1、文獻(xiàn)翻譯對(duì)“碳關(guān)稅”問(wèn)題的討論分析及我國(guó)的對(duì)策摘要：發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家拋出的“碳關(guān)稅”違背了 “共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”，是一種單邊主義的體現(xiàn)。它的開征將對(duì)我國(guó)出口貿(mào)易造成巨大的損失。為此，我國(guó)對(duì)外進(jìn)行環(huán)境談判中必須堅(jiān)守“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”；對(duì)內(nèi)應(yīng)積極優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)、大力發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)，并應(yīng)適時(shí)開征碳稅，盡快建立、健全碳交易市場(chǎng)機(jī)制。關(guān)鍵詞：碳關(guān)稅；共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則；碳稅；碳交易機(jī)制一、碳關(guān)稅的提出碳關(guān)稅最早由法國(guó)前總統(tǒng)希拉克提出，是指針對(duì)高能耗的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品征收特別的二氧化碳排放關(guān)稅。但他的這一提議并未獲得作為一個(gè)獨(dú)立關(guān)稅區(qū)歐盟的一致認(rèn)可，歐盟輪值國(guó)主席瑞典環(huán)境大臣卡爾格倫呼吁歐盟成員國(guó)環(huán)境部長(zhǎng)拒絕有關(guān)

2、征收“碳關(guān)稅”的提議；德國(guó)政府代表認(rèn)為，征收“碳關(guān)稅”是一種新形式的“生態(tài)帝國(guó)主義”。目前，“碳關(guān)稅”的征收并未付諸實(shí)施，但瑞典、丹麥、意大利以及加拿大的不列顛和魁北克已在各自領(lǐng)域內(nèi)開征與碳關(guān)稅類似的碳稅。第一個(gè)針對(duì)碳關(guān)稅立法的是美國(guó)，2009年6月26日晚，美國(guó)眾議院以219票對(duì)212票的微弱優(yōu)勢(shì)通過(guò)了美國(guó)清潔能源安全法案，該法案規(guī)定，從 2020年起美國(guó)將對(duì)包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的未實(shí)施碳減排限額的國(guó)家產(chǎn)品征收懲罰性關(guān)稅。一石激起千層浪，某些發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的這種將碳排放與貿(mào)易掛鉤的做法，引起了發(fā)展中國(guó)家的強(qiáng)烈反對(duì)，我國(guó)商務(wù)部于2009年7月3日表態(tài)稱，在當(dāng)前形勢(shì)下提出實(shí)施“碳關(guān)稅”只會(huì)擾亂國(guó)際貿(mào)易秩序，中

3、方對(duì)此堅(jiān)決反對(duì)；印度也認(rèn)為，“碳關(guān)稅”只是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家為采取貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義措施而尋找的一個(gè)借口，在當(dāng)前國(guó)際金融危機(jī)的背景下，征收“碳關(guān)稅”將對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)造成嚴(yán)重傷害。一時(shí)間，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家與發(fā)展國(guó)家關(guān)于碳關(guān)稅的爭(zhēng)論甚囂塵上。如何理性看待“碳關(guān)稅”是每個(gè) 國(guó)家必須面對(duì)的現(xiàn)實(shí)問(wèn)題，以期在環(huán)境保護(hù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展之間尋找一個(gè)最佳平衡點(diǎn)。二、碳關(guān)稅是違背國(guó)際法的單邊主義作法碳關(guān)稅，是一種對(duì)未實(shí)施碳減排限額國(guó)家產(chǎn)品征收的懲罰性關(guān)稅。它的開征具有一定的迷惑性：首先，名義上具有合理性。碳關(guān)稅以保護(hù)環(huán)境為名，而環(huán)境保護(hù)是全世界取得的共 識(shí)，是人類生存與發(fā)展的必然要求；其次，以 wto例外規(guī)則為依托形式上具有合法性， gat

