1、主題：考什么類型作文？怎么寫? 用什么句型寫？如何才能寫好？一The main types of guided writing:1. 提綱式作文： Directions: Women make a great contribution to the progress of modern society. But there are still some people who dont agree with it. There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the new

2、spaper based on the following outline.1. Role of women in modern society2. Prejudices and discrimination against women 3. My comment You should write about 200 words within 40 minutes. Women play an important part in modern society. Now many women are going into professions, such as medicine, law an

3、d engineering. They comprise a large part of the workers in offices and factories. Many jobs they are engaged in are in line with their special capabilities of their sex. In addition, some of are working up to important positions which used to be held mainly by men. There are even some businesses wh

4、ich are run completely by women. It is obvious that women are making an outstanding contribution to the progress of modern society. There are, however, still some people who assert that men are superior to women in many ways. In the first place, many jobs men do can hardly be done by women, who are

5、physically not strong enough. They believe that women are the weaker sex both physically and emotionally. Thus, women are naturally suited, much more so than men, to the performance of domestic duties. According to them, a womans place is within the protective environment of the home. Secondly, most

6、 of the world-famous scientists and statesmen are found to be males. Finally, the whole society seems to have always been dominated by men only. In their opinion, men should enjoy more rights than do women. Personally, Im firmly standing on the side of those women right defenders. Since both men and

7、 women are equally important in human activities, they should be on an equal footing. (242 words)2. 提綱圖表式作文： Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Study the following table care fully and your composition must be based on the information given in t

8、he table. You should quote as few figures as possible. Outline: 1. Changes in peoples daily expanses in the past five years 2. Possible reasons for the changes 3. My own conclusion YearItem19971998199920002001Food65%60%48%42%35%Clothing5%7%10%13%15%Recreation3%5%7%8%13%Others24%26%33%36%38%Total100%

9、100%100%100%100% In the past five years, there have been great changes in peoples daily expenses in XX city. According to the figures given in the table, the amount of money spent on food decreased gradually, accounting for 35 per cent in 2001. However, there was a rapid increase in clothing expense

10、s, which made up 15% in 2001. In addition, the table shows an upward tendency in recreation expenses. The same was the case with other expenses. What caused these remarkable changes? In my opinion, there are at least three good reasons. To begin with, with the rapid development of agriculture in Chi

11、na, the output of grain, fruit, vegetables and milk has sharply increased, which contributes to the decline in their prices. Secondly, the family incomes of people both in the city and in the country have greatly risen so that people now can afford expensive clothing and some of them even want to dr

12、ess in the latest fashion. Finally, as the living conditions improve, the demand for a variety of recreations is growing steadily, too. In short, with the incomes continuing to rise, people will no longer resign themselves to living a dull, monotonous life. They are eager to make their life interest

13、ing and exciting. Therefore, I am sure that people will spend more money on clothing and recreations. (219 words)3規(guī)定情景式作文：Directions: Migrant workers (外地民工) have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. In this part, you are to write within 40 minutes a composition of 200 words about “

14、The Role of Migrant Workers”. You can agree and/or disagree, completely or partially to above statement. But no matter which position you take, you should supporting reasons. As is known to all, migrant workers have made a great contribution to the prosperity of cities. They are an indispensable par

15、t of our work force. Most of them work on construction sites. There is no doubt that without migrant workers many of construction projects would have to be held up for lack of manpower. In addition, a large number of migrant workers are a beneficial factor, which enhances the consumption of food and

16、 daily items. This in turn helps to develop food industry and service trades in cites. All these are positive aspects of migrant workers in cities. However, as a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides”. The same is the case with migrant workers. Firstly, most of them are not well educated an

17、d professionally trained. Some of them have had very little schooling. As you know. Illiterate people, who are usually ignorant of the law, tend to make trouble, thus endangering social order. Secondly, most of the migrant workers swarm into big cities just to make money. Being illiterate or unskill

18、ed, some of them would stop at nothing to get what they are ambitious for. Therefore, they are a potential threat to the peace and stability of society. In my opinion, in the appraisal of migrant workers, it is one-sided to affirm everything or to negate everything. We should appreciate the great co

19、ntribution made by them, and at the same time pay enough attention to the problems caused by them. (244 words)二、The structure of a paragraph and its development:1. Structure of a paragraph: topic sentence, development sentence and concluding sentence. 2. Ways of developing a paragraph:1) Comparison

