1、連詞 v什么是連詞?v用于連接單詞，短語或句子的詞語并列連詞從屬連詞v表并弄關(guān)系的連詞：v1. and 和，而且v基本用法：表并列 i like apples and oranges.v祈使句后用and, 有條件句作用v此時and= if you you will study hard, and you will pass the exam. go straight, and you will see the library.并列連詞并列連詞v 2. both and 既也, 兩者都 （謂語用復(fù)數(shù)） both you and jim are from england. she can spea

2、k both french and english.v 3. neither nor 既不也不, 兩者都不 連接兩個并列主語時，謂語動詞與最近的主語保持一致。 neither i nor he likes this song. 并列連詞并列連詞并列連詞v 4not only but also不但而且 (就近原則) not only the mother but also the children are ill. he not only washed the clothes but also cleaned the room v 5. as well as 與一樣，也1) 用來連接并列的主語時

3、，謂語動詞要與前一主語保持一致 helen as well as i is going to hk next week.2) 如as well as 前是不定式，那其后面也應(yīng)是不定式，但to省略 her mother asks her to do the housework as well as (to) look after her sister.v二，表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞v1. eitheror 要么要么 不是就是 (就近原則) either you or i am going there tomorrow. she is either drunk or mad. either you or

4、 she attends the meeting.v2. or 還是，或者，否則 is she a teacher or a student? hurry up, or we will miss the bus.v3. otherwise 否則 （可與or 互換） get up quickly, otherwise you will be late for school.v 三，表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的連詞v but 但是 he is old, but he is very healthy.v however 然而，但是，可放在句首，中，末， 通常用逗號隔開，作插入語。 my room is small

5、, however, its very comfortable.v while 然而，而 i am good at swimming while he is good at running.v yet, 然而，可是 he studied hard, yet he fail the exam. v四，表示因果關(guān)系的連詞vso 因此，所以 （不能與because連用）vtherefore 因此，所以 (比so正式，常與and連用)vfor 因為 v與because的區(qū)別： for的句子重心在for前的分句，而because重心在because引導(dǎo)的從句 its morning, for the b

6、irds are singing. （對，表推斷的原因） its morning, because the birds are singing. （錯，因為鳥叫不是天亮的直接原因）v但可以說the birds are singing because its morning.v 用以引導(dǎo)名詞性從句和狀語從句的連詞，由從屬連詞所導(dǎo)的句子叫從句。v 引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的：when, while, as, before, after, until, till等 v when用來引導(dǎo)長時間的從句時， 從句中用短暫性動詞；用來引導(dǎo)長時間的從句時，用持續(xù)性動詞。當(dāng)從句的主語與主句的主語相同時，be動詞可省略

7、when i got home, my family were already having dinner. （when表示點時間） when they were still talking and laughing, the teacher came in. （when表示時間段） when ( you are) in trouble, ask him for help.從屬連詞從屬連詞v while用來引導(dǎo)延續(xù)性動作或狀態(tài)的從句，強調(diào)主從句的動作同時發(fā)生或持續(xù)。v while通常表示一段時間，從句中要用持續(xù)性動詞作謂語。 she fell asleep while she was read

8、ing the newspaper.v while有時可以作并列連詞，表示對比，可譯成然而。 i am fond of english while he likes math.v as 引導(dǎo)的從句中多用表示動作的動詞，不用be動詞，且多是短暫性或發(fā)展變化的情況，可理解為“隨著”v as表示點時間時，從句中用短暫性動詞；表示段時間時，用持續(xù)性動詞。as和when兩者經(jīng)常可以通用。 the thief was caught as/ when he was stealing in the supermarket.v as表示 一邊一邊，強調(diào)從句和主句中兩個動作交替進行或同步進行。 they talk

9、ed as they walked. v as表示隨著 as time goes on, its getting warmer and warmer. v 表示在之前或在之后， before & after turn off the light before you leave. i often play computer after finishing my homework.v 表示自從，直到 since &until she has studied very hard since she came to our school.v 兩者區(qū)別：1. till不能用于句首 2.

10、 用在否定句中，表示直到才， 這個動作直到untill所表示的時候才發(fā)生。 until you told me, i have no idea of it. jim doesnt go to bed until/till his mother is back.v 表示一就 as soon as, once i will tell you as soon as i hear from her. once you begin you must persist. 引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句的: because, since, as, forv一、詞性區(qū)別：一、詞性區(qū)別：because，sin

11、ce和和as均為從均為從屬連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。屬連詞，引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句。for為并列連詞，為并列連詞，引導(dǎo)并列句。引導(dǎo)并列句。v二、語氣區(qū)別：語氣最強烈的是二、語氣區(qū)別：語氣最強烈的是because, 接下接下來是來是since，其次是，其次是as，語氣最弱的是，語氣最弱的是for。v三、詞意區(qū)別三、詞意區(qū)別v because表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是聽話人所表示直接原因，它所指的原因通常是聽話人所不知道的不知道的(the reason is very important in the sentence)。它所引導(dǎo)的從句一般放于主句之后，也可。它所引導(dǎo)的從句一般放于主句之后，也可以單

12、獨存在。常用來回答以單獨存在。常用來回答why的提問。在強調(diào)句型中，的提問。在強調(diào)句型中，只能使用只能使用because。例如：。例如：v （1）i read this book because i like it.v （2）-why is peter absent?v -because he is ill today.v （3）it was because peter is ill today that he is absent from the meeting.v 2. since側(cè)重主句，從句表示顯然的或已為人所知的理側(cè)重主句，從句表示顯然的或已為人所知的理由，常譯為由，常譯為“因為因為