4、t的“一般例外條款”允許各締約方采用“為保障人民、動(dòng)物、植物的生命或健康的措 施”。然而，這些迷惑是經(jīng)不起推敲的。首先，碳關(guān)稅的開征“名正言不順”。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家在其自身沒(méi)有履行減排責(zé)任，如美國(guó)單方面退出有強(qiáng)制約束力的京都議定書情況下，對(duì)其他國(guó)家以環(huán)保為名進(jìn)行關(guān)稅制裁是一種典型的責(zé)任轉(zhuǎn)嫁。正如有學(xué)者指出，碳關(guān)稅是“發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家體現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)霸權(quán)的一種新形式，放在全球分工體系中看，將是頭腦國(guó)家對(duì)軀干國(guó)家 的一種新的掠奪模式”。其次，碳關(guān)稅能否透過(guò) wto “一般例外規(guī)則之門”還存有疑問(wèn)。正如2009年12月哥本哈根世界氣候變化大會(huì)閉幕時(shí)，wto總干事拉米意味深長(zhǎng)的指出：“哥本哈根會(huì)議期間，提出了邊境措施的問(wèn)題。

5、在wto成員方之間，正如哥本哈根的聯(lián)合國(guó)會(huì)員國(guó)那樣，在此問(wèn)題上也存在分歧。 但我可以說(shuō)的是，在氣候變化問(wèn)題上，我們?cè)较蚨噙吙蚣芊较虬l(fā)展，單邊貿(mào)易措施問(wèn)題就越難解釋清楚”。共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則是一系列國(guó)際法文件所確立的具有約束力的制度，是指“世界各國(guó)乃至全人類均應(yīng)當(dāng)共同承擔(dān)起保護(hù)和改善環(huán)境以最終解決全球環(huán)境問(wèn)題的責(zé)任，但在責(zé)任領(lǐng)域、大小、方式、手段以及承擔(dān)責(zé)任的時(shí)間先后等方面應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)合各國(guó)的基本國(guó)情而予以區(qū)別對(duì)待。”按照該原則，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家應(yīng)承擔(dān)更多的減排責(zé)任，而未對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家提出強(qiáng)制的減排目標(biāo)要求。盡管目前還未形成為國(guó)際習(xí)慣法，但締約方仍必須承擔(dān)條約義務(wù)。“有約必守”是國(guó)際條約法的一項(xiàng)基本原則，任何

6、締約方除提出保留事項(xiàng)外必須全面適當(dāng)?shù)芈男小Ｂ?lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約及協(xié)定關(guān)于共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則的規(guī)定，未允許締約國(guó)提出保留。因此，該項(xiàng)制度是對(duì)所有締約國(guó)均是有約束力的。而碳關(guān)稅的征收，實(shí)際上是以強(qiáng)制的方式使發(fā)展中國(guó)家承擔(dān)其本不應(yīng)承擔(dān)的條約義務(wù)，這是對(duì)條約履行原則的違背。從碳關(guān)稅實(shí)施的后果來(lái)看，迫使發(fā)展中國(guó)家接受發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家同等的減排義務(wù)，國(guó)際條約所確立的 “區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”遭到了破壞，這是一種以國(guó)內(nèi)法措施貶損國(guó)際法效力的一種行為。另外，是否征收、如 何征收以及征收多少碳關(guān)稅決定權(quán)在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家手中，具有一定隨意性和濃重的貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義色彩。這種單邊主義的作法使發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家一箭雙雕，在堂而皇之地將發(fā)展中國(guó)家的產(chǎn)

7、品阻卻在國(guó)門之外的同時(shí)，還讓發(fā)展中國(guó)家背負(fù)了環(huán)境污染的惡名。在環(huán)境與和平、發(fā)展并列成為當(dāng)今世界三大主題的今天，保護(hù)環(huán)境無(wú)疑需要世界各國(guó)通力合作。而合作最穩(wěn)固的形式當(dāng)然是構(gòu)建并遵守多邊國(guó)際法環(huán)保制度體系，聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約及其一系列協(xié)定，無(wú)論發(fā)展中國(guó)家還是發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都必須切實(shí)履行之。而發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家推出的碳關(guān)稅制度，無(wú)疑是以單邊措施對(duì)多邊協(xié)議安排的挑戰(zhàn)和破壞，更是對(duì)多邊協(xié)議所確立的“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”的直接違背。三、碳關(guān)稅對(duì)我國(guó)的影響及對(duì)策（一）碳關(guān)稅對(duì)我國(guó)的影響作為世界最大出口國(guó)， 我國(guó)將是受碳關(guān)稅影響最大的國(guó)家。首先，我國(guó)主要的貿(mào)易對(duì)手為發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，如 2009年僅出口美國(guó)和歐盟就占到了出口總

