1、U4(選修六)1.depend on/ upon+ n 依靠,依賴, 確(堅)信You cant depend on your parents forever.depend on/upon+sb.+to do 指望某人做You cant depend on him to come on time.depend on/upon +it +that. 指望. You may depend on it that he will come.depend on/upon +wh-從句   Whether you can pass the exam depends on how

2、0; hard you work.That (all) depends./ it all depends. (口語)視情況而定，I may help you. But that/ it depends.2. light 1) n. 光,線,燈 2)v.照亮,點燃-lit(lighted）-lit(lighted）He lit a match. 他劃著了一根火柴。 A smile of triumph lit up her face. 她的臉上閃耀著勝利的微笑。 The match lights easily. 這火柴容易劃著3)adj .The suitcase is very light.（

3、輕的）There was a light rain falling. （蒙蒙細雨）· heavy rain/rain cats and dogs傾盆大雨He is a light sleeper. 他睡不沉。（易醒的）3. heat v. / heat up 是某物變熱或變暖heated adj. 熱的激烈的 heated debate, heated discussionheatedly adv.憤怒地激昂地heater加熱器發熱器4.consume v.- consumer (n.).1 消耗,花費;耗盡She consumed most of her time in

4、reading. 2吃完,喝光The kids soon consumed all the food on the table. 孩子們一會兒功夫便把桌上的食品全部吃光。3 使全神貫注,使著迷+withThe boy was consumed with curiosity. 那男孩充滿好奇心。 5.as as one can = as as possiblePlease come here as soon as possible.= Please come here as soon as you can.as many as 多達as long as 長達,只要as far as遠至,就而論a

5、s well as 和一樣好,也,和as early as 早在6.對比：Our food supply has given out.His money soon ran out.We are running out of our time.I have run out of my oil.All his savings have been used up.7. Trap vt. 陷入/ n. 陷阱圈套They finally trapped the mouse in a cage.最后，他們用籠子把老鼠逮著了。The police set a trap for the thieves.She

6、 was trapped in the burning house. 8.keep .from. 遠離.   stop. (from). 停止.   prevent(from). 阻止.You should clean your room to keep it from getting dirty.你應該打掃房間以保持干凈。Keep doing 繼續keep out 擋住使進不去keep up with 跟上9 What do you think green house gases do?你認為溫室氣體有什么作用呢? 本句中think后接了一個

7、由what引導的賓語從句。但應注意的是：特殊賓語從句即當一般疑問句主句的謂語動詞是 think, believe，suppose，consider, imagine，guess 和 suggest 等時，表疑問的詞要放在主句前即句首。例如：正 Who do you think will win in the game?誤 Do you think who will win in the game?當然一般情況下賓語從句的疑問詞應放在主句之后，例如：正 Do you know why we can't cut down the big tree?誤 Why do you know we

8、can't cut down the big tree?when compared to other natural changes是一個省略的時間狀語從句，其完整的形式應該是 When it is compared to;  在時間、地點、條件、方式或讓步狀語從句中，如果從句和主句為同一主語，或者從句的主語是it,而且從句中的謂語動詞時動詞be或含有助動詞be，可省略主語和be 如：If (it is) so, you must get back and get it. Although (he was) criticized, he still worked hard.H

9、e hurt his legs badly when (he was) playing footballparecompare to/ with: 與相比Compared to/with many women, she was indeed very pared to most natural changes     與大多數的自然變化相比compare A with B：相比（不同）If you compare her work with his, you will find hers is much better.

10、compare A to B：把A比作BA teacher's work is often compared to a candle.People often compare teachers to gardeners. 人們經常把老師比做園丁。The poet compares his lover to a rose in his poem.11. come about:發生=happen(無被動）1 .This situation should never have come out.2 .How did it come about that he had his leg hurt

11、?他的腿傷著了，這是怎么發生的？3 .This has not come about overnight.冰凍三尺，非一日之寒Take place事件的發生有某種原因或事先的安排：The Olympic Games of 2008 took place in Beijing.Happen 偶然或突發性事件： what happened to you?I happened to see him on my way home= It happened that I saw him on my way home.Occur 發生或想到，突然想起，意為發生時=happen: what has occu