20、and contrast (對比法)2) Cause and effect (因果法)3) Exemplification (舉例法)4) Generalization and qualification (概述法)5) Argument (議論法)三、Some sentence patterns commonly-used in controlled writing :-關于利弊、優(yōu)缺點的句型： 1. S + have (or has ) a lot of advantages over . (與.相比有許多優(yōu)點) 譯：汽車與自行車相比有許多優(yōu)點。have the advantage of

21、.(有.方面的長處) 譯：1）英語好是她的長處。 2）澳大利亞與中國相比，其優(yōu)點是人口少。 3）他比他們有利的是他會操作電腦。 2. be of great benefit to sb./sth. (對.有益) 譯：你的計算機知識對你將來的工作十分有益 3. benefit sb/sth. (對有好處) 譯：這家新醫(yī)院對整個社區(qū)有利。 benefit from sth. (由于.而受益) 譯：我們將從技術發(fā)明中受益。 4. do (a lot of) good to sb. (對.有許多好處) 譯：早晨鍛煉對你很有好處。 be good for sb./sth. (對.有益) 譯：蔬菜和水果有

22、利人的健康。 do damage to sth./damage sth. (對.造成損害) 譯：這次地震對城市建筑損壞嚴重。 do harm to sth./harm sth./endanger sth. (對.有害處) 譯：吸煙危害人的健康。 5.be as(not so) good/great as 譯：他做得沒有說得好。 6. not so much as (與其說,不如說) 譯：人口的迅速增長與其說是由于出生率的上升不如說是由于死亡率的下降。 The reason for the rapid increase in population is not so much a rise in

23、 birth rate as a fall in death rate.-說明原因的句型：forto do sth.sometwo many 1. There are good reasons Example: There are two reasons for the changes in peoples living conditions. First, we have been carrying out an opening and reform policy. Second, our national economy is developing rapidly and the birt

24、h rate has been put under control. 2. We have two good reasons for 譯：我們有許多理由反對工業(yè)不受控制的發(fā)展。 3. The reasons for is that + 從句 譯：我們支持“希望工程”的原因時，許多貧困地區(qū)的兒童付不起繼續(xù)學業(yè)的各種費用。opinionsviews-表示不同看法的句型：blemmatterhavehold 1. Different people different on this Some believe that Others argue that Still other

25、s maintain that 譯：人們對國際文化交流的看法各不相同。有些人認為，國際文化交流能促進各國人民之間的友誼和了解。另一些人則爭辯說，中國是一個具有5000年歷史的文明古國，并且有自己的傳統(tǒng)文化，它和西方文化截然不同。因此，他們反對國際文化交流。我認為，第2種看法是片面的?，F(xiàn)在國際文化交流是非常重要的。各國人民應該互相了解、互相學習以便增進友誼。People differ in their opinions on the international cultural exchange. Some believe that international cultural exchange

26、 contributes to the friendship and understanding of the people all over the world. Others argue that China is an ancient civilized nation with a history of 5000 years and has its own traditional culture, which is quite different from that in the western countries. Therefore, they are opposed to the

27、international cultural exchange. In my opinion, the second view is one-sided and partial. The international cultural exchange is of great importance now. People of all countries should understand each other and learn from each other to enhance the friendship among them.2. They are quite different fr

28、om each other in their opinions.3. Some people hold the opinion that it is good to have a small family. 4. They think quite differently on this question. 5. They differ greatly in their attitudes towards noise problem. Example: Parents and children think differently on this question. Parents hold th

29、at children should work hard and do well at school. Children, however, maintain that they should have freedom to spend their leisure time and to plan for their own future. -表示必須、緊急、有困難做某事的句型：1. It is important (necessary, urgent, difficult, easy, convenient, comfortable, expensive, desirable, advisa

30、ble) for sb. To do sth. Examples: 1) It is inevitable that the natural resources throughout the world are diminishing as the demand for them is on the increase. 2) It is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its industry and agriculture. 3) It is

31、 urgent for the government to take measures to control the birth rate in our country/to change deserts into farmland. 4) It is necessary to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas, and other public facilities to meet the increasing needs of the people. trouble difficulty