8、額的近40% ,它們同時(shí)也是開征碳關(guān)稅的急先鋒。美國(guó)是第一個(gè)將碳關(guān)稅進(jìn)行國(guó)內(nèi)立法的國(guó)家，也是我國(guó)最大出口地國(guó)家，因此美國(guó)一旦開征碳關(guān)稅，我國(guó)便首當(dāng)其沖。 其次，我國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品中高碳產(chǎn)品占據(jù)了相當(dāng)大比例，最容易遭受碳關(guān)稅的制裁。在中國(guó)對(duì)美出口商品中，機(jī)電、建材、化工、鋼鐵、塑料制品等傳統(tǒng)高碳產(chǎn)品占據(jù)了中國(guó)出口市場(chǎng)一半以上的比重。如果美國(guó)開征碳關(guān)稅， 據(jù)上海財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)美國(guó)征收“碳關(guān)稅”對(duì)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響課題組分析，以30美元/噸碳的關(guān)稅計(jì)，將導(dǎo)致我國(guó)出口總額下降 1.7% ；如以60美元/噸碳的關(guān)稅計(jì)，則將下降 2.6%以上。更令 人擔(dān)憂的事，如果美國(guó)一旦得逞， 將導(dǎo)致歐盟及其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的效仿，這無(wú)疑對(duì)

9、我國(guó)出口是雪上加霜。總之，碳關(guān)稅的開征將使我國(guó)出口嚴(yán)重受挫，將會(huì)造成一些外向型出口企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)困難甚至破產(chǎn)，也會(huì)造成就業(yè)等一系列社會(huì)問(wèn)題，因此，我們必須對(duì)碳關(guān)稅時(shí)刻保持警惕、 妥善應(yīng)對(duì)。（二）應(yīng)采取的對(duì)策1、積極開展“環(huán)境外交”，堅(jiān)持“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”我國(guó)作為負(fù)責(zé)任的世界大國(guó)，也應(yīng)積極參與環(huán)境保護(hù)的國(guó)際合作中去，積極開展環(huán)境外交。所謂“環(huán)境外交”，是指以主權(quán)國(guó)家為主體，通過(guò)正式代表國(guó)家的機(jī)構(gòu)和人員的官方行為，運(yùn)用談判、外交等外交手段，處理和調(diào)整環(huán)境領(lǐng)域的國(guó)際關(guān)系的一切活動(dòng)。作為聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約及其一系列協(xié)定的締約國(guó)，在開展環(huán)境外交中，必須秉承公約及其協(xié)定所確立的“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”

10、。這一方面是履行條約義務(wù)的體現(xiàn)，同時(shí)也是反擊發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家碳關(guān)稅的有力根據(jù)。我國(guó)作為發(fā)展中國(guó)家，有權(quán)利獲得該原則下強(qiáng)制減排義務(wù)的豁免。 因此，我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)目前尚不完善的減排機(jī)制，并不能成為美國(guó)等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家對(duì)我國(guó)出口產(chǎn)品征收碳關(guān)稅的借口。在外交方面，我國(guó)應(yīng)積極與印度等廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家溝通，深化對(duì)“共同但有 區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”的共識(shí)，將其作為環(huán)境談判的指導(dǎo)思想，以此為基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)筑防御碳關(guān)稅的堅(jiān)固堡壘，為我國(guó)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)、低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)大發(fā)展壯大贏取時(shí)間。2、深化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)，發(fā)展低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家征收碳關(guān)稅，是建立在將“共同責(zé)任”解釋為“同等責(zé)任”基礎(chǔ)上的，這顯然是一種故意的曲解，是違背“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”含義的。但我們強(qiáng)