12、rred?I occurred to me that she didnt know I had moved into the new house.Come about 事情發生了， 但還不知道為什么。常用于否定和疑問When mother woke up, she didnt know what had come about.Break out 常指戰爭災難疾病爭吵事件的發生拓展：come into being 形成Come into power/office 當權/當職Come into force/effect 開始生效Come out出版 ,結果 come across偶遇 c

13、ome to 共計， 蘇醒When it comes to 涉及Come up with 提出Come up在空中出現，Come along, 進展，跟隨come true  成真 12.There is no doubt that . 毫無疑問.There is no doubt that he can come on time.doubt的賓語從句,肯定句whether / if / that ；否定句只用that He doubted whether they would be able to help.He never doubted that they would win

14、the game.beyond / without doubt無疑地 13. random 隨意的胡亂的隨機的 randomly =at random 任意地隨便地14. phenomenon (sing.) phenomena (pl.)the phenomena of nature自然現象a social phenomenon 社會現象15.Subscribe vi.Vt.I subscribe to your opinion completely.(同意贊同)I subscribe to a weekly womens magazine（訂閱報紙雜志）She subscribes to

15、a society which helps to protect animals(定期捐款）16Without the green house effect，the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is.如果沒有溫室效應，地球會比現在冷33這是一個含蓄虛擬條件句  =If there were no “green house effect”, the earth would be about thirty-three degrees Celsius cooler than it is.B

16、ut for electricity (= If there were no electricity)，there would be no modem industry 要是沒有電，就不會有現代工業。He was having a meeting with his students；otherwise he would have come. 他當時正與他的學生進行討論，否則的話他就來幫我們了。      He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party他昨天很累,

17、 不然他就參加那個聚會了。17. add v. add up 加起來add up to合計達 add to 增加If you add 4 to 3 , you get 7=4 and 3 add up to 7Add up these figures, please.18. quantity1) He likes reading and always buys books in quantity. 他喜歡閱讀,總是成批地買書。2)He prefers quality to quantity when food is concerned. 在吃的方面，他重質而不重量3A large quanti

18、ty of air-conditioners has been sold since the temperature began to rise.自從氣溫升高，大量的空調已經被賣出去了。 a large quantity of/large quantities of;大量的，許多的 in quantity;成批地，大量地 注意:1.a large quantity of/large quantities of之后接可數或不可數名詞。2.a large quantity of作主語，謂語動詞用單數形式。large quantities of作主語，謂語動詞都用復數Quantities of fo

19、od were on the table.Huge quantities of CO2 are added to the atmosphere.（+不可數）Huge quantities of fossil fuels化石燃料 are burned to produce energy.（+可數）As a result of burning fossil fuels, a large _of carbon dioxide _ added to the atmosphere.     A. number; is   &

20、#160;  B. quantity; is     C. number; are    D. quantity; areKey：B19.It means that more heat energy tends to be trapped in the atmosphere causing the global temperature to go up.這就意味著更多的熱量被困在大氣層中，從而引起全球氣溫上升。 causing現在分詞短語置于句尾，通常和句子隔開，作結果狀語。現在分詞作結果狀語時，表示正常

21、的結果，例如：His father died, leaving him a lot of money and a big company. 不定式短語也可以置于句尾，有時前面加only,在句子中作結果狀語，但往往表示出乎意料之外的或事與愿違的結果，例如：He hurried to the station, only to find that the train had left already.20. Tend- tendency vt.照顧，護理She is tending (to) a very sick patient. （她在護理一位重病人。） There is a farmer te

22、nding his sheep.vi. tend to do易于，往往會；傾向于 When Im tired, I tend to make mistakes. He tends to get angry when people oppose his opinion. 21.She went up (to Cambridge) in 1977. (英)上大學 Cigarettes are going up (in price). 上漲New office blocks are going up everywhere.建造起蓋起The whole building went up in flam

23、es.被燒(炸)毀When are you next going up to Scotland?北上蘇格蘭Unemployment has gone up again.增加The curtain goes up on a suburban living-room. (舞臺幕布)拉起Were going up to London next weekend.  進城.go up in smoke化為烏有go by 經過go in for 參加go through經歷，遭到go on 前進22. result in 導致, 造成 =lead toThe accident resulted

24、in three people being killed.result from: 起因于，因為 The accident _ the death of two passengers.   A. resulted from    B. resulted in   C. resulted of         D. resulted withKey ：B23.oppose sth 反對某事； oppose doing sth 反對干某事