32、a hard time a difficult time 2. have (in) doing sth. (有困難做某事)Example: He has troubles finding a satisfactory job. have trouble with sth. (對有困難，不好對付) Example: I have some trouble with my English study.-常用諺語（在議論文中）：1. As a popular saying goes, “Every coin has two sides”. 2. As a proverb says, “Everyth

33、ing has two sides”. On the one hand, physical exercise is good for your health. On the other hand, if you dont deal with it properly, it will do harm to your health. So we should look at the matter from two sides. 3. As a proverb says, “Where there is a will there is a way.” (有志者事竟成。)4. As a popular

34、 saying goes, “A man is known by the company he keeps.”(觀其交友，知其為人。)5. As is known to all, “No pains, no gains”. (沒有苦，就沒有甜。)6. Its no use crying over the spilt milk. (覆水難收。)7. More haste, less speed. (欲速則不達。)8. Look before you leap. (三思而后行。)9. He who laughs last laughs best. (誰最后笑，誰笑得最好。)-關于因果關系的句型：c

35、ause of reason for 1.The higher prices was an increase in demand. 譯：他們?nèi)〉玫某晒怯捎谒麄兊目炭嗯Αecause As Now that Since 2. the demand has increased, the prices are higher. causesresults in leads to produces 3. An increase in demand higher prices. Therefore,As a result, For this reason, Because of this , Con

36、sequently,4. The demand has increased. the prices are higher.rise.go up. boost.are higher.5. If there is an increase in demand, then prices 譯：由于所有這因素，政府越來越多地依靠科學家來安排適當?shù)囊?guī)劃并付諸實踐。 As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on scientists for planning appropriate pr

37、ograms and putting them into effect. -辯論中常用的句型：1. There is no doubt that . 譯：毫無疑問，人口的飛速增長促使野生動物數(shù)量的銳減。 2. It is obvious/clear that 愛心是一盞燈，越黑暗的地方，它越明亮。 3. As is known all, 中國一貫主張，國家不分大小，應該一律平等。4. (Its) no wonder(難怪) 譯：他不努力工作，難怪他丟了工作。5. It goes without saying that (不成問題，很自然) 譯：很自然健康的人比病人幸福。6. What is m

38、ore important, 我們應該保持生態(tài)平衡。7. I am convinced that我們的社會充滿著愛，明天將會變得更美好、更光明。-舉例表示法：1. For example, the peoples economic status has been greatly improved. 2. For instance, the economic status of the people has been improved. 3. Lets have an example. TV sets, refrigerators and recorders have become househ

39、old necessities. -概述（用于圖表作文）：1. According to the figures given in the table, 中國的鋼產(chǎn)量已超過美國和日本，占世界第一。2. This chart shows that 全世界吸煙者的人數(shù)不斷上升，占總人口的20%3. As is shown by the graph, 某些野生動物物種的滅絕于世界人口的猛增密切相關。4. It can be seen from the statistics/picture that 隨著城市中汽車數(shù)量的不斷增加，空氣污染和噪音已成為威脅城市居民生存的主要公害。believed tha

40、t acceptedthought held 5. It is generally 各國政府應該采取措施來保護海洋資源。duction.rise increase incomedecreasedeclinereductionfall dropslightslowsteadyrapid 6. There is a in 譯：表中所給的數(shù)字表明，最近5年來人民的收入已有顯著增長。increasedecreaserisedecline7. be on the (在增加/減少/上升/下降)譯：從曲線圖可以看出，世界各國的自然資源在不斷減少。car

41、s in cities students in the college traffic accidents Example: The number of has been on the rise increasedeclinedecreasein recent years. -結尾句型：1. In my opinion, I am in favor of owning a car. 2. Personally, I prefer to work in the country rather than in the city. 3. In short, parents and children s

42、hould learn to get through to each other. Only in this way can the most difficult problems be solved properly. 4. In conclusion, we cannot achieve success without effort and hard work.5. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the opinion that “No pains no gains.”四、參考作文翻譯練習： （1）提綱式作文Road Accidents Ou

43、tline:1. Losses caused by road accidents 2. Suggested ways to reduce road accidents 3. My comments 最近5年來道路事故的數(shù)目不斷上升，尤其在城市中。每當發(fā)生交通事故，有關的人員不是受傷就是死亡。它們對國家和受害者的家庭造成了巨大的損失。因此，迫在眉睫的是，我們應該采取措施來減少交通事故并確保道路安全。 我想有幾個方法可以降低事故率。首先，政府應該采取有力措施來改善道路狀況。例如：應該投資更多的錢來建造新的公路，許多又老又窄城市街道應加寬或重建。其次，地方當局應該用各種可能的方法來教育人民遵守交通規(guī)