11、調(diào)“區(qū)別責(zé)任”絕不意味著不承擔(dān)環(huán)保的“共同責(zé)任”，無(wú)論發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家還是發(fā)展中國(guó)家都應(yīng)自覺(jué)的履行共同的減排義務(wù)。我國(guó)作為快速發(fā)展的工業(yè)化進(jìn)程中的國(guó)家，盡管從能源消費(fèi)彈性上看，gdp增長(zhǎng)速度和能源消耗增長(zhǎng)速度之間的比例關(guān)系遠(yuǎn)優(yōu)于相同發(fā)展階段的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，但碳排放量已不容小覷，目前我國(guó)已超過(guò)美國(guó)，成為碳排放最多的國(guó)家。這一方面是我國(guó)快速工業(yè)化、世界制造中心角色所造成的，同時(shí)也是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展長(zhǎng)期依賴高投入、高能耗的結(jié)果。隨著環(huán)保日益迫切、能源供應(yīng)的日趨緊張以及發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家拋出的碳關(guān)稅制度，我們不得不反思和改變這一現(xiàn)狀。今后應(yīng)大力發(fā)展循環(huán)經(jīng)濟(jì)，提高資源利用效率；積極發(fā)展太陽(yáng)能、風(fēng)能、核能等清潔能源，減少碳能源的消耗；

12、優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，大力發(fā)展低碳工業(yè)、淘汰落后產(chǎn)能。目前，我國(guó)在這一領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)采取了許多重要舉措，如2010年6月1日國(guó)務(wù)院消耗臭氧層物質(zhì)管理?xiàng)l例付諸實(shí)施、在哥本哈根會(huì)議上自愿承諾單位gdp排放密度“到2020年在2005年的基礎(chǔ)上削減40-45% ”，并開始大規(guī)模開發(fā)新型能源等，這些都是履行聯(lián)合國(guó)變化框架公約及其協(xié)議義務(wù)的積極體現(xiàn)，是對(duì)碳關(guān)稅制度的有力回應(yīng)。3、開征國(guó)內(nèi)碳稅在全球已步入不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的低碳社會(huì)時(shí)代，提高排放成本、降低能耗是必然選擇。開征碳稅應(yīng)成為我國(guó)向低碳經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型的杠桿。碳稅是一種污染稅，即針對(duì)二氧化碳排放征收的稅。國(guó)家確定每噸碳排放的價(jià)格，然后通過(guò)這個(gè)價(jià)格換算出對(duì)電力、天然氣或石油的稅費(fèi)

13、，因此,它是以化石燃料的生產(chǎn)、分配或使用為征稅對(duì)象的。目前，開征碳稅已是我國(guó)決策者的共識(shí)，5年之內(nèi)開征碳稅。如果財(cái)政部財(cái)政科學(xué)研究所中國(guó)開征碳稅問(wèn)題研究課題報(bào)告建議我國(guó)開征碳關(guān)稅，從國(guó)內(nèi)看：將其確立為中央稅， 可使節(jié)能減排在一定程度上擺脫地方利益的不當(dāng)影響；從長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)來(lái)看可促進(jìn)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)化，走向可持續(xù)發(fā)展。對(duì)外來(lái)看，則是一種有效應(yīng)對(duì)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家碳關(guān)稅的有力武器。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家征收碳關(guān)稅的對(duì)象是那些未承擔(dān)減排義務(wù)的進(jìn)口產(chǎn)品，而我國(guó)開征的碳稅顯然是一種承擔(dān)減排義務(wù)的明證。退一步說(shuō)，如果發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家仍堅(jiān)持對(duì)我國(guó)已經(jīng)征收碳稅的產(chǎn)品加征進(jìn)口碳關(guān)稅，則使其碳關(guān)稅制度名義上的合理性都不存在了，將凸顯其赤裸裸的貿(mào)易限制本色，

14、這將是違背wto規(guī)則的；同時(shí)，也是違背避免雙重征稅國(guó)際規(guī)則的。在不能改變發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家碳關(guān)稅制度的情況下，“如果別的國(guó)家先征收，對(duì)我國(guó)企業(yè)更加不利"，不如我們先征收碳稅，將所得稅款用于新能源開發(fā)和產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)升級(jí)上來(lái)。4、完善碳排放交易機(jī)制碳交易，即碳排放權(quán)買賣，其作法是由政府評(píng)估出一定區(qū)域內(nèi)滿足環(huán)境容量的污染物最大排放量，并將其分成若干排放份額，每個(gè)份額為一份排污權(quán)；政府在排污權(quán)一級(jí)市場(chǎng)上，采取招標(biāo)、拍賣等方式將排污權(quán)有償出讓給排污者，排污者購(gòu)買到排污權(quán)后，可在二級(jí)市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行排污權(quán)買入或賣出。目前，碳交易已成為新興的交易市場(chǎng)，據(jù)世界銀行估計(jì)，2008年至2012年，全球“碳交易”需求量為7億