25、be opposed to sth./doing sth.反對as opposed to(介詞)與對照下 1)Most citizens opposed the new tax.大部分市民反對新稅。2)The mother opposed her daughters going there alone.這位母親反對她女兒一個人去那兒3)Im strongly opposed to your plan.我堅決反對你的計劃。4)His daughter is very athletic, as opposed to his son, who is very clever.他的女兒擅長運動，他的兒子

26、卻擅長動腦，兩人形成鮮明的對比。表示“反對”的短語：say no to對說不，拒絕，反對；be against反對，不同意；object to (doing)sth.反對，討厭；object that對提出異議。例如：Can you explain why you said no to my offer?你能否解釋一下為什么拒絕我的幫助？They objected that the schedule was too tight.它們對工作進度表太緊提出異議。24. be of no/little/great/much +consequence不/非常重要as a consequence (of

27、)=in consequence (of) 結果（是），由于take the consequence of承擔責任answer for the consequences對后果負責。1)The rise in lung cancers was a consequence of cigarette smoking.肺癌的增長是吸煙造成的結果。2) Im afraid youre ill.你恐怕是病了吧 Its of no consequence.不要緊3）As a consequence of a great fire the house was completely destroyed

28、.由于大火，房子被徹底毀壞了。4)Who should answer for the consequence of the accident.誰應該為這起事故負責？25. mildadj. 1) 溫和的,溫柔的He is the mildest man alive. 他是世上最和善的人了。 2) 溫暖的,暖和的It's been a mild winter this year. 今年的冬天一直很暖和。 3) 味淡的,不濃烈的Please make my drink a mild one. 請把我的酒調得淡一點。 4) 輕微的,不重的;寬大的He was given a mild pun

29、ishment. 他被從輕發落。 26. state-statementThe witness stated that she had never seen Mr. Smith陳述;聲明;說明 The president has made an important statement about the matter.陳述;聲明;說明 Ice is the solid state of water .形態 In china, the railway are owned by the state.國家,政府 There are 50 states in America 州Everything w

30、as in a state of disorder.狀態 區分：state是常用詞，只人或物所處的外表、心理、健康及所處的情形等方面的情況，但不如condition具體，只用作單數形式。Eg：The house was in a dirty state. condition是常用詞，用作單數形式，表示人或物目前所處的真實具體狀態，尤指內在狀態，可與state替用；eg. be in poor/good condition 用作復數形式時，籠統地表示一般狀態eg. poor working conditions .situation是一般用詞，尤指處于某時期的狀況，處境，局面，形勢。指各種具體情

31、況綜合起來的狀態，多指危急或重大的事態，強調外部因素對該事態的影響，常用作單數形式。 eg.find oneself in an embarrassing situationposition 有利的狀況（如競爭中或戰爭中的）(尤作單數)處境，情勢（尤指影響某人行為的能力）eg.I am not in a position to help you.我幫不了你。 27. range n.1)排列, 將.排成行The cards were ranged in alphabetical order. 2 )(在一定范圍內)變化The prices of the pens range from $5-$

32、100.3) Its beyond the range of my ability.4) I came within my range of vision.5) he has a wide range of knowledge.beyond the range of超出范圍within the range of在范圍內range from A to B  范圍從A到B28.1)The clouds are building up.云彩在聚集2)You need more protein to build you up. 增強體質,強身健體。3)Shes built up a very

33、 successful business.逐步建立4)The singer has been built up into a good success.吹捧，贊揚 5)Im very glad to see that your vocabulary is gradually building up. 逐漸增長6)Hard working conditions build up character. (喻)能磨練人的性格29. even if （+假設）/though （+已發生/事實）即使I wouldn't tell you even if I knew. Even if she s

34、urvives, she'll never fully recover.Even though he's 24 now, he's still like a little child.I can still remember, even though it was so long ago.30. steady-steadily 平穩的，持續的，可靠地，穩固的A steady job/income穩定的工作/收入A steady worker可靠的工人Steady rain連綿的雨31. tendency傾向 趨勢She has artistic tendencies.