44、則。最后，行人穿過繁華街道時應小心謹慎。我認為，以上所提到的幾個方面是避免交通事故所必需的。隨著車輛不斷的增加，城市道路正變得越來越擁擠。但是假如每個人各盡其責并遵守交通規(guī)則，道路將會變得更安全。我相信，交通狀況將會改善，盡管我們還有許多的困難要克服。Road Accidents In the past five years the number of road accidents has been on the rise in big cities. Whenever they happen, the people involved are either injured or killed.

45、 They cause great losses both to the country and to victims families. Therefore, it is urgent that we do something to reduce traffic accidents and make our roads safe. There are several ways I think to cut down to accident rate. In the first place, the government should take effective measures to im

46、prove road conditions. For example, more funds ought to be invested in building new highways and many of the old narrow streets in cities widened or reconstructed. Secondly, local authorities should educate people in every possible way to comply with traffic regulations. Finally, pedestrians should

47、be very careful whenever crossing busy streets. In my opinion, the above mentioned ways are essential to avoid traffic accidents. With the number of cars continuing to rise, the roads in cities are getting more and more crowded. But if everyone does his part and observes traffic rules, the road will

48、 be safer to all of us. I trust traffic conditions will be improving though we still have a long way to go. (200 words)(2)規(guī)定情景式作文Directions: Stress is a natural part of modern life. In this part, you are required to write within 40 minutes a composition of no less than 200 words about “Stress in Mod

49、ern Life” (現(xiàn)代生活中的壓力). You are to state briefly the relationship between stress and modern life and the different attitudes towards stress. At the end of your composition you should draw your own conclusion. 眾所周知，壓力是日常生活中很自然的事，并且也無法躲避壓力。隨著現(xiàn)代生活的節(jié)奏不斷加快，我們從早到晚總是感到忙忙碌碌。而且很難減慢。我們似乎覺得我們周圍人人都在拼命干。因此，不管一個人干什

50、么，他總會感到壓力?？梢姡诟偁幧鐣袎毫蜕钍怯坝〔浑x的。 然而，不同的人對壓力的看法不同。有些人認為，壓力并不是通常所認為的壞事。他們的觀點是， 某種壓力對提供動力和使生活喲目的所不可缺少的。其他人則爭辯說，壓力加劇了精力的消耗，因此危害人的健康。在他們看來，壓力的反面，即輕松，是身心健康所必不可少的。 就個人而言，我贊成前一種觀點。當一個人全心投入到他所從事的事業(yè)時，壓力是不可能避免的。依我看，只有當壓力失去控制時，它才會導致行為失調和身體不適。Stress in Modern Life As everyone knows, stress is a natural part of ev

51、eryday life and there is no way to avoid it. As the pace of modern life continues to increase, we are always feeling on the go from morning till night. And it is hard to slow down. It seems to us that everyone around us is aggressive. Therefore, whatever one does, he feels under stress all the time.

52、 It is clear that stress has much to do with the life in a competitive society. Different people, however, think of stress quite differently. Some believe that stress is not the bad thing it is often supposed to be. They are of the opinion that a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivati

53、on and to give purpose to life. Others argue that stress contributes to ones mental decline and hence endangers his health. According to them, relaxation, the opposite of stress, is essential for a healthy mind and body. Personally, Im in favor of the former view. I think it is impossible to avoid s

54、tress when one is entirely devoted to the career he pursues. In my opinion, it is only when the stress gets out of control that it can lead to poor performance and ill health. (207 words)注：be on the go 忙碌(3)圖表或漫畫式作文Sharp Increase in World Population1961-1975年 （15年）40億30億20億10億人類生活開始-1830年 （約200萬年）18

55、31-1930年 （100年）1931-1960年 （30年）Directions: In this part, you are to write an essay of about 200 words within 40 minutes. Your essay should cover all the information provided in the bar chart and meet the requirements below. 1. Interpret the pictures above. 2. Give your reasons for the increase in population. 3. Draw your own conclusion. 根據(jù)圖中所給的數(shù)字，從人類生活的初期到1830年地球人口達