15、至13億噸，交易值每年可達(dá) 140億至650億美元，2012年市場(chǎng)可達(dá)1500億美元。其中中國(guó)將提供 1/3的碳減排量，由此產(chǎn)生的交易額將超過(guò)150億美元。全球形成了一個(gè)規(guī)模日趨擴(kuò)大的碳排放交易市場(chǎng)，有望超過(guò)石油市場(chǎng)成為世界第一大市場(chǎng)。但目前我國(guó)還未形成有效的碳交易機(jī)制。首先，碳排放權(quán)性質(zhì)不清。目前碳排放份額的取得主要依靠政府分配，這為交易確權(quán)帶來(lái)諸多障礙；其次，交易場(chǎng)所缺失，難以有效流轉(zhuǎn)。只有從法律上明確了碳排放權(quán)的產(chǎn)權(quán)性質(zhì)，才能使節(jié)能減排實(shí)現(xiàn)切實(shí)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益，激發(fā)企業(yè)降低能耗、 減少排放的積極性。 而如果減排目標(biāo)變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)，則發(fā)達(dá) 國(guó)家以為履行減排義務(wù)為借口的碳關(guān)稅，自然便會(huì)失去其依據(jù)。四、結(jié)

16、論環(huán)境問(wèn)題已經(jīng)與和平、 發(fā)展并列為當(dāng)今世界三大主題，保護(hù)環(huán)境是每個(gè)國(guó)家應(yīng)承擔(dān)的國(guó)際義務(wù)。為此，各國(guó)必須遵守聯(lián)合國(guó)氣候變化框架公約及協(xié)定所確立的“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家新近拋出的碳關(guān)稅制度名為保護(hù)環(huán)境，實(shí)為一種新型貿(mào)易管制措施，是明顯背離“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則” 的單邊主義行為， 值得包括我國(guó)在內(nèi)的廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家警惕。我們一方面應(yīng)堅(jiān)守“共同但有區(qū)別責(zé)任原則”，將我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展作為優(yōu)先考慮的目標(biāo)；另一方面，也必須順應(yīng)全球步入不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的低碳發(fā)展模式的潮流，淘汰落后產(chǎn)能、優(yōu)化產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，并借助碳稅和碳交易機(jī)制加快這一歷史進(jìn)程，防患于未然，邁上可持續(xù)發(fā)展之路。a discussion on

17、carbon tariff analysis andimplications for chinaabstract: the developed countries to throw a "carbon tariff" contrary to "common but differentiated responsibility principle", is the embodiment of a unilateralist. it the introduction of china's export trade will be lead to hug

18、e losses. to this end, china's foreign in environmental negotiations must adhere to the "common but differentiated responsibility", internal and should be actively optimize the industrial structure, vigorously develop the low carbon economy, and timely introduction of a carbon tax, as

19、soon as possible to establish and improve the mechanism of carbon trading market.thesis keywords: carbon tariffs, common but differentiated responsibility principle, a carbon tax, carbon trading mechanism1. carbon tariffscarbon tariff was first proposed by former french president jacques chirac is t

20、o impose special tariffs on carbon dioxide emissions for the high energy consumption of imported products, but this proposal has not been unanimously recognized as a separate customs territory of the european union, eu presidency sweden carlgren, minister of the environment, called on eu member stat

21、es, minister of the environment refused to impose a "carbon tariff" proposal; representative of the german government, impose a "carbon tariff" is a new form of "ecological imperialism.", "carbon tariff" of levy has not implemented, sweden, denmark, italy and

22、canada, britain and quebec has been the introduction of a carbon tax similar to the carbon tariffs in their respective areas. a carbon tariff legislation, the united states, the evening of 26 june 2009 by a slim margin of 219 votes to 212, the united states house of representatives passed the americ