35、她有藝術氣質。There is a growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices. Mary is nice but she has a tendency to talk too much.有傾向; +to（do）/towardHe has a tendency towards pessimism. 他有悲觀的傾向。 Bob has a tendency to exaggerate things. 鮑勃有愛夸張的傾向。 區分：Trend  tendency  current:這些名詞均含“

36、趨勢，傾向”之意。trend: 指事物發展總的方向、傾向或趨勢。A  recent trend in literature, fashion trendtendency: 指固有或習得的傾向性，強調沒有外來的影響或干擾。current: 指向某一方面發展或在確趨向中行動32. widespread adj .分布廣的，普遍的The forests are widespread in our country.  我們的國家森林分布很廣。The new laws gained widespread acceptance.  Their suggestion met w

37、ith widespread disagreement普遍的There was a widespread belief in his innocence33.on the whole 總的來說；從總體上看On the whole ,he is a good boy.The weather this month has been cold on the whole.On the whole, Im in favor of the idea.The paper is well written on the whole.34. average平均；平均水平 adj/n.above the avera

38、ge在一般 水平以上, 中上; 在平均數以上below the average在一般水平以下, 中下; 在平均數以下on average 平均, 按平均數計算; 一般地說on an average 平均, 按平均數計算; 一般地說The average of 4, 8, and 60 is 24.(N) 4、8和60的平均數是24。What is the average rainfall for August in your country?The average age of the students in this class is 9.His average result (of thi

39、s three subjects) is 96.His results is the average.他成績平平Id say he was of average height.中等個頭Tom is good at maths-well above average.遠遠高于平均水平On average, babies start walking at a year old.一般/平均來說短語：1.on behalf of代表一方  We attended the global conference on behalf of our country. Im greatly honored

40、 to performance here on behalf of my school. 2.advocate v. 提倡主張擁護鼓吹/ n.提倡者 He advocates building more schools.The public advocated passing the mitment -commit v.犯罪犯錯誤,使承擔義務,為某人作出保證commit a crime 3. make a difference :有關系，有影響，有重要性 make no difference：沒有關系，沒有重要性 It won't make much difference

41、 whether you go today or tomorrow. 你今天去或明天去沒有多大關系. It make no difference if you light a lamp in the sunshine. 白天點燈多此一舉。4.put up with忍受;忍耐;受苦We cant put up with his endless complaint.I'm afraid you'll have to put up with his bad temper.That woman, as a housewife, has a lot to put up with.Nois

42、e is coming to the point where we cant put up with it.與stand, bear 同義We have to bear with his bad temper because he is a bit frustrated these days.I cannot stand waiting any longer.Modern plastics can _ very high and very low temperature.A stand B. hold C. carry D. SupportKey: A put aside節省(錢、時間);儲蓄

43、;把放在一邊put away收拾起來;儲存(錢)put back放回原處;拖延put down寫下;記下;控制put forward提出(意見、建議);推薦put off延期;推遲put out熄滅; 撲滅put up舉起;張開(傘);張貼;為提供食宿5.so long as / as long as  只要，如果As long as you don't betray me, I'll do whatever you ask me to (do). You can go out, as / so long as you promise to be back befor

44、e 11 o'clock. As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe. You may borrow this book so long as you promise to give it back.I will stay as long as I can.on condition that 在的條件下 1）I will go abroad on condition that I earn enough money. 如果我掙到足夠的錢，我就出國。2）We will help you on condition

45、that/as long as you can offer us the proper reason. 只要你能給我們合適的原因，我們就會幫助你。 6.casual adj. 隨便的漫不經心的偶然的，休閑的便裝的His casual manner annoyed me .他無所謂的態度令我惱火Dont be casual about this.不要對此漠不關心7.CircumstanceHe was forced by the circumstances to do this.  他做此事是為環境所迫。（常用復數）Due to circumstances beyond our con

46、trol the lecture was cancelled.  由于無法控制的情況，講座取消了。Under no circumstances should you lend him any money. 決不，無論如何不The weather was terrible, under/in the circumstances, I decided to put off my journey.在這種情況下I will not vote for him under/in any circumstances 在任何情況下=I will under/in no circumstances v

47、ote for him= under/in no circumstances will I vote for him.8.refresh v.(使)精神振作, (使)精力恢復, 更新 When tired, you can refresh yourself with a cup of tea困時喝杯茶提神 The host refreshed our teacups. 主人又為我們斟茶。Sometimes, a small thing all can refresh your memory 令我們精神振奮9.contribution n. - contribute v.-contribute to  He has/makes an important contribution to the companys success.He Contributed a great deal of money to th