寫） 其句式變化仍然要在be上做文章。過去進行時常與過去某一特定時間的狀語連用，如 last night, at that time, at noon yes

15、terday, last Sunday 等。 也有時沒有時間狀語，要通過上下文的暗示來確定用過去進行時。1.I _(cook, cooked, was cooking, were cooking) breakfast when you arrived.2.What _you_( do, did, was.doing, weredoing) at this time yesterday evening?3.We_(have, are having, had, were having) dinner when the doorbell rang.4.While/ When/ As we_( hav

16、e, had, are having, were having) dinner, the doorbell rang.一般將來時構成構成: :will,shall+動詞原形，其中shall只用于第一人稱。be going to +動詞原形，表示主觀打算，按計劃，安排要發生的事情。 be to +動詞原形，表示客觀安排 be about to +不定式，意為馬上要做某事，正要做某事。某些動詞，可用進行時態表將來，如come, go, arrive, leave。在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時(will+動詞原形)，從句中用一般現在時表將來。一般現在時可表示按時間表發生的將來的動

17、作(限start, begin, arrive, end, close, leave-等表示開始或移動意義的詞)時間狀語：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 否定形式否定形式：主語+am/is/are not going to do ；主語+will/shall not do+其他 一般疑問句一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 e.g. She will be back in three days. She will no

18、t be back in three days. Will She be back in three days? They are going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. Are they going to clean their classroom? 1 _you _a doctor when you grow up?A Will; going to be B Are; going to be C Are; / D Will; be2 I dont know if his unc

19、le _. I think he _ if it doesnt rain.A will come; comes B will come; will come C comes; comes D comes; will come3 He will be back _a few minutes. A with B for C on D in4 What time _we meet at the gate tomorrow? A will B shall C do D are5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _the work next week.A fin

20、ishes B doesnt finish C will finish D wont finish6 There _some showers this afternoon. A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have 7 It _my brothers birthday tomorrow. She _a party.A is going to be; will have B will be; is having C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to be

21、8 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he _11. A is B is going to be C will be D will to be 過去將來時構成：構成：（would + 動詞原形，或將來時的其它過去構成形式was going to do）表示以過去某一時間為參照，在過去看將要發生的動作或存在的狀態。在賓語從句及間接引語中，時態呼應，經常會用到過去將來時。如I thought it was going to be fun. 時間狀語時間狀語：-soon/the next day-that-clause(名詞性從句或上下文中-)1.I to

22、ld my friend that I _ (should/ would arrive, shall/ will arrive) soon.2.They looked at those clouds over the sky. It_(is going to rain, was going to rain).3.They said that they _(are to meet, were to meet) at the gate the next day.4.We _(are about to go, were about to go) out when it started to rain

23、.現在完成時1. 1.概念：概念：表示發生在過去，持續到現在，可能剛剛結束也有可能繼續進行下去的動作或狀態，甚至延續到將來，并對現在造成一定的影響或結果。常與since+過去時（間）, for+一段時間連用。表示與現在有聯系的過去的動作。2. 2.時間狀語：時間狀語：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+時間點，for+時間段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3. 3.基本結構：基本結構：主語+have/has +p.p（過去分詞）+其他 4. 4.否定形式：否定

24、形式：主語+have/has + not +p.p（過去分詞）+其他 5. 5.一般疑問句：一般疑問句：have/has+主語 +p.p（過去分詞）+其他?非延續性動詞和延續性動詞非延續性動詞和延續性動詞 非延續性動詞在時間上沒有延續性，常見的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等，這些動詞不能和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。 但是，非延續性動

25、詞的否定形式可以表示狀態的延續，可與for/since等時間狀語連用。 有些同學錯誤地認為這類非延續性動詞不能用于完成時態中。其實，錯誤的本質在于非延續性動詞與時間段的錯誤搭配，與現在完成時態無關。延續性語境中的非延續性動詞的使用延續性語境中的非延續性動詞的使用 在具體的語言環境中，往往會出現非延續性動詞與時間段相連用的情況。由于受漢語影響，往往錯誤地直譯為：He has fallen asleep for an hour.他睡了一小時了。（）His father has died for three years.他父親去世三年了。（）當出現這種情況時，我們往往采取以下解決方法：（1）將非延續

26、性動詞轉化為相應的狀態動詞。所謂狀態動詞就是指這一動作發生后接下來所呈現的狀態。如： He has been asleep for an hour. （fall asleep,“入睡”為短暫動作，但be asleep“睡著”則為狀態動詞，可延續。） His father has been dead for three years.（die為短暫動詞，“死”后的狀態可用“be dead”這種系表結構來描述，可延續。）常見的這種動詞的轉化有以下幾類：常見的這種動詞的轉化有以下幾類： go therebe there, come backbe back, borrowkeep, buy/catchh