23、an clean energy security act >> the act provides that the national product since 2020 the united states will, including china, not the implementation of carbon emission reduction quotas imposed punitive tariffs on a ripple, some developed countries this will be linked to carbon emissions and t

24、rade, causing strong opposition from developing countries, china's ministry of commerce on july 3, 2009 statement said that in proposed the implementation of a "carbon tariff" will also disrupt international trade order, the current situation, china is firmly opposed to india also beli

25、eves that "carbon tariff" is just looking for developed countries to adopt trade protectionist measures and an excuse, in the current international financial crisis the context of developing countries' economies will be serious harm to impose a "carbon tariff" for a time, the

26、 debate on carbon tariffs of developed and developing countries is rampant. how rational view of the "carbontariff" must face the reality of each country issues in order to find a best balance between environmental protection and economic development.2. carbon tariff the unilateralism prac

27、tices in violation of international lawcarbon tariffs, a failure to implement carbon emission reduction quota countries impose punitive tariffs, the levy of confusion: first, nominally with the rationality of carbon tariffs to protect the environment in the name of environmental protection the conse

28、nsus of the world is an inevitable requirement for human survival and development, the exception to wto rules rely on formal legality, and the gatt general exceptions clause "to allow the parties to apply for the protection of people, animals, plants life or health measures. "however, thes

29、e confused withstand scrutiny. first, the imposition of carbon tariffs" right and proper ring true. "developed countries failed to fulfill its own responsibility for emissions reductions, such as the united states unilaterally withdrew from the compulsory constraint force of the << k

30、yoto protocol >> case, the tariff sanctions on other countries to the name of environmental protection is a typical shift the responsibility, as some scholars have pointed out that the carbon tariff is a new form of "developed countries to reflect the economic hegemony put seen in the glo

31、bal division of labor, will be a new 'mind state' 'torso countries' predatory mode, carbon tariffs can in doubt through the wto general exceptions to the rules of the door ", as 2009 the closing of the copenhagen world climate change conference in december, the wto director gene

32、ral pascal lamy said: copenhagen during the meeting, the issue of border measures among wto members, as the united nations member states in copenhagen, in this meaningful there are also differences on the issue but i can say is that on the issue of climate change, the more we to a multilateral frame

33、work for the direction of unilateral trade measures on the more difficult a clear explanation.common but differentiated responsibilities principle is established by a series of documents of international law binding system, referred to as "the world and humankind as a whole should jointly under

34、take to protect and improve the environment to the final responsibility to solve global environmental problems, but in the areas of responsibility size, manner, means and responsibility chronological order should be read in conjunction with the country's basic national conditions to be treated d

35、ifferently. "in accordance with the principle that developed countries should assume more responsibility for emissions reductions, but not for developing countries to make a mandatory emission reduction goal. although not yet formed the customary international law, the parties must still be ent

36、ering into treaty obligations. "about the required" is a fundamental principle of international treaty law, any parties in addition to reserved matters must be fully proper discharge of the united nations framework convention on climate >>, << and the provisions of the agreemen

37、t on the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and allow states parties to make reservations, so the system is binding for all states parties. carbon tariffs collection, in fact is the mandatory way to enable developing countries to take their treaty obligations should, contrary t

38、o this is to fulfill the principles of the treaty. from the consequences of the implementation of carbon tariffs, forcing developing countries to accept developed countries the same emission reduction obligations established by international treaties the principle of differentiated responsibilities

39、"has been destroyed, this is a kind of an act derogatoryforce of international law to domestic law measures. in addition, whether to impose a right to decide how to levy and the imposition of the number of carbon tariffs. the hands of developed countries, with a certain arbitrariness and strong

40、 trade protectionist practices of such unilateralism developed countries to kill two birds with one stone, in openly negates the products from developing countries out of the country while also developing countries saddled with the notoriety of environmental pollution.parallel to today's world t

41、he three main themes in the environment and peace, development today, protecting the environment is undoubtedly the world to work together, while the most stable form of cooperation, of course, is to build and compliance with multilateral international law of environmental protection system of the u