13、”、“既然既然”。通常置于句首，表示一種含。通常置于句首，表示一種含有勉強語氣的原因。例如：有勉強語氣的原因。例如：v since everyone is here, lets start.v 3. as是常用詞，它表示的是常用詞，它表示的“原因原因”是雙方已知的事實或顯是雙方已知的事實或顯而易見的原因，或者理由不是很重要，含義與而易見的原因，或者理由不是很重要，含義與since相同相同，但語氣更弱，沒有，但語氣更弱，沒有since正式，常譯為正式，常譯為“由于，鑒于由于，鑒于”。例如：例如：v we all like her as she is kind.v 4.for用作連詞時，與用作連詞

14、時，與because相似，但它所表示的原相似，但它所表示的原因往往提供上文未交待過的情況。因往往提供上文未交待過的情況。for不表示直接原因，不表示直接原因，表明附加或推斷的理由，因此表明附加或推斷的理由，因此for被看作并列連詞，它所被看作并列連詞，它所引導(dǎo)的分句只能放在句子后部引導(dǎo)的分句只能放在句子后部(或單獨成為一個句子或單獨成為一個句子)，并，并且前后兩個分句間的邏輯關(guān)系不一定是因果關(guān)系，其間用且前后兩個分句間的邏輯關(guān)系不一定是因果關(guān)系，其間用逗號隔開，且逗號隔開，且for不可置于句首。不可置于句首。for的這一用法常用在的這一用法常用在書面語中，較正式。例如：書面語中，較正式。例如：

15、v the days are short, for it is now december. it must have rained, for the ground is wet. (從從“地面潮濕地面潮濕”做出做出“下過雨下過雨”的推測，但地濕并不一定是下的推測，但地濕并不一定是下雨所致雨所致, for不可以換為不可以換為because。)vthe day breaks, for the birds are singing. (不可用because，因為鳥叫不是天亮的原因）v he went to bed early, because he was tired (直接的理由)v he must

16、 be tired, for he went to bed early. (間接的推斷)because 和for的區(qū)別 v引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞: if, unless, as long asvif 如果，表示在某種條件下某事會發(fā)生，也可以表虛擬或假設(shè) if you ask him, we will help you. if i were you, i wont do that.vas long as 只要 nothing is impossible as long as we try. there isnt any orange in the bottle.v unless= if not,

17、 表示反面條件，如果不、除非。 they will go tomorrow unless it rains. =（they will go tomorrow if it doesnt rain.） i wont let you in unless you show me your pass.（= i wont let you in if you dont show me your pass. ）v引導(dǎo)目的狀語從句的：in order that, so thatv1. in order that 為了，以便 they took a taxi in order that they could sa

18、ve time.v 2. so that 為了，以便 i got up early so that i could catch the first bus.v引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句的：so that, suchthat v1. so + 形/副 that i am so tired that i cant walk any longer.v 2. such +名/短語 that it was such a warm day that we went out for a walk.v 注意：such+a/an+形容詞+單數(shù)名詞結(jié)構(gòu)v = so +形容詞+a/an+單數(shù)名詞結(jié)構(gòu) he told us s

19、uch a funny story that we all laughed. he told us so funny a story that we all laughed. v六，引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的：although, though, even though, even ifvalthough, though 雖然，縱然， 不能與but 連用， 但可與yet連用valthough 較正式，不可作副詞 although/though he is old, he is very healthy.vthough 較口語，可作副詞，且放在句首，句末，意主為“不過，可是” it is hard wor

20、k, i enjoy it, though.veven though, even if 即使，縱然，盡管，就算veven though 盡管，即使， even though he is poor, she loves him. veven if 即使，縱然，含有強烈的假設(shè)性 even if he is poor, she loves him.【實例解析】【實例解析】 -i like riding fast. its very exciting. -oh! you mustnt do it like that, _ it may have an accident. a. and b. or c.

21、 so d. but答案：答案：b。該題考查的是并列連詞的用法。答語的該題考查的是并列連詞的用法。答語的意思是意思是“你不要那樣做，否則會發(fā)生事故的。你不要那樣做，否則會發(fā)生事故的。”在這四個并列連詞中，只有在這四個并列連詞中，只有or含有這樣的意思，所含有這樣的意思，所以應(yīng)選以應(yīng)選b。 john fell asleep _ he was listening to the music.a. after b. before c. while d. as soon as答案：答案：c。該題考查的是引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的該題考查的是引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的常用從屬連詞的用法。本句的含義是常用從屬連詞的用法。本

22、句的含義是“約翰在約翰在聽音樂的時候睡著了。聽音樂的時候睡著了。”表示在干某事時發(fā)生表示在干某事時發(fā)生了某個事情了某個事情” 通常用通常用while。因此應(yīng)選因此應(yīng)選c。1. -will the foreigners have any problems talking with chinese in 2008? -i dont think so. now _ the young _ the old can speak some english. a. eitheror b. not only but also c. neithernor d. bothor 2. we didnt catch

23、the train _ we left late. a. so b. because c. but d. though 3. tom failed in the exam again _ he wanted to pass it very much. a. if b. so c. though d. as4. i wont believe that the five-year-old boy can read five thousand words _ i have tested him myself. a. after b. when c. if d. until 5. the book was so interesting that he had read it for three hours _ he realized it. a. when b. until c. after d. before 6. -this dress was last years style. -i think it still looks perfect _ it has gone out this year. a. so that