27、ave, arrivebe in, beginbe on, openbe open, closebe closed, diebe dead, leavebe away from, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep, becomebe, joinbe in/a member of, receivehave, catch/get a coldhave a cold, get marriedbe married，come be in，finish be over， leaver be away have have （hashas）been been 和和have h

28、ave （hashas） gone gone 的區別的區別 have been to a place意思是“到過、去過”，表示曾到過某處，但現在人不在那兒；have gone to a place表示“去了”，已經去了某地，現在人可能在去的途中或已經到那兒了。1.You have _ a tall young man. A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up2. He has _ the watch for a year. A buy B bought C have D had3. Has your brother _ the dog? A kep

29、t in B fed C fed on D kept on4. I _this book for two weeks, I have to return it now.A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept5. Have you ever _to the Great Wall? Its very beautiful. A gone B been C went D go 6. Her brother _the Party since 1978. A joined B has joined C has been in D was in 7. Th

30、e Greens _many places of interest since they came to China. A will visit B visited C have visited D visit8 Im sorry, I _ your name. A had forgotten B forgot C have forgotten D forgotten9 The bookshop _ for eight years. A has been open B has been opened C has opened D has open10 We have_ all the pape

31、r so we need to buy some.A used up B made of C filled with D hunted for11 The flower I _grown up. A planted has B planted have C has planted D have planted巧解現在完成時態題巧解現在完成時態題技巧技巧1: 1:尋找現在完成時中的尋找現在完成時中的“段時段時間間”。(1) 現在完成時表示過去已經開始并持續到現在的動作或狀態,多和表示一段時間的狀語連用:for+一段時間;since+點時間(since作連詞后接從句時,該從句要用一般過去時) 。(

32、2) 現在完成時態也用在含有during / in/ over the last years或in recent years等的句子中。趁熱打鐵1. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower _ tens of thousands of visitors since 1995. A. attracted B. attracts C. has attracted D. will attract 2. How long _ you _ here? For about two years so far.A. have, studied B. did, live C. do, stay

33、D. were, swimming 3. How is your father? I _him for a long time.He is fine, but busy.dont see B. hadnt seen C. didnt see D. havent seen 4. Meimei has received several letters from her hometown since she _ to the city. A. cameB. comes C. has comeD. will come 技巧技巧2: 2:尋找現在完成時的副尋找現在完成時的副詞標志或句型。詞標志或句型。(

34、1) 在做時態題時,注意觀察句中是否有常用于現在完成時的副詞:yet, already, never, lately, recently, ever, just, before, (ever) since等。(2) 句型:It has been + 段時間+since + 過去時. 也可以表示為: It is + 段時間+since + 過去時.趁熱打鐵趁熱打鐵1.What are you going to do this weekend? I _ yet.A. havent decided B. wont decide C. have decided D. didnt decide 2. M

35、y mother _ the windows already, so the room looks much brighter. A. has cleaned B. had cleaned C. is cleaning D. will clean 3. It _ ten years since we last _ in Beijing. A. was, met B. has been, met C. was, meet D. is, meet 4. How long has the weather been like this? _.A. Until last night B. Ever si

36、nce last night C. Two days ago D. Two days later 技巧技巧3: 3:把握把握have been tohave been to與與have gone tohave gone to的區別。的區別。 have been to 曾經去過某處(現在已經不在那個地方,強調以前的經歷)have gone to去了某處(強調主語已經離開說話者所在的地方,現在還沒有回來) 趁熱打鐵1. Is that Jack speaking? Sorry, he isnt in right now. He _ the cinema with his aunt. A. has

37、been to B. has gone to C. have been to D. have gone to 2. Hello, may I speak to your father, please? Sorry, my father _ to Shanghai. He went there this morning. A. goes B. has gone C. has beenD. go 3. How many times _ you _ to Beijing this year? Three times. A. have, been B. had, been C. have, gone

38、D. had gone 技巧技巧4: 4:分清延續性動詞和非延續性動分清延續性動詞和非延續性動詞。詞。延續性動詞是指那些動作可以持續的動詞。如:have, keep, study, live, teach等。非延續性動詞是指那些動作瞬間完成的動詞。如:begin, buy, borrow, lend等。做題時,要注意句中是否有段時間,如果有則用延續性動詞。趁熱打鐵1. Oh, Mrs. King, your dress looks nice. Is it new? No, I _ it since two years ago. A. had B. bought C. have had D. have bought2. Tom _ the CD player for two weeks. A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had 3. How long has the foreigner _ here? He has _ here for several hours. arrived; come B. come; got C. stayed; been D. left; been away 4. The film _ for hal