42、nited nations framework convention on climate> its a series of agreements, both developing and developed countries must earnestly implement the developed countries introduced carbon tariff system, is no doubt that arrangements for the challenge of unilateral measures in the multilateral agreement

43、 and destruction, is the multilateral agreement established "common but differentiated responsibility principle" the direct contrary.3. carbon tariffs on china and countermeasures3.1 the impact on chinaas the world's largest exporter, china is the largest country affected by carbon tar

44、iffs. first of all, our main trading partner for the developed countries, such as the 2009 was only exported to the u.s. and the eu accounted for nearly 40% of the total exports, they are also the levy vanguard of carbon tariffs. united states is a carbon tariff to domestic legislation, china's

45、largest export destination countries, the united states imposing carbon tariffs, china will bear the brunt. second, china's exports of high-carbon products accounted for a large proportion of most vulnerable to carbon tariffs sanctions. in china's export commodities, machinery and electronic

46、s, building materials, chemicals, steel, plastics and other traditional high-carbon products accounted for more than half the proportion of china's export market. if the united states the introduction of a carbon tariff, according to shanghai university of finance and american impose a "car

47、bon tariff" on china's economy >> group analysis, a total of $ 30 / t carbon tariff will lead to china's total exports fell 1.7 percent, to $ 60 / t carbon tariff meter will be decreased by 2.6% more worrying thing if the united states, if successful, will result in the eu and oth

48、er developed countries follow suit, which is no doubt china's exports worse short, the introduction of carbon tariffs will make china's exports suffered a serious setback , will result in some export-oriented enterprises operating difficulties or even bankruptcy, can also cause a series of s

49、ocial problems such as employment, therefore, we must remain vigilant on the carbon tariff moment, properly deal with.3.2 the measures we should take.3.2.1 actively carry out "environmental diplomacy", adhere to the "common but differentiated responsibility principle"china as a r

50、esponsible world power, should also be actively involved in international cooperation in environmental protection, and actively carry out environmental diplomacy. the so-called "environmental diplomacy" refers to the sovereign state as the main official acts by the official representative

51、of the country's institutions and personnel the use of negotiation, diplomacy and diplomatic means, processing and adjustment of all the activities of the environmental field of international relations. a party to the united nations framework convention on as << >> and a series of ag

52、reements in environmental diplomacy, we must uphold the convention and its agreements established "common but differentiated responsibility" in this regard is the embodiment of implementation of treaty obligations, is also powerful counter carbon tariffs in developed countries, according t

53、o china as a developing country, has the right to obtain the principle mandatory emission reduction obligations exemption. therefore, our country is not perfect reduction mechanism does not become an excuse for the united states and other developed countries to impose carbon tariffs on china's e

54、xport products. the diplomatic front, china and india, the vast number of developing countries to communicate and deepen of "common but differentiated responsibility principle" consensus, as the guiding ideology of environmental negotiations, as a basis to build a strong fortress in the de

55、fense of carbon tariffs, upgrade china's industrial structure, low-carbon economy to grow and develop to win time.3.2.2 deepen the industrial structure upgrading and the development of low-carbon economydeveloped countries impose carbon tariffs is explained in the "shared responsibility&quo

56、t; for the "equal responsibility" on the basis of which is obviously a deliberate misinterpretation is contrary to "common but differentiated responsibility principle" meaning, but we emphasize differentiated responsibilities "by no means does not assume the" shared res

57、ponsibility "of environmental protection, whether developed or developing countries should consciously perform common emission reduction obligations. china, as the rapid development of the industrialization process of countries, although from the elasticity of energy consumption point of view,

58、the proportional relationship between speed and energy consumption growth rate of gdp growth is much better than the developed countries of the same stage of development, carbon emissions should not be underestimated, china has surpassed the united states, carbon emissions than any other country. as

59、pects of china's rapid industrialization, the world's manufacturing center role, but also the economic development of long-term reliance on high input, high-energy results with the increasingly urgent environmental, energy supply, the growing tension as well as developed countries thrown car

60、bon tariff system, we have to review and change this situation in the future, we should vigorously develop the circular economy, improve resource utilization efficiency, and actively develop solar, wind, nuclear and other clean energy, reduce carbon energy consumption, optimize the industrial structure, vigorously develop the low carbon industry, eliminate backward cap